Leadership Organizational
jaybird
leadership_art_3.pdf
International Journal for Quality research
UDK- 378.014.3(497.11)
Short Scientific Paper (1.03)
Vol 6, No. 3, 2012 285
Srđan Nikezić 1)
Sveto Purić 2)
Jelena Purić 3)
1) Faculty of Science,
University of Kragujevac,
Serbia
2) Faculty of Law, University
of Kragujevac, Serbia
3)Faculty of Economics,
University of Kragujevac,
Serbia
TRANSACTIONAL AND TRANSFORMATIONAL
LEADERSHIP: DEVELOPMENT THROUGH CHANGES
Abstract: The success and rewarding are mostly expressed in
business performance at the end of the year. Transactional and
transformational leadership as a new paradigm of quality
effects on creation of roles and processes in the organization.
From the leaders are expected to use leadership as a process
of ensuring the long-term goals of the organization, especially
in turbulent competitive environment. Therefore, this paper
points out the impact of leadership competencies through
transactional and transformational leadership, characteristics
and processes that show different levels of participation of
transformation and transactional leadership of organizations.
Keywords: leader, followers, changes, transactional and
transformat leadership, organization
1. Introduction
Theory and practice show that transactional
leadership is a necessary, evolutionary path toward
transformational leadership from the relatively
stable to a period of business in a turbulent
environment, which is characterized by many
unknowns. For transformational leadership is
characteristic interaction of different social actors,
initiative, efficiency and effectiveness, readiness
for change and variety of strategic choices in
accordance with the requirements of the
environment and the perception of new vision and
business goals. It is an evolutionary path that
coexists with the changes in the environment and
transformational leadership inevitably occur as a
complex process based on the individual vision,
courage and willingness to learn, openness to
followers and values that include better and more
efficiently, based on the radical changes in the
organization and the environment.
Cox identified two basic types of leadership:
transactional and transformational. [17]
Differences between transactional and
transformational leadership was first formulated
by Downton, but the idea is worked out by James
MacGregor Burns in 1979. Burns made a
distinction between ordinary (transactional)
leaders, who have ensured the followers loyalty
through rewards, and extraordinary
(transformational) leaders, which focused on the
essential needs of followers. The idea was further
developed by Bernard Bass who was considering,
unlike Burns's, that transformational and
transactional leaders are part of the same
continuum of leadership that can not be
considered separately. [18]
2. Transactional leadership
The concept of transactional leadership was first
mentioned by Max Weber in his socio-economic
considerations of the organization. Twenty-seven
years after his death and publishing a reprint of his
book, academic and professional audience accepts
his definition of leadership. [1] Max Weber first
described transactional leadership style and his
basic facts are accepted by Bernard Bass in 1981.
Great influence on him had made James
McGregor Burns-a [2], whose study of leadership
was the cornerstone for further development of
leadership as a new area.
286 K.Ganguly
Figure 1: Max Weber's (1947) Model of
Transaction and Transformation Leadership
Authority
Max Weber has defined three types of leadership
and leaders:
Bureaucratic - transactional leaders, who earns leadership through normative rules and
regulations, strict discipline and systematic
control. Obedience of followers is based on
rational values and rules, and also on established
agreements. Follower is limited to the obligations
and controls which are set him. Wages are fixed
and ranked in a hierarchy. Coercive measures are
clearly defined and their use is subject to certain
conditions that are already established. The
technical side of follower has big importance and
forms the basis for the selection of administrative
staff. There is no right of appeal. Capitalism,
according to Weber, encourages the development
of bureaucracy, even bureaucracy exist in socialist
systems. [1, 339]
Traditional leaders believe in the legitimacy of governance on traditional way.
Personal loyalty and faithfulness of followers
dominant in this kind of leadership. The leadership
of the organization is characterized by
arbitrariness and iracionalnoscu instead of
rationality and economic activity. [1, 335]
Examples include: a feudal kingdom in China,
Egypt, Africa, the Roman Empire and others.
