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Chapter 12 Lecture

Access to Health Thirteenth Edition

Ending

Tobacco Use

Did you PREPARE and did you LEARN?

• Describe the rate of tobacco use in the United States

and on college campuses.

• Explain the social and political issues involved in tobacco

use.

• Describe how the chemicals in tobacco products affect

the body.

• Explain the health risks of smoking and using smokeless

tobacco, and the dangers of environmental tobacco

smoke.

Did you PREPARE and did you LEARN?

• Describe the various quitting strategies,

including those aimed at ending the body's

addiction to nicotine.

United States Tobacco Use

• About 70 million Americans age 12 and older report

using tobacco products at least once a month.

• In 2010, 21.5 percent of men and 17.3 percent of women

were current smokers.

• Every day, 1,000 people under age 18 become daily

smokers.

• More than 20 percent of Americans are former smokers.

Advertising

• An estimated $36 million per day is spent on advertising and promoting tobacco products.

• Tobacco companies target children and teenagers with tobacco products that have candy, fruit, or alcohol flavorings.

• Advertisements in woman's magazines imply that smoking is the key to financial success, independence, and social acceptance.

Financial Costs to Society

• Tobacco use causes over $193 billion in annual

health-related economic losses.

– Medical costs are $96 billion.

– Indirect costs are $97 billion.

• The economic cost is estimated to be about

$3,100 per smoker per year.

• These costs far exceed the tax revenue from

cigarette sales.

Tobacco Addiction

• Nicotine addiction: Tolerance to nicotine

develops almost immediately and causes

nicotine poisoning.

• Behavioral dependence: Psychological

dependence results in comfort.

• Weight control: Nicotine is an appetite

depressant and elevates metabolism.

College Students and Tobacco Use

• Despite heavy promotion by the tobacco

industry, U.S. college students are smoking less.

• College students say they smoke to relax, to

reduce stress, or to control weight gain.

• Students who smoke regularly do want to quit.

Trends in Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking

in the Past Month among College Students

Women and Smoking: Catching Up to the

Men

• Smoking among women differs by race and ethnicity:

– Non-Hispanic white women, 19.6 percent; African American women, 17.1 percent; Hispanic women, 9 percent

– Asia -American women, 4.3 percent

– Native American/Alaskan Native women, 36 percent

Women and Smoking: Catching Up to the

Men

• Less educated women are more likely to smoke,

and more affluent women are less likely to

smoke.

• An estimated 174,000 women die each year of

tobacco-related diseases.

• Women who die of a smoking-related disease

lose, on average, 14.5 years of potential life.

Social Smoking

• Many college students identify themselves as

"social smokers"—those who smoke when they

are with people rather than when they are alone.

• Social smoking in college or only at other social

occasions can lead to a complete dependence

on nicotine and thus to all the same health risks

as smoking regularly.

Reasons Why College Students Smoke

Points of View—Smoking on College &

University Campuses: Should It Be Banned?

Effects of Tobacco

• Nicotine is a chemical stimulant and is highly addictive.

• Cigarette smoke is a complex mix of chemicals and gases produced by burning tobacco and its additives.

• Tar is condensed particulate matter from smoke that accumulates in the lungs.

Effects of Tobacco

• Phenols are chemical irritants in smoke that may

combine with other chemicals to contribute to

the development of lung cancer.

• The cleansing function of the lungs' cilia is

impaired by nicotine.

• Carbon monoxide is a gas found in cigarette

smoke; it binds at oxygen receptor sites in the

blood.

Lung Damage from Chemicals in

Tobacco Smoke

Tobacco Products

• Filtered and nonfiltered cigarettes are the most

common forms of tobacco available today.

• Clove cigarettes are about 40 percent ground

cloves, 60 percent tobacco.

• Menthol cigarettes have higher carbon

monoxide concentrations than do regular

cigarettes.

• Cigars contain 23 poisons and 43 carcinogens.

Tobacco Products

• Pipes and hookahs are promoted as safe

alternatives to cigarettes.

– They are not safer.

– They are particularly popular among college

students.

• Hookah smoking carries the same risk as

smoking cigarettes and also the risk of

transmitting infectious diseases.

Tobacco Products

• Bidis are small hand-rolled, flavored cigarettes

that produce three times more carbon monoxide

and nicotine and five times more tar than

conventional cigarettes.

• Smokeless tobacco:

– Chewing tobacco

– Dipping tobacco

– Snuff

Is Chewing Tobacco as Harmful as Cigarette

Smoking?

