Formaldehyde Presentation
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h2s_training_program.pptmHydrogen Sulfide (H2S) Safety Awareness
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Introduction to XYZ Safety.
H2S Awareness Sessions:
Session #1: General Rig Worker
Everyone
Session #2: Emergency Action Personnel
Designated Employees Only
Explain that Session 1 is required for all non emergency action type personnel and Emergency Action Personnel. Take a pre class assessment & grade to see everyone knows. Explain why and that there will be a post class critique to be filled out by the students at the end of the class.
Explain what Session # 2 is and that it is for designated personnel only. Tell the class who those persons are who will be required to take Session # 2.
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Session #1: General Rig Worker Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) Safety Awareness
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Introduce Session # 1 and that everyone is required to complete it successfully.
Course Objective
At the conclusion of this course the attendee should be familiar with the dangers associated with entering in and working safely in a potential H2S environment;
successfully complete a written evaluation of the information presented during this training session in accordance with the ANSI Z390.1-2006;
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Discuss Session # 1 objectives and what expectations are to complete this session. These objectives include: A.) All general workers becoming familiar with basic H2S survival; B.) Becoming familiar with emergency escape unit placement and proper donning and doffing methods; C.) Students will learn basic gas detection and alarm placements; D) Students should learn what the alarms mean and whre they are placed; E.) Students successfully complete a knowledge inventory at the end of the session
Course Objective
Understand the use and limitations of the emergency escape unit;
And demonstrate proper don and doff of the emergency escape unit.
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Explain that emergency escapes unit will be discussed in detail later and that there will be demo and practice later in the program.
Course Outline
Introduction: What is H2S?
Where do you find H2S?
Properties of H2S
Toxicology of H2S
Regulations
H2S Effects on Individuals and How to Protect Yourself
Detection and Monitoring of H2S
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Explain that this is the course outline and the module headings are the headings of each and contain detailed information that will be useful to them.
Course Outline
8. Safety Measures & Signs
9. Contingency & Emergency Response Plans
10.Respiratory Protection
11.Rescue, First Aid Techniques & Post-Exposure Evaluation
12.Egress Unit Don & Doff Exercises
Exam and Skills Test
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More course outline. Explain.
Module 1: Introduction What is Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)?
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This is Module 1 of Session # 1. Ask the class who knows what H2S is.
What is H2S?
A Highly Toxic, Colorless, gas.
At low concentrations H2S has the smell of rotten eggs, but it is often masked by other odors.
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It is 2 parts Hydrogen, 1 part Sulfur. Cannot see it but can smell it in low concentrations.
Some common trade names of H2S:
stink damp
sulfur hydride
sour gas or sour crude
hypatic gas
rotten-egg gas / sewer gas
sulfuretted hydrogen
swamp stink or marsh gas
devil’s breath
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These are some of the most common names for H2S with rotten-egg gas being the most common.
Module 2: Where Do You Find H2S?
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Ask where H2S can be found.
H2S can be found:
Oil and Gas Wells - Refineries
Petrochemical Plants - Landfills
Sewers/Septic Tanks - Pulp & Paper Mills
Metallurgy research - Mining Operations
Meat & Fish Processing - Fishing Vessels
Laboratories - Tank Batteries
Oil and Gas Drilling Operations
Wineries
Blasting Operations & Manufacturing of Metal Foils
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Exposure to general workers most likely will occur during Oil and Gas Drilling Operations and Completion and Maintenance of new and existing wells. H2S is likely to exist in tank batteries in high concentrations in old mature fields. Vent vapors from a production can drift across a drilling location if the weather conditions are right.
Natural Sources of H2S
H2S may develop in low oxygen areas or low lying areas such as bogs, swamps, and polluted water.
H2S also is found with natural gas, petroleum, sulfur deposits, volcanic gases and sulfur springs.
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Pay special attention to wind direction and do not stop in low areas when driving to the job site. Sulfur water flows contain H2S, sometimes in lethal concentrations.
How is H2S formed?
Occurs Naturally
H2S is formed by the decomposition of organic materials by bacteria. (or enzymes)
Chemical Processes
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Dead animals on the side of the road will produce some small amount of H2S during the decay process. It is also found in the P trap in your kitchen sink. The human body produces some amount of H2S by natural processes.
