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Water Management in South Florida

Jillian Drabik

University of Miami

September 13th, 2016

The South Florida water management system

The history of South Florida water

A review of the current water management system & its key features

Challenges with water management in South Florida

Ecological challenges

Management challenges

Lecture Outline

Southern third of Florida

Encompasses the Greater Everglades system

Roughly 7.5 million residents

South Florida Water Management System

(Map Courtesy of Panel on Adaptive Management for Resource Stewardship et al., 2004)

The History of South Florida Water

Two men exploring the Everglades system by canoe in the late 19th/early 20th century. (Image courtesy of Florida International University Libraries, n.d.)

A snake-like Kissimmee River

“A River of Grass”

Fertile soils south of Lake Okeechobee

The Historic Everglades & Pre-drainage Historic Flows

(Image courtesy of the Everglades Foundation, 2016)

Conservation: save the land from nature

A promise of good land

The 1910’s land boom

Tourism and development begin to grow, but…

Early Development

A real estate advertisement from 1925. (Image courtesy of Wikibooks, 2016)

Challenges with Controlling the Water

(Cartoon courtesy of Florida Memory, 2015)

The Great Miami Hurricane of 1926

An image of Miami Beach after the Hurricane of 1926. (Image Courtesy of the History Miami, 2011 )

National News

A 1926 Atlanta Constitution article describing the destruction of the Great Miami Hurricane. (Image courtesy of Ray City Community Library, 2011)

Category 4 hurricane

Impacted areas include Belle Glade, Pahokee, and South Bay

Significant loss of life due to Lake Okeechobee’s floodwaters

A renewed push for controlling the water

The Okeechobee Hurricane of 1928

(Image Courtesy of the National Weather Service, 2009)

Authorized by the Flood Control Act of 1948

The blueprint for our current system

The largest civil works project at the time

The creation of the Southern Florida Flood Control District in 1949

The Central and South Florida (C&SF) Project

A floating crane working on a C&SF project on Lake Okeechobee in the 1950’s. (Image courtesy of the South Florida Water Management District [SFWMD], n.d.)

The Water Resources Development Act of 2000

Focused on Everglades conservation and restoration

Collaboration between the Army Corps. Of Engineers and the South Florida Water Management District

37 years & a 50/50 cost share

2011 Central Everglades Planning Project (CEPP)

Central Everglades Restoration Project (CERP)

Waterflow Goals under CERP

(Image courtesy of Committee on Independent Scientific Review of Everglades Restoration Progress et al., 2014)

Water Management in South Florida Today

(Map courtesy of Everglades hub, n.d.)

The South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD)

(Image courtesy of Audubon Florida, 2012)

Controlling Water Okeechobee Water Depths

(Graph courtesy of the SFWMD, 2016)

Chain of Lakes and Kissimmee River

Lake Okeechobee

St. Lucie & Caloosahatchee Rivers

Through the water conservation areas (WCAs)

Everglades National Park

Florida Bay

Current Water Flow

(Image taken from Trend Magazines Inc., 2007)

The Herbert Hoover Dike

(Image courtesy of TC Palm, 2016)

East and West

(Image courtesy of Sun Sentinel, 2016)

Little difference between surface and ground water

Significant source of drinking water for South Florida

Mostly limestone

Biscayne Aquifer

(Image courtesy of the US Geological Survey, 2015)

SFWMD System Challenges

Environmental protestors rally in Fort Myers to encourage the purchase of U.S. Sugar farm land in 2015. (Image courtesy of Naples Daily News, 2015)

Water Use

(Graph Courtesy of the Water Supply Bureau, 2016)

Overuse and saltwater intrusion

Overuse increases the risk of saltwater intrusion

Saltwater intrusion is expected to increase with sea level rise

Risks to the Biscayne Aquifer

(Map courtesy of U.S. Geological Survey, 2013)

Fluctuations in Rainfall

(Graph courtesy of the SFWMD, 2016)

Sufficient waterflow is needed for a healthy ecosystem

Detached from the water system

In recent years, the park suffered from lack of water

Everglades National Park: Send the Water South

(Image courtesy of National Geographic, 2016)

The southern end of the water system

The 2015 sea grass dieoff due to localized drought

Impacts of the recent El Niño

Save Florida Bay

A man swimming in Florida Bay during the seagrass dieoff of 2015. (Image taken from the Miami Herald, 2015)

Invasive species impacts

Lygodium: the old-world climbing fern

Collaboration challenges between the Fish & Wildlife Service and SFWMD

Bad collaboration vs. no collaboration

The Loxahatchee National Refuge & Lygodium

Lygodium growing in the Loxahatchee National Refuge. (Image Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons, 2015)

A second invasive species

Characterized by white bark

A competitive edge over native species

Also tied to management problems with the Fish and Wildlife Service

The Loxahatchee National Refuge & Melaleuca

(Image courtesy of University of Florida IFAS, 2007)

Over 70 years old and in need of repairs

Impacts to water management

Primary threats are from seepage, not overspill

Challenges with repairs and delays

How safe is safe enough?

