P526 CSA

Bibliography on anxiety disorders

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Bibliography on anxiety disorders

Thesis statement

The circumstances surrounding the understanding of various aspects of anxiety disorder with respect to detection and management.

Buckley T. C., Blanchard E. B. & Hickling E. J. (2002). Automatic and Strategic Processing of Threat Stimuli: A Comparison Between PTSD, Panic Disorder, and Nonanxiety Controls. Cognitive Therapy and Research, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp 97-115.

This is a research study article inclined towards establishing if there are connections between Posttraumatic Stress Disorders (PTSD), Panic Disorders and Nonanxiety Controls. As a basis of their research, the authors provide a background study on the causes and the prevalence of these conditions, giving a history that stretches past the two decades. This study is largely banked on the theoretical findings of Beck and Clark (1997). Beck and Clark established and refined the information processing theories that are used in this research.

The main result of this study established that there is no evidence of panic disorders or posttraumatic stress disorder subjects showing any sensitivity to the valence of stimulus at the automatic stages of the information processing. This is a complex research article that requires a stronger attention gain understanding of the statistical analysis of the data. The general diction of this article is literally implausible. However, in relation to the topic, this article exposes some very critical aspects of understanding anxiety. It is an important source of information for the topic.

Chapman D. P., Whitfield C. L., Felitti V. J., Dube S. R., Edwards V. J. & Anda R. F. (2003). Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of depressive disorders in adulthood. Journal of affective disorders 82 (2004) 217-225. Elsevier.

This is an article that documents the results of a research study conducted to determine the interrelations between childhood abuses and the depressive disorders in adulthood. The researchers are working on the assumption that depressive disorders in adults such as anxiety-like in the case of Allison could be due to certain abuses they underwent when they were young. However, it is not established if there are relationships between these types of abuses as some could be overcome and some in the absence of other forms of abuses may not lead to depressive disorders in adults. Depressive disorders could begin to show at any point in life-course of a child through to adulthood. Using a cumulative stressor model and through various methods of data collection, the researchers used data collected from patients who frequently visited Kaiser's Health Appraisal Center but with health problems related to depressive disorders.

This study established that there are relationships between some of the childhood abuses and that the prevalence of depressive disorders was higher in women than men who experienced various but almost common forms of abuse when they were young. There are so many angles of looking at this study, and the various cohorts in whom patients were categorized makes it difficult to establish the interrelations between these forms of abuse. However, the intricate detail in the article and the clearly extensive research informing the researchers makes this article very important for the topic.

Helbig-Lang S., Lang T., Petermann F. & Hoyer J. (2012). Anticipatory Anxiety as a Function of Panic Attacks and Panic-Related Self-Efficacy: An Ambulatory Assessment Study in Panic Disorder. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 2012, 40, 590–604. Doi: 10.1017/S1352465812000057.

This article presents the relationship between anticipatory anxiety and panic attacks. That is it presents anticipatory anxiety as a function of panic related variables. To establish this relationship, the authors investigated the natural causes of anticipatory anxiety and the panic attack variables. This way they could get data for generating and establishing the natural variance between the two. Further, the authors tested the effect of anxiety sensitivity and the plausible ability to handle panic attacks on the relation between subsequent anxiety and panic attacks. And yes, they established the relation and found that perceived ability to cope with panic only accelerated the effects.

There are many factors and key words and definitions that this article tests. The complex nature of the study and the keen interest that the authors take in making clearer their discussion or=f the results is very significant to this topic. The bar graph presented in the article is more friendly and understandable way of interpreting and drawing conclusions from the study. It might be difficult to understand the statistical analyses leading to graph may turn out to be implausible.

Hetzel-Riggin M. D. & Roby R. P. (2013). Trauma type and gender effects on PTSD, general distress and Peritraumatic dissociation. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 18:41-53. Taylor and Francis Group, LLC. Routledge.

Unlike the rest of the articles, this article is about the study of the effects of types of trauma and gender on the posttraumatic stress disorder, peritraumatic dissociation, and psychopathology. The effects are examined both independently and interactively. This article introduces an important aspect of anxiety disorders which is gender. The authors have moved from the general perspective of grouping patients in one huge cluster to the point of understanding there are very diverse differences in terms of emotions between the females and the males. That is why they chose to examine more women from the sample 1,503 college students they chose to vet.