• Charismatic leader is characterized by
dedication, illumination, and heroism. Followers,
on the basis of personal trust in the leader and his
intention, consciously accept to belief in his
charisma, vision and mission. He is for them like a
warrior, prophet or a visionary. Because of
consideration that charisma is God's gift, leader
being treated in such a way. Weber watched
charismatic leaders as: heroes in the war, leaders
of the hunt, the wise men or shamans, and also as
founders of religions like Christ in Christianity or
Muhammad in Islam. Thus, one type of charisma
is a hereditary monarchy, the second patriarchal
authority, the third charismatic religious authority,
and the fourth military heroes.
Weber argued that no one of three leaders types
occur an ideal form. [1, 329-333] Also argued that
there can be a combination of bureaucratic and
charismatic leadership.There are a few strongholds
in his conception of Leadership:
• Weber's model of leadership is dynamic and
allows the transfer of leadership from one form to
another. There is no ideal type of leadership
• The model is cyclical, that is an unstable
form of charismatic, bureaucratic form can
become a hybrid of the monarchy at the top.
• Model has situational character, because
Weber explained the economic and social
conditions that support the selection of a particular
type of leadership.
• Weber stands for the transformation of
charisma into a democratic approach to leadership,
which respect the voice of followers. The new
charismatic authority is based on legitimacy and
public recognition. Weber's opinion is that anti-
authoritarian direction of the transformation of
charisma present the way towards greater
rationality. [1, 390]
Bernard Bass, using Burns basis of a
transactional leader, start with characteristics of
behavior and situation as basic level of exchanges
between leaders and followers, so that all
participants get something they want. He
identified two types of leadership: transactional
and transformational.
Transactional leadership is based on classical
principles of exchange with followers who are part
THREE OPTIONS
FOR THE Capitalist
Entrepreneur
2. Bureaucratic (Transactional)
Bureaucracy is "the
exercise of control on
the basis of
knowledge: (p. 339). It
is the stuff of rational
legal hierarchical
power, the
Bureaucratic leader.
1. Charismatic (Transformer)
An individual personality
set apart form ordinary
people and endowed with
supernatural, superhaman
powers, and heroic
qualities. In short part
Hero, and part Superman/
Superwoman.
3. Traditional (Feudal)
Traditional is an
arbitrary exercise of
Sultan power bound to
loyalty, favoritism, and
politics. It is stuff of
Princely leadership.
Vol 6, No. 3, 2012 287
of interactions and therefore are rewarded for
meeting pre-defined standards and performance.
Transactional leadership is focused on maintaining
the status quo, so transactional leadership present
traditional approach of leadership. [3] First Bass's
research of transactional and transformational
leadership is related to the year of 1954 and 1960,
when the practical examples found correlation
between successful leadership and perceptual
flexibility. He also came to the conclusion that
transactional leaders can be successful in a short
period of time, but that they must focus on the
changes, if you want to continue to retain a
leadership position.[4, 5] Transactional leadership
style commonly used in conditions where the
focus of leaders focused on the basic process
control, organization and short-term planning.
Examples for transactional leaders are American
and French politicians McCarthy and de Gaulle.
Transactional leadership is utilized in the economy
after the Second World War until the 70's, because
the business climate, particularly in the United
States, provided high level of stability that most
organizations did not felt the need for change, and
consequently for the leadership, as the power that
leads to changes. [6] Transactional leadership
involves motivating and directing followers,
appealing to their own interests. The power of the
leader comes from formal authority and
responsibility in the organization.The main task of
the followers to respect the instructions of leaders.
The leader provides rewards and punishments in
the organization of its legitimacy. Transactional
leadership is, in essence, oriented on monitoring
organization, processes and outcomes in the
market. [7] The interpersonal relationships
between leaders and followers have a four
dimensional approach:
1) The possibility of reward, as a result of well-
performed tasks and achieved goals that followers
are expected to successfully completed the
process. Goals must be specific, measurable,
possible, realistic and timely manner (SMART).
2) Actively engaging leaders in managing, which
followed the work of his followers, gives
consideration to any deviation from established
standards and procedures by taking corrective
measures in case of errors.
3) Passive engagement leader involves the leaders
in the process only when standards are not met, or
performance are not achieved.