Decay of Organic or Vegetable Matter
Animal Blood Processing
Breweries
Poultry & Egg Industry
Municipal Sewers
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Can be found in meat processing facilities, chemical plants & refineries, oil and gas industry, silk manufacturing processes, public utilities, wine making industry or any other place where animal, vegetable or organic matter may be present or part of the process.
Industrial Sources of H2S
As a by-product, it is often recovered and converted to elemental sulfur or laboratory grade sulfuric acid.
…Klauss Process…
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Sulfur is recovered from high sulfur content wells and used for various applications.
Module 3: Properties of H2S
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Discuss that each chemical has its own properties and identity that are different from each other.
Properties of H2S
Chemical Formula:
2 parts Hydrogen
1 part Sulfur
Normal State: Colorless gas
Robs Us of One of Our Primary Senses
S
H
H
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H2O = water chemical symbol. Hydrogen Sulfide can always be encountered anytime there is a sulfur water flow. Explain that under the right conditions, a sulfur water flow can produce lethal amounts of H2S. Sometimes we become complacent about hydrogen sulfide if we think it is not involved with high pressure. That very thought process has allowed many injuries and some deaths over the years in the oil and gas industry.
Properties of H2S
Specific Gravity: 1.189 @ 77° F
Settles in low non-ventilated areas.
Can accumulate in these areas and increase in concentration.
Methane
Air
CO2
H2S
Oil
Mixed Gases
Oil with 50 ppm H2S in crude oil
30,000 ppm
30,000 ppm
3 ppm H2S
Access Hatch
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Cellars, mud pits and reserve pits are prime areas around drilling locations for H2S to be found. It is likely to be agitated and released from drilling fluids at the shale shaker or mud mixing area. It will accumulate in high concentrations in non ventilated areas and enclosed pits. 1.189 specific gravity means that it is approximately 19% heavier than air. When H2S is released, it will take the path of least resistance.
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Properties of H2S
Solubility: Soluble in water and oil
H
H
H
H
S
O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Safest When In Solution
Threats: Heat, Agitation, Pressure Drop, Increase in Acidity
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H2S is water soluble at the rate of approximately 4 parts water – 1 part sulfur.
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Properties of H2S: Combustible
Autoignition Temp: 518°F [CH4 = 1000oF]
Two to Four Times as Flammable as Methane
Flammable Range: 4.3% - 46% by Vol.
Follow Universal Precautions
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The auto ignition temperature of H2S is approximately 518 degrees Fahrenheit. A cigarette burns at approximately 1500 degrees Fahrenheit. This means that if the conditions are right, static electricity may ignite the H2S. The Lower Flammable Limit is 4.3% (43,000 PPM) and the Upper Explosive Limit is 46% (460,000 PPM) by volume in air. There is not enough oxygen in the air when the concentration is above 46%.
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1st Line of Defense = Drilling Fluids Program
Neutralization of H2S
Control of pH Neutralizers
14 ALKALINE (BASE)
0 ACID
7 NEUTRAL (WATER)
3 H2S (Hydrosulfuric Acid)
10 MMS / API
ACIDS
H2S
CO2
HYDROXIDES
Caustic Soda
Lime
Potash
REVERSIBLE PROCESS
DANGER!
Sulfide Saturated Solution
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Controlling the PH factor is important with drilling fluids. This helps keep H2S from releasing from the fluid to the ambient air.
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THE WIND: YOUR GREATEST ASSET
A Gas Cannot Move Upwind
Remain wind conscious
Watch your wind indicators [Windsocks]
The wind will dilute and disperse H2S gas
Use Ventilation Equipment to Disperse Gas
Rig fans or bug blowers
Explosion Proof Equipment Only
In An H2S Emergency:
Always head upwind and away from the source of H2S
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Anytime bug blowers are used, placement is important because improper placement may allow the fans to recirculate the gas. Explosion proof only fans should be used and bonded for static purposes. Wind and air disperses the gas making it less likely that anyone can be overcome by the gas.
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Module 4: Toxicology of H2S
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Toxicity & Physiological Effects
0.13 ppm – Odor Threshold
10 ppm – TLV/TWA & PEL
15 ppm – STEL (Short Term Exposure Limit)
50 ppm CEL
100 ppm – Kills Sense of Smell (IDLH) Immediately Dangerous to Life & Health
350 – 500 ppm – Unconscious Immediately
700 ppm – Unconscious and death follows shortly unless moved to fresh air
1000 ppm – DRT (Dead Right There!)