The vetting revolved around factors of trauma such as loss of loved ones, natural disaster, and many others. The main finding of the study is that women reported more symptoms than the men. This article is important to this topic since it brings in a different aspect of anxiety disorder. This provides for different opinions and perspective angles of discussing the topic. The fact that the authors present statistical evidence from their experiments in their findings cites credibility for referencing them.

Killgore W. D. S., Britton J. C., Schwab Z. J., Price L. M., Weiner M. R., Gold A. L., Rosso I. M., Simon N. M., Pollack M. H. & Rauch S. L. (2014). Cortico-Limbic responses to masked affective faces across PTSD, panic disorder, and specific phobia. Depression and Anxiety 31:150–159.

This article is quite different from the other articles herein given that it presents a research study that tests the correlation between certain parts of the brain responsiveness and the emotional processing. As such, the researchers intricately observed how amygdala and the reduced venromedial prefrontal cortex when patients with anxiety disorders begin to emotionally process some of their worst fears. Sixty-five adults suffering from anxiety disorders aided the conduction of this research.

The results of the study as indicated in the article is that patients with PTSD, PD, and specific phobia showed greater variations in the responsiveness of their amygdala and vmPFC than those people who are healthy. This means there exist different response significance levels in anxiety disorder patients and the healthy people. The authors further explain these results in their discussions and confirm them in their conclusive remarks. It is an interesting perspective of looking at the behavior of anxiety disorders patients. This study is only geared towards establishing the fact that anxiety disorders is in the brain, and the next task seems to be determining a way of controlling these parts of the brain in case of panic attacks.

Levin A. (2013). Three key factors interact to increase PTSD risk. Psychiatric News. 48, 8; ProQuest Central pg. 15 Clinical & Research News.

In this article, the author takes a keen look at the factors that are prevalent in causing posttraumatic stress disorders. In tandem to this, the author takes an intricate interest in the combat exposure, prewar vulnerability and harming civilians. The article is based on a research study that was conducted in Vietnam and on soldiers who participated in the Vietnam War. They were vetted on these aspects. In the article, is a graph that clearly outlines the intensity of these of these three factors and the risk percentages they are associated.

This is a significant article on this topic given that the author brings some of the confessions of the ex-soldiers of the war. Sometimes when a study is conducted without exposing how the real people who are affected by the study feel, the right message is not transferred to the audience. It is a unique but a significant aspect of this article. Unlike the other articles, this article reports the findings of a study in a comprehendible and clear manner.

Locke A. B., Kirst N. F., Shultz C. G. & Arbor A. (2015). Diagnosis and management of generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder in adults. American Academy of Family Physicians. Retrieved from www.aafp.org/afp .

Beginning with an extensive background research on the prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorders in the United States of America, the authors present a succinct outline of the procedure for diagnosing and managing GAD and PD in adults. The statistical evidence of the prevalence of GAD and PD in the country as stated in this article, indicate that 2.9% and 3.1% in the ages between 18 and 64 years respectively in terms of epidemiology and that in terms of etiology of GAD and PD, there are less facts to inform any conclusions.

The two authors extensively present facts and the most important aspects of the two epidemics before they venture into the diagnosis of their diagnosis. Very important, though exceptional cases are well explained with a deeper understanding of the two epidemics. It is interesting that the authors further look at the effects of GAD and PD on some of the most important aspects of the lives of victims and their relatives such as education and their performance in academics. However, this article does not present any statistical evidence based data from experiments that were conducted by the authors themselves, but it is very vital that they use credible sources to cite and support what methods of diagnosis, treatment, and medication that works.

Nay R. R., Eaves L., Hettema J. M., Kendler K. S. & Silberg J. L. (2012). Childhood separation anxiety disorder and adult onset panic attacks share common genetic diathesis. DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY 29:320–327.

This article uncovers the genetic aspect of anxiety disorders which a new item of introduction into the topic of discussion. In the article, the authors establish the genetic background commonness of separation anxiety disorders in children and onset panic attacks when they become adults. There are two phenotypes that are majorly studied in this research presentation. With participants mainly from Virginia, parents and their monozygotic and dizygotic twins were organized in pairs and their genetic combinations concerning the main areas of the study closely observed and studied for any differences and similarities. There was evidence of shared genetic diathesis between adults' onset panic attacks and childhood separation disorder in most of the population of the twin sample.