4) Laissez-Faire dimension, which is a form of
leadership that provides the possibility of freedom
in the choice of goals and behavior of
organizational participants. It is not real leadership
style, because of impact of social actors, whose
activities were not coordinated, limited or
formalized. The leader avoids responsibility for
decision-making and because of that he often
creates inefficient and unprofitable organizational
relationships. [8] Assumptions of transactional
leadership are:
• employees are motivated leader through rewards
and punishments,
• followers receive a directive from the leader,
wich mast be respected through production
process,
• there is no self-motivation, but the follower are
controlled by leader during the manufacturing
process.
Transactional leaders are focused on short-
term goals, standards, procedures, rules and
control. Creativity, vision and generating of new
ideas are not represented. The efficiency (cost
reduction) is the key variable of leadership
competencies. The left side of the brain (rational
behavior), completely dominated, so the right
brain (emotional intelligence) is totally excluded
from leadership behavior. Followers are motivated
only by rewards and punishments, and the utility
over money dominates the leader-followers.
Transactional leadership focuses on the basic
functions of management, control, organization
and short-term planing.
Transactional leadership is based on the
assumption that employees are motivated by the
best system of rewards and punishments.
Transactional leaders are focused on standards,
policies and procedures, as we have already said.
They have a very narrow focus and do not
encourage the creativity and new ideas. This style
of leadership works best when organizational
problems are simple and clearly defined. [9]
Inflexibility of leadership is a characteristic of this
model, so any attempt to change this leadership
style is difficult and almost unsuccessful, because
the leadership style is part of human person, his
personal characteristics and that is something
unchangeable. [10]
288 K.Ganguly
3. Transformational Leadership
As a term, transformational leadership first
was mentioned in 1973rd, in the J. V. Dowton's
sociological study,. [11] Transformational
leadership style is directly related to charismatic
leadership approach, since Max Weber's time.
Robert House in 1976th , start approuching the
traditional literature on charisma and charismatic
leader, and concluded that through the selected
literature from social psychology can be explaned
on a relevant way the concept of charisma. House
has considered a range of topics related to
charisma, including the charismatic effects,
characteristics of charismatic leaders, their
behavior, and situational factors that influence on
appearance and effectiveness of charismatic
leaders. Based on these analyzes he was developed
speculatively theoretical explanation of charisma
starting from psychological forms, including a less
sociological and political considerations. [12]
Musser was observed a charismatic leader as
holder of double function: he seeks to wake up
feelings to followers for ideological commitment
to the goals and devotion to his own personality.
Which of these two objectives will be dominant
depends on the motives and needs of the leader.
[13] Conger and Kanungo give five attributes
(characteristics) of charismatic leaders:
• vision and articulation,
• responsibility for Environment,
• understanding followers needs,
• personal risk taking and
• unconventional behavior. [14]
James MacGregor Burns has made a
fundamental distinction between transactional and
transformational leadership. [2, 15]
Transformational leaders seek to change existing
patterns, values, beliefs and goals, and create new
ones that encourage the greater commitment.
Intense commitment to the concept of
transformational leadership is the result of at least
two tendencies. First, many large companies such
as IBN, GM, Ford and others, started a
comprehensive program of transformation and
change that had to be achieved in a relatively short
period of time, because in early 80-ies of last
century business world has become more
dynamic, competitive and volatile. Many, by then
a successful company, were faced with the crisis
and the need to radically change their former way
of leadership. Second, the recent theoretical base
of leadership, which is based on an analysis of
personal leader characteristics and behavior in
different situations, not taking into consideration
certain, quite unusually, quality of leader. These
new qualities demanded a new theory or a new
concept of leadership. It is the concept of
transformational leadership. The Figure No. 2
shows the key characteristics of transformational
leader. [16]
Figure 2: The key attributes of transformational
leader [16]
Over the years, Bass's MLQ (Multifactor
Leadership Questionnaire), known as FRLT (full-
range leadership theory) was redefined. New
investigations of Burns-Bass's basic postulates of
transformational leadership theory were developed
first by Conger and Kanungo, fand than by
Kouzes and Posner. [19] Some researchers have
tried to extend this concept of the model by
proposing introduction of so-called "servant
leaders" and "transcendent leaders", that enable
followers to develop new knowledge (rational and
transcendental). [20, 21] Nevertheless, based on
available information from the industry, Bass's
MLQ model / FRLT remained empirically most
valid test of theories of leadership in practice. [22]
According to Burns transformational leader
recognizes the needs or demand of potential
followers and articulating their motives for trying
to meet their requirements, while also engaging
followers as complete person. The result of such
relationship was mutual stimulation, which
ultimately can be explaned on convert follower
into a leader and leader into moral agents. Bass
identified four components of transformational
leadership:
Charisma, which is identified with the
followers' perceptions of the leader as an
idealized, confident, charismatic leader who
captivates with confidence and attitudes.