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TLV = Threshold Limit Value – The average concentration that someone can be safely exposed to in an 8 hr. work day based on a 8 hr. TWA.
TWA = Time Weighted Average is the average level of exposure based on an 8 hr. period. Example; Someone can be exposed to 6 ppm H2S for 4 hrs. and 14 ppm for the other 4 hrs. in a work day and the avg. exposure concentration will = 10 ppm. This is the TLV for H2S
PEL = Permissible Exposure Limit Occupational Exposure Limit = Maximum exposure level that a person can safety work in for 8 hrs..
Short Term Exposure Limit – Maximum exposure limit that you can be exposed to based on a 15 minute TWA.
Ceiling Exposure Limit – Maximum single one time exposure level that any employee may be exposed to without respiratory protection.
Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health – This is the level of exposure that the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has determined that H2S can kill or cause serious harm to your health.
It is important to note that every person has a different physiological make up in their bodies. This means that each of us may be affected differently at each level.
H2S
OUTFLOW LINE
IS 8 PPM H2S REALLY SAFE?
DISPLACED AIR!
8 PPM OUTFLOW OF HEAVIER THAN AIR H2S
AIR
H2S
AIR
Low concentrations of hydrogen sulfide can accumulate in low lying areas and enclosed vessels and become lethal.
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Toxicology of H2S
H2S is more deadly than
Carbon Monoxide,
and almost as deadly as
Hydrogen Cyanide!
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Carbon Monoxide is known as the Silent Deadly Killer. CO from heaters cause fatalities across every year in homes and other areas. Hydrogen Cyanide is the gas used in gas chambers to execute persons on death row.
H2S, when inhaled into the lungs, displaces the oxygen and is delivered directly into the bloodstream where it attaches itself to the red blood cells causing a form of anoxia. This depresses the central nervous system. The phrenic nerve is quickly paralyzed, blocking the signal from the brain to the diaphragm & intracostal muscles resulting in respiratory paralysis. Clinical death quickly follows.
EXTREMELY TOXIC
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When inhaled it paralyzes the lungs.
Toxicology of H2S
H2S has a Distinct Rotten Egg Odor
Detectable from 0.0047 to 0.13 PPM
Upper Odor Threshold – 27 PPM
Paralyzes Olfactory Nerve
Kills Sense of Smell
Gives You a False
Sense of Safety
Robs You of a Second
Primary Sense
Don’t Rely on your Nose
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Kills your sense of smell giving you a false security that things are OK. Do not rely on your sense of smell as a detector.
When H2S is Flared:
It burns with a blue flame
80% of the H2S is converted to Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
20% remains H2S!
BE AWARE: FLARING DOES NOT
DISPOSE OF ALL THE H2S
The blue flame comes from the sulfur burning. Another dangerous toxic gas is created called Sulfur Dioxide. Burning H2s only gets rid of approximately 80% of the gas.
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Properties of SO2
Color: None
Odor: Pungent
Specific gravity: 2.21 @ 32ºF
PEL: 2 ppm
IDLH: 100 ppm
500 ppm: Causes sense of suffocation
1000 ppm: Lethal concentration
Can produce Iron Sulfide Scale…a pyrophoric!!!
Sulfurous Acid
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Can be deadly. The first noticeable symptom is the displacement of oxygen in the air causing shortness of breath. This is especially true around flare stacks burning high concentrations of H2S.
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Module 5: Regulations
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Discuss the difference between employee and public protection agencies.
Federal Regulations
BLM CFR 43 3160 order # 6
API RP 49
ANSI Z390.1-2006
OSHA 1910.134 (respiratory protection)
OSHA 1910.146 (confined space)
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These federal regulations are applicable in the appropriate areas. Not all areas have BLM Land and do not require compliance with BLM regulations. All other federal regulatory agencies apply if there is not a state regulation (example; Texas SWR 3.36 or Texas Railroad Commission Rule 36) that may supercede some federal requirements.
