esay summary jurunal
falmuha
justification_of_moral_judgments.pptxWhy Is Something the Right Thing to Do?
It is in accordance with my values/beliefs.
Why *do* I hold these values?
Because I was raised to believe in them.
Description of how I came to believe something.
What if I was raised to believe something wrong?
Why *should* I hold these values?
Because they are the correct values to hold.
I have good reasons to believe in them. I have an argument
*Logic + Values + Moral Principles = Good Moral Judgments*
How Do We Know What the Correct Values Are?
Professional Codes
Physician’s Orders
Institutional Policy
Patient’s Values
Religious and Philosophical Perspectives.
Arguments
An argument is a set of declarative sentences interconnected such that one or more of the sentences provide *evidence or reasons* to believe another one.
*Two necessary parts*:
*Premises*: evidence or reasons
*Conclusion*: the point the argument makes
Kinds of Arguments
*Valid*
If all premises are true, the conclusion must be true as well. It is impossible for all premises to be true and the conclusion to be false at the same time.
*Invalid*
It is possible for all premises to be true and the conclusion to be false at the same time.
*Sound*
The argument is valid and all premises are true. The conclusion is guaranteed to be true.
*Unsound*
At least one premise is false. It is possible that the conclusion is false as well.
*Probabilistic*
Provide strong evidence for the conclusion but do not prove it with absolute certainty.
Counterarguments
Undermine the conclusion of an argument by:
Showing that it is possible to accept all premises and still reject the conclusion. The argument is *invalid*.
And/or
Showing that at least one premise is false therefore leaving the possibility for a false conclusion open. The argument is *unsound*.