• This young cancer survivor began using smokeless tobacco at age 13; by age 17 he was diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma and has undergone surgery to remove neck muscles, lymph nodes, and his tongue to beat his cancer.

Health Hazards of Tobacco Products

• Cancer

• Cardiovascular disease

– Platelet adhesiveness

• Stroke

• Respiratory disorders

– Chronic bronchitis

– Emphysema

• Sexual dysfunction

• Gum disease

Effects of Smoking on the Body and Health

Correlation between Tobacco Consumption

and Lung Cancer Deaths in the United

States

Why Should You Care?

Tobacco-Related Cancers

• Lung cancer is directly linked to cigarette smoking.

– It is the cause of cancer deaths in the United States.

– It may take 10 to 30 years to develop.

• Leukoplakia is a condition characterized by white patches inside the mouth due to chewing tobacco.

• Tobacco is linked to other cancers.

– Pancreatic

– Kidney

– Bladder

– Layrnx

Leukoplakia can appear on the tongue or in the mouth.

Leukoplakia

Cardiovascular Disease

• Over one third of all tobacco-related deaths

occur from heart disease.

• Smokers are 2 to 4 times as likely to suffer

strokes.

• The risk of dying from a heart attack falls by half

after 1 year without smoking.

Respiratory Disorders

• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease:

– Chronic bronchitis

– Chronic emphysema

• There is no known cure for emphysema, and the

damage is irreversible. Approximately 80

percent of all cases of emphysema are related to

cigarette smoking.

Sexual Dysfunction and Fertility Problems

• Smoking can cause male impotence.

– Smokers are two times more likely to suffer from some form of impotence, which may indicate oncoming cardiovascular disease.

• Female smokers have an increased risk of infertility, ectopic pregnancy, spontaneous abortion, and stillbirth.

– Their babies are at risk for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), cleft palate, or cleft lip.

Environmental Tobacco Smoke

• Mainstream smoke is that which is drawn through

tobacco while inhaling.

• Sidestream, or secondhand, smoke is that which is

emitted from the burning end of a cigarette or exhaled by

a smoker.

• Involuntary or passive smokers breathe smoke from

someone else's smoking product.

• More than 53 percent of U.S. children age 3 to 11

years—or 22 million children—are exposed to ETS.

Risks from Environmental Tobacco Smoke

• Sidestream smoke contains more carcinogenic

substances than mainstream smoke.

– It contains 2 times more tar and nicotine, 5

times more carbon monoxide, 50 times more

ammonia.

• ETS is responsible for 3,400 lung cancer deaths,

46,000 coronary and heart deaths, and higher

risk of deaths in newborns (SIDS).

Tobacco Use Prevention Policies

• It has been more than 40 years since the

government began warning that tobacco use

was hazardous to health.

• Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) of 1998

– Tobacco industry to pay states $206 billion

over 25 years

– Various measures to support antismoking

education and advertising to be taken

Tobacco causes serious injury to your heart and lungs, but when you quit, your

body immediately starts to recover and repair the damage. Over time, the

body's repair processes reduce a former smoker's risk of heart disease and

cancer; after 10 years, lung cancer risk is comparable to those of nonsmokers,

and after 15 years, heart disease risk is the same.

Will Quitting Reverse the Damage That Has

Already Been Done?

Quitting

• Breaking the nicotine addiction:

– Withdrawal

• Nicotine replacement products:

– Nicotine gum

– Nicotine patch

– Nasal spray

– Nicotine inhaler

– Buproprion (Zyban)

Benefits of Quitting

• According to the American Cancer Society, many tissues damaged by smoking can repair themselves.

• As soon as smokers stop, the body begins the repair process. Within 8 hours, carbon monoxide and oxygen levels return to normal, and "smoker's breath" disappears.

• After 1 year of not smoking, the risks for lung cancer and stroke decrease.

When Smokers Quit

Breaking the Nicotine Addiction

• The road to quitting may include antismoking

therapy.

– Operant conditioning pairs smoking with an

external stimulus. When the stimulus is

removed, the hope is that smoking will cease.

– Self-control therapy aims at identifying the

situations associated with smoking and then

teaching skills needed to resist smoking.

Tips for Quitting Smoking

Assessing Yourself–A Personal Inventory

• Go online to the Live It! section of www.pearsonhighered.com/donatelle to take the "Are You Nicotine Dependent?" assessment.

• If you are a smoker, list the health hazards that you risk because of smoking and the benefits you would gain from quitting. Which list is longer, and is it worth it to continue smoking?

• If you are a nonsmoker, are you doing everything you can to promote a nonsmoking environment?

http://www.pearsonhighered.com/donatelle