Pattyn T., Van Den Eede F., Lamers F., Veltman D., Sabbe B. G. & Penninx B. W. (2015). Identifying panic disorder subtypes using factor mixture modeling. Depression and Anxiety 32:509-517.

This article uncovers unique angles of looking at panic disorders. Different people experience different levels of panic attacks, and this article is presenting the course to identifying these types of panic attacks. Using three methods, one of which borrows largely from Beck's anxiety inventory, the authors discovered that there are three qualitatively different subtypes of the panic disorder. The three subtypes are majorly distinctive in terms of the qualitative and quantitative severity they have on the victims.

It is interesting how the authors chose to delve deeper in understanding the panic disorder. The discovery of these three subtypes of this epidemic implies that there would better strategies regarding management of the epidemic. When doctors and counselors understand panic disorder in a much deeper sense, they get to become better experts in offering treatment and medication to patients with panic disorders.

Salters K. P. (2009). Strategies for Assessing and Treating Comorbid Panic and Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Anxiety disorders. Psychiatric Times. Retrieved from www.psychiatrictimes.com

Salters (2009) in his article presents strategies that can be used by counselors in order to treat two types of anxiety disorders. The two types of disorders in the article are comorbid panic and generalized anxiety disorder. Most of the strategies suggested by the author are therapeutic, and he says that it is important to detect anxiety disorders at early stages so that these therapeutic strategies work. Salters also notes that some random trials have discovered that when treatments are combined with single therapies, in most cases, there are limited chances of effectiveness. That means that counselors need first to identify and with specific concerns of the disorder identity, apply the most appropriate treatment strategies without combining strategies. The author reiterates that cognitive behavioral therapy with stronger empirical research analysis has proved to be very effective in the treatment of comorbid GAD. There is a wealth of very vital information from this article to borrow from.

References

Chapman D. P., Whitfield C. L., Felitti V. J., Dube S. R., Edwards V. J. & Anda R. F. (2003). Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of depressive disorders in adulthood. Journal of affective disorders 82 (2004) 217-225. Elsevier.

Buckley T. C., Blanchard E. B. & Hickling E. J. (2002). Automatic and Strategic Processing of Threat Stimuli: A Comparison Between PTSD, Panic Disorder, and Nonanxiety Controls. Cognitive Therapy and Research, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp 97-115.

Helbig-Lang S., Lang T., Petermann F. & Hoyer J. (2012). Anticipatory Anxiety as a Function of Panic Attacks and Panic-Related Self-Efficacy: An Ambulatory Assessment Study in Panic Disorder. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 2012, 40, 590–604. Doi: 10.1017/S1352465812000057.

Hetzel-Riggin M. D. & Roby R. P. (2013). Trauma type and gender effects on PTSD, general distress and Peritraumatic dissociation. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 18:41-53. Taylor and Francis Group, LLC. Routledge.

Killgore W. D. S., Britton J. C., Schwab Z. J., Price L. M., Weiner M. R., Gold A. L., Rosso I. M., Simon N. M., Pollack M. H. & Rauch S. L. (2014). cortico-limbic responses to masked affective faces across PTSD, panic disorder, and specific phobia. Depression and Anxiety 31:150–159.

Levin A. (2013). Three key factors interact to increase PTSD risk. Psychiatric News. 48, 8; ProQuest Central pg. 15 Clinical & Research News.

Locke A. B., Kirst N. F., Shultz C. G. & Arbor A. (2015). Diagnosis and management of generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder in adults. American Academy of Family Physicians. Retrieved from www.aafp.org/afp .

Nay R. R., Eaves L., Hettema J. M., Kendler K. S. & Silberg J. L. (2012). Childhood separation anxiety disorder and adult onset panic attacks share common genetic diathesis. DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY 29:320–327.

Pattyn T., Van Den Eede F., Lamers F., Veltman D., Sabbe B. G. & Penninx B. W. (2015). Identifying panic disorder subtypes using factor mixture modeling. Depression and Anxiety 32:509-517.

Salters K. P. (2009). Strategies for Assessing and Treating Comorbid Panic and Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Anxiety disorders. Psychiatric Times. Retrieved from www.psychiatrictimes.com