Followers of such leaders are admired as a model
Creativity Team orietation Respect Coaching Responsibility Confession
Vol 6, No. 3, 2012 289
that generates pride, loyalty, trust and faith that in
crisis situations give rise to a personal example to
achieve a set of high goals. [23]
Inspiration is related to the behavior of leaders and efforts to inspire and motivate their
followers in order to fulfill ambitious goals raise
confidence in their own abilities. The leader
develops an attractive vision for the future, using
symbols and emotional arguments to persuade the
followers to accept the vision with the full
commitment, faith and optimism. Leaders,
according to the Bass-articulate an interesting
vision of the future, setting high standards for
followers, while providing them encouragement
that such a vision can be accomplished.
Individual support, refers to efforts made by the leader by providing emotional and
social support to individuals for achieving his own
vision. The leader through counseling and
teaching, developing their individual needs,
abilities and aspirations, listening carefully to
followers, allows them to encourage themselves
for future efforts needed to achieve the final goal
of leadership.
Intellectual stimulation represents the efforts of leaders to develope and stimulate
creativeness and innovation preference, new
perspective and way of working that provide the
leadership vision. [23]
Transformational leadership achieved
superior performance, when the leader spreads
increase the interests of its employees, when
creates awareness and acceptance of the goals and
mission and when their employees start to put the
interests of the group above their own interests.
Transformational leader can achieve these results
if only he is charismatic to his followers and
inspire them so, or if it meets their emotional
needs and intellectual requirements. [24]
The best transformational leaders are those
who know how to balance with short-term results
and long-term vision. Kotter believes that the
short-term changes take place from 6-12 months.
The results of the vision can be drawn on the four
dimensions matrix. The low score and low vision
are the problem for any organization. Good short-
term results with low vision may be good for the
many organizations in short time. Compelling
vision, which produce few results have to be
abandoned. Only a good short-term result may be
effective to achieve the vision of sustainable
success, which is shown in Figure No. 3 [25, 26]
Figure 3: Vision, a result of the success of
sustainable transformational leader [6]
The greatest danger for the transformational
leader is fear of little time to manage the long-term
changes. Because of that they focus only on
quarterly and annual results. However, those who
are 50 years old and younger, have the opportunity
to provide transformation and long-time
leadership of organizations. Successful
transformation of the organization is the ultimate
test of leadership, and therefore requires two
skills: building coalitions and creating a vision.
This is particularly important for a transitional
period in which we live. [27, 28, 29]
Transformational leaders must lead the
organization step by step to a complete
reorganization of the market adjustment. Complete
transformation takes eight following steps: [27,
28, 29]
• Establish a sense of urgency, • Formulate a strong coalition of leading, • Creating a vision • Communicating the vision, • Support the other to accept the vision, • Plan to create short-term changes, • Consolidate improvements and execute
quality improvement of product
performance,
• The institutionalization of the new approach.
The reason that transformational leadership
assumes the establishment of strong guiding
coalitionis existing of complex processes that are
based on the individual's visionis existing of his
courage, willingness to learn, openness to
followers and values which are supported by them.