Lake Okeechobee: Lake or reservoir?

Herbert Hoover Dike Repairs

A map displaying the probability of failure at different locations along the Herbert Hoover Dike. (Image courtesy of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 2016)

Endemic to South Florida, but endangered

Protected by the Endangered Species Act (ESA)

Habitat protection under the ESA

A threat to the Everglades National Park?

Cape Sable Seaside Sparrow

An image of the Cape Sable Seaside Sparrow. (Image courtesy of the National Park Service, 2007)

Cape Sable Seaside Sparrow: Critical Habitat

(Image courtesy of the Fish & Wildlife Service, n.d.)

Occurred in late June/early July 2016

Blue-green algae

Left Lake Okeechobee and traveled East along the St. Lucie River

Public health impacts

The Toxic Algae Bloom

An image of the algal bloom in Lake Okeechobee during the summer of 2016. (Image taken from National Geographic, 2016)

King Tide flooding in Miami Beach

When does nuisance flooding become a problem?

Impacts on Zika control

Climate Change Impacts

People walking through the floodwaters in Miami Beach. (Image courtesy of Miami Herald, 2016)

Is it possible?

Is more freshwater flows better?

Is water storage the answer?

Getting back to Historical Flows?

(Image courtesy of the Everglades Foundation, 2016)

References

Audubon Florida. (2012, August). Auburn Florida Restore. Retrieved September 10, 2016, from http://fl.audubonaction.org/site/MessageViewer?em_id=22361.0&printer_friendly=1

Call, E. M., Brandt, L. A., & DeAngelis, D. L. (2007). Old World Climbing Fern (Lygodium Microphyllum) Spore Germination in Natural Substrates. Florida Scientist, 70(1), 55-61. Retrieved September 11, 2016, from http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/papers/fern_spore_germ/index.html

Center for Biological Diversity. (n.d.). Endangered Species Act profile. Retrieved September 11, 2016, from http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/species/birds/Cape_Sable_seaside_sparrow/endangered_species_act_profile.html

Committee on Independent Scientific Review of Everglades Restoration Progress, Water Science and Technology Board, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Division of Earth and Life Studies, & National Research Council. (2014). Progress Toward Restoring the Everglades: The Fifth Biennial Review, 2014. Retrieved September 10, 2016, from https://www.nap.edu/read/18809/chapter/4

Everglades Foundation. (n.d.). Central Everglades Planning Project [CEPP]. Retrieved September 11, 2016, from http://www.evergladesfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/01-CEPP-Fact-Sheet-1.pdf

Everglades Foundation. (2016). Maps. Retrieved September 10, 2016, from http://www.evergladesfoundation.org/the-everglades/maps /

Everglades Hub. (n.d.). Retrieved September 10, 2016, from http://www.evergladeshub.com/news/arch/month_files/CEPP-map-0.jpg

Fish & Wildlife Service. (n.d.). Cape Sable Seaside Sparrow. Retrieved September 10, 2016, from https://www.fws.gov/verobeach/MSRPPDFs/CapeSableSeasideSparrow.pdf

Florida International University Library. (n.d.). Everglades Digital Library. Retrieved September 10, 2016, from http://everglades.fiu.edu/reclaim/

References (continued)

Florida Memory. (2015, May 29). Land by the Gallon. Retrieved September 10, 2016, from http://www.floridamemory.com/blog/2015/05/29/land-by-the-gallon /

History Miami. (2011, December 1). In what month did the 1926 hurricane strike? History Miami. Retrieved September 10, 2016, from http://miamiherald.typepad.com/make_miami_history_now/2011/12/in-what-month-did-the-1926-hurricane-strike.html

National Geographic. (2016). Everglades National Park. National Geographic. Retrieved September 10, 2016, from http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/national-parks/everglades-national-park/

National Park Service. (2007, October 20). Status of Cape Sable Seaside Sparrow 2007 Survey Report. Retrieved September 10, 2016, from https://www.nps.gov/ever/learn/news/status-of-cape-sable-seaside-sparrow-2007-survey- report.htm

National Weather Service. (2009, June 29). Memorial web page for the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane. Retrieved September 10, 2016, from http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mfl/?n=okeechobee

Nehamas, N. (2016, January 20). Climate change could cost jobs in South Florida, says white house advisor. Miami Herald. Retrieved September 10, 2016, from http://www.miamiherald.com/news/business/article55631150. html

Palacios, R. (2014, January 25). South Florida Water Management District. Retrieved September 11, 2016, from https://rpalacios3260.wordpress.com/2014/01/25/south-florida-water-management-district /

Panel on Adaptive Management for Resource Stewardship, Committee to Assess the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Methods of Analysis and Peer Review for Water Resources Project Planning, Water Science and Technology Board, Ocean Studies Board, Division on Earth and Life Studies, & National Research Council. (2004). Adaptive management for water resources project planning. Retrieved September 10, 2016, from https://www.nap.edu/read/10972/chapter/6

