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Chapter 10 Lecture

Access to Health Thirteenth Edition

Recognizing and

Avoiding Addiction

Did you PREPARE and did you LEARN?

• Define and discuss addiction.

• Distinguish addictions from habits, and identify

the signs of addiction.

• Discuss the addictive process, the physiology of

addiction, the biopsychosocial model of

addiction, as well as codependence.

Did you PREPARE and did you LEARN?

• Describe types of addictions, including

disordered gambling, compulsive buying,

compulsive Internet or technology use, work

addiction, compulsive exercise, and sexual

addiction.

• Evaluate treatment and recovery options for

addicts, including intervention, individual

therapy, group therapy, family therapy, and 12-

step programs.

What Is Addiction?

• Addiction is a persistent, compulsive

dependence on a behavior or substance,

including mood-altering behaviors or activities,

despite ongoing negative consequences.

• Substance addiction refers to dependence on a

specific substance.

• Process addiction refers to dependence on a

behavior.

What Is Addiction?

• Addiction has four common symptoms:

– Compulsion, characterized by obsession

– Loss of control

– Negative consequences

– Denial

Habit versus Addiction

• A habit is repeated behavior in which the

repetition may be unconscious.

• Compulsion refers to preoccupation with a

behavior and an overwhelming need to perform

it; it also involves experiencing discomfort if the

behavior is not performed.

Addiction Affects Family and Friends

• Codependence occurs when a person becomes

bound or addicted to the addict.

• Codependents find it hard to set boundaries and

often live in a chaotic, crisis-oriented mode.

• They often assume the responsibility for meeting

the addict’s needs, even at their own expense.

Addiction Affects Family and Friends

• Enablers knowingly or unknowingly protect

addicts from the consequences of their

behaviors.

• Codependents are the primary enablers of their

addicted loved ones, although anyone who has

contact with an addict can be an enabler.

• Enablers are generally unaware that their

behaviors support the addict.

How Addiction Develops

• Addiction is a process that evolves over time.

• Nurturing though avoidance happens when a person repeatedly seeks the illusion of relief by avoiding unpleasant feelings or situations.

• Eventually as the addict becomes more dependent, there is deterioration in relationships, and after time, the addictive behavior is no longer pleasurable.

Cycle of Psychological Addiction

The Physiology of Addiction

• All intellectual, emotional, and behavioral functions occur as a result of biochemical interactions between nerve cells in the body.

• Neurotransmitters exert influence at specific sites on nerve cells.

– Mood-altering substances and experiences produce tolerance, where ever-larger dosing is required to achieve the desired effect.

– Withdrawal occurs when the drug or experience is removed.

The Biopsychosocial Model of Addiction

• Addiction is caused by a variety of factors

operating together:

– Psychological factors

– Biological or disease influences

– Environmental influences

– Social aspects

Risk Factors for Addiction

Social Learning Theory

• This theory proposes that people learn

behaviors by watching role models.

• The effects of this modeling, imitation, and

identification with behavior from early childhood

is well established.

• Consider which positive modeling you have

been exposed to and adopted and which

negative modeling you have adopted.

Addictive Behaviors

• Process addictions are behaviors known to be

addictive because they are mood altering.

– Disordered or pathological gambling

– Compulsive buying disorder

– Technology addiction

– Work addiction

– Exercise addiction

– Sexual addiction

– Multiple addictions

Disordered or Pathological Gambling

• Disordered gambling is a compulsive gambling that cannot be controlled.

• Disordered gambling is recognized as a mental disorder by The American Psychiatric Association.

• 26% of college men report gambling at least once a week compared to 5.5% of college women.

• The three most common reasons college students give for gambling are risk, excitement, and the chance to make money.

Compulsive Buying Disorder

• $23,000 is the average amount of debt that a compulsive shopper owes.

• Compulsive buying can be seasonal or may occur when person is depressed or lonely.

• Compulsive shoppers may borrow money repeatedly from family, friends, or institutions in spite of the problems that result from doing so.

Technology Addictions

• Internet addiction includes compulsive use of the following:

– Computer • E-mail

• Networking websites

• Games

• Shopping

• Blogging

– Personal digital assistants (PDAs)

– Cell phones

– Video games

Signs of Work Addiction

Exercise Addiction

• Exercise addicts are people who exercise

compulsively to try to meet needs of nurturance,

intimacy, self-esteem, and self-competency.

• Traditionally, women have been perceived as

being more at risk for exercise addiction.

However, evidence is growing that more men

are developing unhealthy exercise patterns.

Sexual Addiction and Multiple Addictions

• Sexual addiction results from confusing the intensity of

physical arousal with intimacy.

• Sexually addicted people do not feel nurtured and are

usually incapable of nurturing another person because

sex, not the other person, is the object of their affection.

• As many as 60 percent of people in treatment have

problems with more than one addiction.

• The figure may be as high as 75 percent for people

addicted to chemicals.

Activity Break

• Take a second to think about why you think

addicts resist seeking treatment even when they

admit to having a problem.

• What factors do you believe need to be

considered in helping addicted individuals

prevent relapse?

Recovering from Addiction

• Intervention is a planned process of confronting the addict by people who are important to the addict, including his or her spouse, family members, boss, and friends.

• Treatment for addiction generally begins with abstinence and then detoxification. Finding a quality treatment program can be an important part of addiction recovery.

• Relapse may be an isolated occurrence or a full return to addictive behavior. It should not be interpreted as failure but rather be met with a response to remind the addict that he or she is addicted and needs to return to treatment.

Assessing Yourself–A Personal Inventory

• Go online to the Live It! section of

www.pearsonhighered.com/donatelle to take the "Are You

Addicted?" assessment.

• Using a scale of 1 through 5, where 5 reflects a problem for you

and 1 reflects no issue with a behavior, consider the following:

– Do you think you use any particular substance too much?

– Do you have any behaviors that you consider to be

compulsive, such as gambling, shopping, use of technology,

work, exercise, or sexual activity?

– If you rank 4 or 5 on any of these, are you ready to make a

change?