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FEDERAL H2S REGULATIONS
BLM 43 CFR 3160; Order No. 6, ‘Hydrogen Sulfide Operations’
Bureau of Land Management, a Division of the Dept. of the Interior regulates Mineral Interests and Activities on Federal and Indian Oil & Gas Leases
Title 43 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 3160 Covers H2S on Onshore Oil & Gas Operations
Bureau of Land Management (BLM) – This regulation applies to government owned lands, Indian Reservations or designated protected lands by the U.S. government. BLM requirements are in effect in Colorado as many of the oil and gas leases are drilled on Federal lands,
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API RP-49 Recommended Practice for Drilling & Well Servicing Operations Involving Hydrogen Sulfide
Referenced in Part by Federal [BLM] and State [Alaska,Texas, etc.] Governments as the Required Guideline for Drilling and Well Servicing Operations Involving H2S
Considered by Many to be the Standard for Best Practices when Working in H2S Environments
Defines the ‘Pasquill-Gifford’ Formula for Determining a Radius of Exposure for Uncontrolled Gas Releases
API – American Petroleum Institute (API). This is the standard that is referenced to as the guideline for safe practices when working in hydrogen sulfide environments. It is referenced to in Texas SWR Rule 36 and other state oil and gas regulations when dealing with hydrogen sulfide operations. It is a recommended practice by the oil & gas industry. This standard also applies to non federal leases in Colorado due to the fact that Colorado does not have specific regulations that deal with H2S safety.
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ANSI Z390-2006
Training Standard Regulation
Instructor qualifications & proficiency
H2S Training Criteria
Student Testing
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American National Safety Institute (ANSI) – This regulation sets minimum standards for H2S Safety training requirements. This standard addresses instructor minimum qualifications and the proficiency that instructors must meet. This standard also addresses what criteria should be used when testing students for knowledge inventory.
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OSHA 1910.134
Respiratory Protection Standard
Requires Medical Evaluation
Requires annual fit testing
Qualitative
Quantitative
Explains proper inspection, maintenance, cleaning, disinfecting and storage of respirators
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Occupational Safety Health Administration (OSHA) – This regulation tells employer’s what requirements must be met in regard to respiratory protection prior to allowing employees to work in hazardous toxic atmospheres. The standard sets minimum requirements for medical evaluation.
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OSHA 1910.146
Confined Space Standard
Sets training requirements for confined space entrants, attendants and supervisors
Addresses confined space work permits
Defines acceptable entry conditions
Addresses rescue services
Defines the roles of entrants, attendants and supervisors. Provides training criteria for each. Provides work permit info and what must be on them and who must create and be responsible for the confined space permit. Also sets the safe work levels for confined space workers. This regulation explains that atmospheric testing should be conducted in this order; Oxygen Levels, LEL levels and Toxic levels. Safe Levels should be as follows for safe entry;
O2 - >19.5% to <23.5%
LEL - <10%
H2S - <10ppm
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Module 6: H2S Effects on Individuals & How To Protect Yourself
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Ask class what the worst thing is that can happen from H2S exposure. Explain that it is easily preventable.
How does H2S affect individuals?
When a person breaths H2S, it goes directly through the lungs and into the bloodstream.
The body oxidizes the H2S as rapidly as possible to a harmless sulfate compound.
When the concentration is to high for the body to neutralize, the H2S builds up and poisons the individual.
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Kills by asphyxiation.
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The phrenic nerve is paralyzed.
Controls Breathing
The lungs stop working.
The individual is Asphyxiated.
Not able to breathe.
How does H2S affect individuals?
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Basically, it paralyzes the lungs.
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Factors that determine the affects of H2S:
Concentration
Frequency of exposure
Duration of exposure
Individual Susceptibility
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How does H2S affect individuals?
How hydrogen sulfide effects someone depends on the concentration they are exposed to and how often they are exposed to it. The length of an exposure will also determine the effects of H2S on someone. Each person will be affected differently when exposed to H2S at certain levels.
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EXPOSURE
Larger Persons are Effected less than Thin Persons
Older Persons are Hit Harder than Young Persons
Physiological Differences in each person’s body
Athletic Individuals do Better than Couch Potatoes
People with Thinned Blood are Effected Sooner
Blood Thinners [Cumidin, Jack Daniels]
Pulmonary Dilemma Increases Susceptibility [Bronchitis, Collapsed Lung, Acute Asthma, Tuberculosis]
Repeated Exposures May Decrease Tolerance…
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Each person has a different physiological make up in their body. This allows hydrogen sulfide to effect each person differently at various levels. People who are sick or have had respiratory diseases are more easily overcome by H2S. This applies to anyone with alcohol in their body or someone who may be hung over.