A strong coalition includes the establishment of
Unsustainable
success
Sustainable
success
Stagnation
Interrupted
vision
High
Result
Low
Strong
Vision
Weak
290 K.Ganguly
mutual trust and common goals which should be
achieved. Leadership, which has to take part in
these changes, is determined by the transition
framework, taking into modern information
technologies that are key for efective restructuring,
economic recovery and advancement. [30, 31, 32]
The key attributes (characteristics) of
transformational leaders are given in Figure No. 4:
creativity, team orientation, each other respect,
teaching, responsability and recognition. [33]
Figure 4: Elements of transformational leadership
Transformational leaders have the power to create
set of corporate values and culture.
Transformational leader is an essential factor of
development and corporate competence in relation
to other social groups and actors.
Transformational leaders are not created in ad-hoc
situations, but must be educated, so there is theory
that leaders are born, or that are destined for the
top positions in the economy, politics, military,
education, culture other fields. Peter Drucker
argues that "the basic qualities of leadership can
not create or promote, teach and learn." [34] On
the other hand there are authors who argue that
leaders "creates through learning ", [35, 36, 37],
but not born. In their oppinion leadership is not a
matter of biological destiny, but only the choise
stuff. So we can conclude that leaders are borning
or "create" through learning.
4. Transactional versus transformational
leadership
Bass had reasched, the most, transformational
leadership and what leader has to do to effectively
perform their responsibilities. However, it should
be noted that Bass's interpretation differs in key
elements of the other researchs in this field. [3]
In the original formulation of Burns's, who is one
of the first theorists of leadership, transformational
and transactional leadership are two different
styles of leadership. The leader can be
transactional or transformational, but can not
simultaneously have the characteristics of both.
[2.38]
In Bass's theory of leadership, transformational
and transactional leadership are two different
dimensions of leadership, so that leaders can
simultaneously be both transactional and
transformational, which is caused by leadership
behavior. Today, most researchers agree with
Bass's theory of leadership. [3.39]
In the last two decades transactional and
transformational leadership have been the subject
of research, and many papers were written. This
issue is still present, both in academic and in
business circles in the world. [22.40]
Table 1: Difference between transactional and
transformational leaders
In Table No. 1 is shown the number of
differences between transactional and
transformational leadership styles. Transactional
leadership, as seen from the table, can not develop
the maximum of leadership potential.
Transformational leadership style providing a full
range of leadership functions by creating
Transactional
leadership
Transformational
Leadership
Leadership status quo Leadership of changes
Followers achieve
organizational goals
through the process of
rewarding or punishing
Motivating followers in
process of achieving
the tasks through
establishing a common
vision, ideals and moral
values
Organizational culture is
not changed
Change of
organizational culture
Followers are motivated
by appeals to their own
interests that make in
organization
Followers are
motivated by group
interests that coexist
with the individual
interests of group
members
Creation of
vision
Communication
of vision
Creation
Vision
CONSTRUCTION
Commitment to
vision
Transformational
leadership
Vol 6, No. 3, 2012 291
conditions for intermittent changes, adjustment of
the turbulent environment and design a new
organizational structure of the company
Intermittent changes causing positive and
negative effects on followers, a sense of fear and
hope, optimism and anxiety, pressure and
incentives, the requirement to discard old business
models and adopt new directions, threatening self-
esteem and feelings of creation new values. All
this is result of movement from transactional into
transformational leadership. [41]
Leaders through leading changes need to act
boldly and with confidence for their necessity.
They need to "develop a vision of what could be,
to mobilize followers to accept them and work on
a new vision, to institutionalize the changes that
must last for a longer period of time." [41] All
changes is not transformational and do not lead to
solutions that are better than the previous.
In the early theories of transactional and
transformational leadership represented the
essence of leadership characteristics and situations
in which a leader can successfully lead a group.
[42, 43, 44]
The dilemma, transactional or
transformational leadership, is often present, but
we must note, there is no universal, versatile style
of leadership, which is applicable in any situation,
as noted Hersey and Blanchard. [45]
Transactional and transformational leadership
is characterized by the following characteristics:
- Do unto others as to thyself,
- Consistency,
- Contacts with the followers in production,
not in his office,
- Do not make decisions in an emotional state,
- Have time to talk to supporters and heed
their advice,
- Their own self-control,
- Clear communication and awareness of
followers,
- Taking responsibility for his actions and the
actions of followers and
- Be a leader with vision. [46]
Empirical research has shown that leaders,
transactional and transformational, which accept
followers with empathy, not as a subject to
achieve the defined objectives, have a great
support in organizations. [47] Good interpersonal
relationships between leaders and followers
increase the efficiency and effectiveness, [48] and
the overall morale in the company. [47]
Followers are motivated to accept the credibility
of the leader, if they believe that he is in line with
leadership behavior. [49]
For transactional and transformational leadership,
is common, that leaders need to send strong
messages to the followers. That is important for
certain jobs, in order to achieve good quality, and
reduce the possibility of formal administration.