References (continued)

Parker, L. (2016, July 27). Slimy Green Beaches May Be Florida's New Normal. National Geographic. Retrieved September 10, 2016, from http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/07/toxic-algae-florida-beaches-climate-swamp-environment/

Ray City Community Library. (2011, November 13). Ray City Residents Among Refugees from 1926 Hurricane. Retrieved September 10, 2016, from https://raycityhistory.wordpress.com/2011/11/13/ray-city-residents-among-refugees-from-1926-hurricane/

Reid, A. (2011, September 12). South Florida drinking water faces saltwater threat. Sun Sentinel. Retrieved September 11, 2016, from http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2011-09-12/health/fl-saltwater-intrusion-20110912_1_saltwater-intrusion-saltwater-threat-drinking-water

Reid, A., Uraizee, I., & Zhu, Y. (2016, March 11). A draining problem: The release of Lake Okeechobee floodwaters is dirtying Florida's coastline. Sun Sentinel. Retrieved September 10, 2016, from http://interactive.sun-sentinel.com/lake-okeechobee-flooding/

South Florida Water Management District. (n.d.). 1949-1960: Florida creates flood control district. Retrieved September 11, 2016, from http://www.sfwmd.gov/portal/page/portal/xrepository/sfwmd_repository_pdf/panel1-9. pdf

South Florida Water Management District. (2016, August 11). Governing board stands up for Loxahatchee Refuge. Retrieved September 11, 2016, from http://www.sfwmd.gov/portal/page/portal/xrepository/sfwmd_repository_pdf/nr_2016_0811_lox_refuge_exotics.pdf

South Florida Water Management District. (2016, September). Lake Okeechobee SFWMM Sept 2016 Dynamic Position Analysis. Retrieved September 10, 2016, from http://www.sfwmd.gov/portal/page/portal/xrepository/sfwmd_repository_pdf/ projection.pdf

Staats, E. (2015, March 4). Advocates call for state to buy U.S. Sugar land to stem damaging water flows. Naples Daily News. Retrieved September 10, 2016, from http://archive.naplesnews.com/news/environment/advocates-call-for-state-to-buy-us-sugar-land-to-stem-damaging-water-flows-ep-969878161-335583761.html

References (continued)

Staletovich, J. (2015, October 3). Dying seagrass and 'yellow fog' signal trouble for Florida Bay. Miami Herald. Retrieved September 10, 2016, from http://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/environment/article37583577.html

Sullivan, B. (2016, April 28). Congress moves water bill faster than Lake Okeechobee dike repair and sugar land buy. TC Palm. Retrieved September 10, 2016, from http://www.tcpalm.com/news/indian-river-lagoon/health/congress-moves-water-bill-faster-than-lake-okeechobee-dike-repair-and-sugar-land-buy--31777c44-6933--377450491.html

University of Florida IFAS. (2007). Melaleuca Photo Gallery. Retrieved September 10, 2016, from http://tame.ifas.ufl.edu/photo_gallery/melaleuca/multiple-trunks.shtml

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Director). (2010, August 6). USACE: Lake Okeechobee and the Herbert Hoover Dike [Video file]. In Youtube. Retrieved September 11, 2016, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KpkhJgV_mLo

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. (n.d.). Welcome to the National Levee Database. Retrieved September 10, 2016, from http://nld.usace.army.mil/egis/f?p=471:1 :

U.S. Geological Survey. (2013, September 4). Development of Water-Management System and Impact on the Hydrology of Southeastern Florida - Assessment of Saltwater Intrusion. Retrieved September 10, 2016, from http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/circular/1275/saltintrusion.html

U.S. Geological Survey. (2015, April 14). Aquifer Basics. Retrieved September 10, 2016, from http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/aquiferbasics/ext_biscayne.html

Vogel, M. (2007, September 1). Where Will Lake O's Water Go? Florida Trend. Retrieved September 10, 2016, from http://www.floridatrend.com/article/9011/where-will-lake-os-water-go

References (continued)

Water Supply Bureau. (2016, February). South Florida Water Management District 2014 Estimated Water Use Report (Rep.). Retrieved September 10, 2016, from http://www.sfwmd.gov/portal/page/portal/xrepository/sfwmd_repository_pdf/2014_est_water_use_report.pdf

Wikibooks. (2016, August 14). History of Florida/Modern Florida, 1900-1945. Retrieved September 10, 2016, from https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/History_of_Florida/Modern_Florida,_1900-1945

Wikimedia Commons. (2015, September 4). Lygodium microphyllum in Loxahatchee. Retrieved September 10, 2016, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lygodium_microphyllum_in_Loxahatchee.jpg

Willadsen, D. D. (2016, January). Herbert Hoover Dike Rehabilitation Project. Retrieved September 10, 2016, from http://www.saj.usace.army.mil/Portals/44/docs/HHD/HHDDSMSPublicMeetingPresentationJan262016.pdf