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ROUTES OF ENTRY AND TARGET ORGANS
INJECTION: > Bloodstream
INGESTION: > Stomach, Gastrointestinal Tract, Bloodstream, Liver
ABSORPTION: > Bloodstream
INHALATION: > Respiratory System, Bloodstream
Inhalation is the most common method of entry into the human body.
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Olfactory Paralysis Excitement
Eye Irritation Coughing
Headaches Sneezing
Nausea Respiratory Irritation
Diarrhea Pulmonary Edema
Dizziness Respiratory Arrest
Confusion Brain Damage
Staggering Gait Skin Irritation
Cardiac Arrest
Signs and Symptoms of Exposure
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Protecting Yourself Against H2S?
Training (education)
Drills (practice)
PPE (selection & limitations)
Emergency Procedures
Safe Work Practices (buddy system)
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H2S safety training should be conducted annually. When working on a potential sour lease, it should be discussed prior to beginning each work day. Emergency training drills should be conducted according to contingency plan requirements. Each employee should utilize only the respirator they have been trained to use and are authorized to use. Site specific emergency procedures should be used according to the contingency plan developed for that job site. The buddy system (two persons working together) should be used at all times.
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Prevention Techniques:
Wind Socks
Ventilation
Air Monitoring
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Protecting Yourself Against H2S?
Discuss various types of wind direction indicators and proper location. Wind socks are not considered engineering controls. They are one of the tools to help everyone evacuate to the proper direction.
Explain that in some instances, explosion proof fans may be used to disperse the H2S at a work site.
Fixed H2S detectors are not early warning devices. They only detect gas when it is already present. Common sense and being aware of what’s happening around you is important. Discuss sensor and alarm location on the job site.
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Module 7: Detection & Monitoring of H2S
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Discuss the different types of gas detection being used, both fixed gas detection and personal gas detection.
FIXED GAS DETECTION
Electronic Monitors
Fixed Systems
Multi-Channel
Solid State Sensors
Remote Sensing
Quick Response
Non-Analytical (99 ppm Max.)
Continuous Monitoring
Actuates Alarms
AC or DC (12v – 120v)
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Don’t Wet Sensors
Explain that even though sensors are placed in the most likely places to get a release, if gas does not drift across the sensor it will not detect the gas. It is important to be alert all the time you are on a potential sour gas location. Never unplug the monitor. It cannot work if it is not powered up. Fixed gas detection are sometimes unplugged for various reasons (coffee pots or other items are plugged in int their place). If there is a problem with the monitor, call for a service tech to check it out immediately instead of leaving it off.
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H2S Fixed Sensors
DO NOT WET SENSORS!!!
Sometimes, rig workers may spray the sensors with the water hose either inadvertently or on purpose. When this happens it sends the unit into alarm mode. This causes that particular sensor to become disabled. Not only does this cost down time and money to repair, it creates a huge safety hazard because that sensor can no longer detect gas, leaving workers possibly exposed to gas. NOTE: If you notice sensors are full of mud or salt from drilling fluids/cables are damaged or cut/come loose from their tie off point or not in right place please contact DSM immediately to get service tech to check out. Your life may depend on this!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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ISC GASBADGE PLUS
2 Year Life (Needs no Calibration)
Recommended to “bump” prior to entry into potential toxic environment
Dual Alarm Levels (10 & 15 PPM)
Plus an Internal Vibrating Alarm
4 Visual Display LED’s
Remaining Life (Months, days & Hours)
Alarm Levels Encountered (Hi or Lo)
Peak Exposure in Last 24 Hours
Alarm Set points
Measures H2S from 0 -500 PPM
Docking Station Compatible
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Discuss abilities and limitations of personal monitors, including;
Proper placement on person
Calibration and Bump test requirements
The Gas Badge Plus is water resistant
Gas Badge Plus will record the last 15 alarm events.