[50] Leadership formalism prevents the process of
education, and communication with the followers.
The leader must gain the respect of followers
by defining a clear sense of direction of action,
ethical principles and a strong vision for the
future. Followers respect leader who has positive
attributes (characteristics), who is honorable and
trusted, but not a leader who abusing authority for
personal promotion. Transactional leader
supporting followers, but does not follow them, as
opposed to transformational leaders who have a
clear vision and mission, which coexists with the
needs and goals of subordinates.
The basis of good leadership is honorable
character and selfless sacrifice for the
organization's objectives, the ultimate goals of
effective and well-being of subordinates. The
organization with the mission and vision should be
led by leaders:
- With self-awareness (the establishment of
control over yourself - beliefs and character),
- One who teaches (a continuous learning process
for leaders is never fully completed)
- Enjoying in changes (leaders do not avoid
change - leadership mean how to enjoy in
changes)
In other words, to answer three questions: [51]
Burns, define three characteristics that
differentiate the transactional and transformational
leadership style:
♦ purpose,
♦ moral and
♦ time frame or time horizon.
Be Know Do
292 K.Ganguly
PURPOSE MORAL TIME
FRAME
Transf
Orming
Transa
ctional
Transf
orming
Transa
ctional
Transf
orming
Transa
ctional
The range
of
leadership
toward the
goal
Sustainable
status quo,
goal of the
boath, the
leaders and
followers
The
moral
aspect of
the
priority of
leaders
and
followers
The goals of
leaders and
followers,
moral and
immoral-no
explicit
morlna page
Long-
term
(inspirati
onal)
goals
Short-
term
goals
Table 2: The difference between transformational
and transactional leadership style [2]
According to Burns, we should be very
careful when defining styles for individual
personalities. Hitler, who had made transformation
of Germany in 1930, is not example for
transformational leader, but "pseudo-
transformational" because his goals were immoral.
Basic characteristics of transformational
leadership are an inspiration, mobilization and
morale. Transformational leadership has two-way
because of establishment of interpersonal
relationships between leaders and followers with
feedback. Burns transformational leadership
defines as "leadership that occurs when one or
more persons engage in activities with others in
such a way that leader and followers raise their
mutual relations to a higher level of motivation
and morality." [2]
The leader can produce social changes which
can satisfy the specific needs of followers.
Transformational leadership compared to
transactional, achieve the major changes because
the goals are more ambitious. [52]
The continuum of leadership,
transformational leadership allow to followers to
do specific tasks independently when they have
the knowledge to make decisions on certain issues.
In transactional leadership, followers are not
encouraged to participate in achieving the
objectives. Also, this does not contribute to the
professional and personal development of
employees or their independence.
Autocratic leader Democratic leader
Leader Leader Leader Leader Leader Leader Leader
decides sell present present present define allows to
decision ideas ideas ideas limits followers
and which are to act
take place subject of within
for discusion discusion limites
Figure 5: The continuum of
Leadership [53]
In Figure No. 5 is shown so-called "leadership
continuum", which suggests a different situation
and analyze the autocratic and democratic
leadership style, or transactional and
transformational leadership. Autocratic style is
used when workers are without experience and do
not want to take any responsability in deciding.
That is often difficult decisions that are crucial for
the survival of the organization. This style has a
weakness that does not encourage partcipation of
the workers. On the other hand, the democratic
style is used by leaders when their employees
strive for independence and freedom in their work.