Do not stop and look at the LCD display when the alarm sounds on the unit. The reason it went off is because you are in the gas,
Importance of keeping the instruments dry
Gas detectors are not early warning devices
Proper use of instruments
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Chemical Detection
Colorimetric Tubes
Read length-of-stain
Mechanical Detection
Accuracy 15% to 25%
No Alarms
Non-Continuous
Needs No Calibration
Versatile-Different gasses
DETECTION AND MONITORING EQUIPMENT
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Detector pumps should be used only when under air. If you are using a detector pump, then you suspect that there may be gas. Explain when stained tube pumps should be used and which personnel are allowed to use them. Detector pumps can be used for a variety of different gasses for chemicals. Proper training is required when using detector pumps are used.
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Module 8: Safety Measures & Signs
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Discuss the importance of knowing what each sign means.
H2S SIGNS & FLAGS
Warning Signs Should Be Displayed at All Access Points to the Location
Signs Should Indicate Operating Conditions and Should Be Color Coded
Green, Yellow & Red Flags Should Be Displayed to Indicate Changes in Operational Conditions
Base these changes on H2S gas presence throughout the location; not on the alarms.
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Discuss the importance to paying attention to these signs.
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H2S DANGER SIGNS
This means that if you are not needed on that location, DO NOT GO IN! Non essential personnel should not be on location.
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COLOR CODED SIGNS
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Discuss importance of paying attention to the color coded flags and what each one means. If there previously was a release of H2S and all is clear take red flag down and put yellow flag up.
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Safe Briefing Area Signs
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Discuss location of briefing areas and the purpose of them. When an alarm sounds, you should evacuate and assemble at the primary briefing area if possible, account for all employees and discuss what needs to happen next.
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Facility Designations
H2S Known- Formal testing reveals H2S is
present.
H2S Unknown- No formal testing is done. The work site is then treated as an H2S present location.
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Module 9: Contingency & Emergency Response Plans
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Ask if anyone can explain what a contingency plan is.
Contingency Plan
A contingency plan is a written document that provides an organized plan of action for alerting and protecting employees and the public within an area of exposure following the accidental release of a potentially hazardous volume of H2S.
This emergency response document must be site-specific for the location and shall be available to all personnel responsible for the implementation of the plan, regardless of their location assignment.
Site specific contingency plans should be developed prior to beginng the job and discussed with all appropriate personnel. The plan should be written in a manner that allows anyone to be able to implement the plan.
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Upon arrival at location, each employee and/or visitor should receive site specific orientation.
In the event of a hazardous release of H2S, evacuate upwind, or crosswind and upwind toward a safe briefing center. There you will receive further instructions.
Contingency Plan
This should be strictly followed.
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WHICH WAY TO GO?
GO CROSSWIND AND UPWIND!
WIND DIRECTION
CONCENTRATION DECREASES AWAY FROM SOURCE
CONCENTRATION DECREASES FROM CENTER
SOURCE OF H2S
Always be aware of wind direction by paying attention to wind indicators on location. Always escape upwind if possible and crosswind if you can’t go upwind.
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All visitors and workers must complete an H2S
training program before beginning work on H2S locations.
Should be trained at least annually.
Documentation at the location where employed
Employee must carry a current training card (Company Requirement)
H2S Training programs:
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All personnel must successfully complete an approved H2S safety training program prior to entering an Company location.
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All visitors must sign in and out on daily log sheet prior to entering or leaving location.
Workers and Visitors must be trained and attend a supplemental briefing on site specific H2S equipment and procedures before beginning duty.
All visitors must , upon arrival , complete a site-specific briefing.
Location Visitors & Workers:
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Discuss the importance of this. If emergency actions are required, the sign in log might be used to account for everyone on location. Everyone who comes on site must complete a site specific briefing in case alarms sound to ensure that they know how to take proper actions. Each person must sign in and out when entering and leaving an Company location. Failure to do so may result in not being allowed to work on Company locations in the future.
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Requirements:
All personnel must be provided with immediate access to self-contained positive pressure type respirators for egress/evacuation purposes.
Store equipment in a location that is quickly and easily accessible to all personnel.
All cascade cylinders must be labeled as containing Grade “D” Breathing Air.
Protective-Breathing Equipment:
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General awareness workers should use egress units only. Grade “D” Breathing air is filtered air that we already breathe.