This style can be used to create a new vision of the
organization, the formation of equilibrium or
business establishment consensus. [53]
Figure 6: Model of changes of leadership content
[54]
In Figure No. 6 is shown the model of
"transition" elements from transactional to
transformational leadership style.
Transformational style is applied when exist
special conditions of business enterprises. Thus,
for example, transformational style is applied to
The use of authority by the leader
Area of freedom for followers
Awareness
Acquiring
new skills
Desire for changes
Learning new
skills Feedback
Implementation
of knowledge and
skills
Vol 6, No. 3, 2012 293
conditions of high intensity of changes and major
form or scope of these changes. However, it is not
really needed in a situation where exist high
coverage of organizational change, but its intensity
is weak, or when exist high rate of change, but low
coverage. Transactional style is applied under
relatively low intensity of change and its relatively
low coverage. [6]
5. Conclusion
According to most theoretical
definition, leadership is process of influence of
individual on other members of the group. Essence
of leadership is presented by followers, who make
up his base. Without followers there is no
leadership. Besides the followers other factors of
leadership is presented by followers, who: the
leader, the situation and the mutual
communication between leaders and followers.
[51]
It is necessary that the leader has a sincere
understanding, knowledge and skills that
determine him as a successful and tend to inspire
followers to follow him. Different situations
require divergent changes of leadership
styles, because an experienced and motivated
follower requires a different approach in contrast
of new one. The basic starting point is the
existence of a good understanding of the
characteristics of followers, their needs, emotions
and motivations.
Leader and followers constitute a
complex mutual interaction, two-way
communication that can be understood and
described as two-way street where meet leader and
followers. Leadership and Succession are
complementary processes that are mutually
inseparable. In this "two-way street" interpersonal
relationship transit from transactional to
transformational leader and enables a change of
leadership content. The theoretical interpretation
of the leadership and succession can be
differentiated three basic approaches: the mutual
exchange of leaders and followers, attribute
access, and transformational (charismatic)
approach. [55]
The first theory, which considers the
relationship of persons and situations are based on
the assumption that human behavior is conditioned
by the inner personality of the individual, not a
situation where it is located. [56] However, in later
studies, research has shown that there is a cause -
effect relationship between the situation in which
people are and their behavior. People behave in
different ways in major traffic jams and when are
sitting at home and relaxing while watching a
television program. The testing was found that less
than 9% of people have same behave in different
situations, and that over 91% of people behave
differently in different situations. [57] In these
studies of personalities and situation constantly is
present struggle between the internal and external
human power, personal feelings and opinions
towards social norms. The interior is his
personality, uniqueness in relation to the other,
and the outside is determined by the situations in
which the personalities are. People differ in many
aspects, but also show remarkable similarities in
certain situations, for example, in their need for
adaption in environment.
Situations in which are leader and employees
in companies are different and should always
decide for best course of action and style of
leadership. The actual situation has a great
influence on the actions of leaders, and is
independent of his personal characteristics. The
leader may have an impressive stability in one
period of time, but little consistency in the
turbulent situation. Leadership is a process in
which successful companies bring outstanding
business results and a radical change with the
support of followers, which are articulated through
new beliefs, perceptions, values and activities of
the organization. Transformational leaders are key
element of social changes, transforming company
with words and actions, and often, its
environment. The path from transactional to
transformational leadership is not easy and it
should be understood as the interaction that is
based on one very specific and rare type of
relationship between leaders and followers.
Transformational leadership is based on the
specific types of reactions of followers and less on
the specific characteristics that leaders possess. In
the focus of theoretical and practical approach, of
interpretation of this behavior, are followers rather
than leaders. However, transformational leaders
with their characteristics are able to articulate a
vision, make a description of the position of the
desired group or organization, using terms for
creation a vision sufficiently tangible for arousing
294 K.Ganguly
enthusiasm and energy of people. For successful
creation of a new competitive environment the
essential are creativity, imagination, reflection and
courage. Any vision, which is not based on strong
material funds, remains a mere fantasy.
Transformational leaders, looking at the ultimate
goal, provide guidance to their followers and
direct them to reach the desired state, to realise the
vision.
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This work is part of the research project 41010, funded by the Ministry of Science and
Technology of thr Republic of Serbia.