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THE ALARM HAS SOUNDED! H2S HAS BEEN DETECTED! WHAT DO YOU DO?
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Warning!!!
Warning!!!
Warning!!!
This is the emergency siren that you will hear when the H2S level reaches 10 PPM. Ask class what they should do.
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Emergency Procedures
In the event of evidence of H2S above 10 ppm, take the following steps immediately:
Secure breathing apparatus
Order non-essential personnel out of the danger zone
Non-essential personnel should evacuate to the primary briefing area.
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10 ppm is the action level to evacuate.
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Briefing Areas
Safe Pre-designated place to assemble, take a head count & receive instructions.
Should have a minimum of (2) two briefing areas located in the dominant upwind and crosswind areas
Take victims for emergency treatment
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Briefing areas should be placed in the dominant upwind area and in crosswind. Paths to each briefing area should be kept clear if possible. Take victims to safe briefing areas for emergency treatment.
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Emergency Actions
DO NOT PANIC!!
Hold your breath
Don your Breathing Apparatus
Report to the Safe Briefing Area
Take a head count
Use the Buddy System
Assist Anyone in Distress
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Trained emergency responders will assist anyone in distress.
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Module 10: Respiratory Protection
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CFR 1910.134 is the respiratory protection standard.
Air Purifying Respirator (APR)
Supplied Air Respirator (SAR)
Respiratory Protection
Explain the difference between the two.
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Air Purifying Respirators
No !
Not !
Never !
APR’s are never allowed to be used in sour gas operations.
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Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus
Airline Respirator
Escape Pack
Air-Supplied Respirators
SCBA’s contain their own supply of air. They can be used for work or rescue if the individual using the equipment has been properly trained to do so and has been properly fit tested for the specific piece of equipment they will be using.
SAR/supplied airline respirators (hoseline units) are used while connected to a large air supply system known as a cascade system. Worker’s also have to be properly trained and fit tested to use hoseline units.
Escape packs are for escape purposes only. The air supply is limited to 5 minutes and cannot be used for any other purpose. Don’t use for rescue purposes anytime.
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Advantages of SCBAs
Excellent Protection In Positive Pressure Mode
Provides Good Mobility
Easily Carried from Job-to-Job
Good for rescue or short job tasks.
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Disadvantages of SCBAs
Weight of SCBA
No Back-Up Air Supply in the Event of Unit Failure
Limited Air Supply
Limited amount of time. Heavy if worn for a long period of time.
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As a “Rule of Thumb”…..
A “30-minute” breathing air cylinder contains 45 ft3
A worker consumes about 1.5 ft3 of air per minute at Standard Breathing Rate
How long does a “30-minute” cylinder last?
The average person consumes approximately 1.5cu.ft. under moderate work conditions. Some workers demand more air for various reasons (health conditions, excitability, job tasks, etc…). It is possible to use the air in the 45 CF cyliunder in as little as 12-15 minutes. In reality, the 30 minute cylinders will not last that long.
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Advantages of Airline Respirators
Extended Working Time Due to Greater Air Supply
Egress Bottle for Escape Purposes…Minimum 5 Minutes
Work Unit is Light in Weight
Will be used when working with H2S in the air under safety supervision.
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Disadvantages of Airline Respirators
Range of Mobility is Limited to Maximum 300 Feet and no more than 3 connection
Airline Hose Can Cause Tripping Hazard
NIOSH and manufacturer’s recommend a maximum of 300’ of approved breathing air hose form the point of first quick disconnect can be used. This means that if the 1st quick disconnect is at the cascade system, then the XYZ amount of air hose used from that point can not exceed 300 cf. You have to be careful not to crimp or trip over your breathing air hose.
78
Advantages of Escape-Only Units
Relatively Inexpensive
Quick and Easy to Don
Take the bag out of the escape unit case, expand, turn on the valve, put the bag over the head and escape. You have only 5 minutes of measured air. Again don’t use this unit for rescue.
79
Disadvantages of Escape-Only Units
Very Limited Supply of Air
Egress/Escape only!
Air Supply Not Sufficient to Perform A Rescue Attempt
Psychological Factors - “Plastic Bag Over Head”
Some workers may be claustrophobic when wearing this unit. That needs to be known prior to using the unit.
80
Company Rules = Escape-Only Units
General Rig workers will use Escape-Only Units which will allow worker to get to Safe Briefing Area
No exceptions.
81
Company Rules = Escape-Only Units
Please refer to the onsite Contingency Plan for placement & the amount of all Escape-Only Units which will be present at the work site
Escape units will be placed in pre designated places around the work site. Location of the units will be discussed in the site specific briefing.
82
Module 11: Rescue, First Aid Techniques & Post Exposure Evaluation
83
Attempt only if you have had proper training and using the proper rescue packs.
Rescue, First Aid Techniques & Post Exposure evaluation
Only designated personnel will perform such functions
This subject will be covered in greater detail in the Emergency Action Personnel Training
84
Designated emergency personnel will be properly trained to provide these procedures.
H2S Safety Is Attitude
Ask class if they think this is right. Ask them why and discuss.
85
MACHO MAN
I DON’T THINK…
I’M TOUGH!
I DON’T THINK…
I ACT!
I DON’T THINK…
I JUMP IN!
I DON’T THINK…
I DIE!
A mud engineer and 2 rig workers were killed with this very attitude in 1985 in Andrews County, Texas when H2S was released while circulating bottoms up. The mud engineer was standing on the steel pits waiting for bottoms up to come around. When bottoms up came around, it released a high concentration of gas. Overcome by H2S, the mud engineer fell off the back side of the pits. The company man was standing on the rig floor watching. He started down to rescue him and realized what had happened. He returned to the rig floor and told the rig crew about it. He told them to get upwind from the location and wait fro him to return from calling for help. (no safety equipment on location). When the company man returned, what he found was bad. The mud engineer was still dead. The 1st rig hand that thought he could hold his breath long enough to rescue him was piled right there with the mud engineer. Dead. The 2nd rig worker that tried to help his buddy was also piled up along with them. Dead. The 3rd rig worker was fortunate, the gas had started dissipating and he surviived, even though he was overcome by the gas. The 4th rig worker paid attention and decided there was nothing he could do without breathing equipment. This did not have to happen for various reasons. Discuss them.
86
HERO MAN
I’M THE GUY THAT WILL RUSH TO YOUR AID WITHOUT THINKING OR HAVE A PLAN!
AND I WILL GET INTO THE SAME TROUBLE AS MACHO MAN!
Think.
87
WISE MAN
I’M THE GUY THAT WILL SAVE MYSELF, SO I CAN CALL IN FOR HELP AND MAYBE SAVE YOU!
THAT’S RIGHT, 911…
I SEE TWO OF THEM ON THE GROUND NOW! SEND HELP! WE’RE LOCATED AT….
4th rig worker.
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GOOD SAFETY ATTITUDE
A good safety attitude prevents incidents and injuries!
A good safety attitude is professional!
A good safety attitude requires focus, planning and attention to detail!
A good safety attitude must be exercised every day!
Poll the class for comments and reinforce these items. Poor attitudes can dangerous situations. Working as a team and looking out for each other is the ideal condition to work in.
89
Which are you going to be?
Macho Man?
Hero Man?
Wise Man?
Which one are you?
90
SUMMARY
Observe condition signs and alarms.
Note the wind direction.
Know your Briefing Areas and escape routes.
Smoking restrictions are strictly enforced!
Know the location of your SCBA’S, Escape Packs, SAR’S and their limitations according to the contingency plan
Utilize the Buddy System.
Be aware of site specific issues.
91
Follow safety rules and work as a team. Look out for each other.
91
SUMMARY (cont.)
Make sure all employees on location have been properly trained.
Conduct emergency H2S drills per the Contingency Plan.
Supervisory personnel are responsible to make sure all safety procedures & regulations are followed.
THINK and WORK SAFE!
92
Know the proper procedures. Summarize everything discussed.
92
QUESTIONS?
93
Ask class if they have any questions. If they do, make sure you answer them so that they understand.
Module 12: Egress Unit Don & Doff Exercises
94
Demonstrate proper use of the escape unit. Allow the students who haven’t practiced with an escape unit to do so and recommend the seasoned workers to practice donning and doffing of escape units.
Exam & Skills Test
95
Take written exam.
Session #2: Emergency Action Personnel Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) Safety Awareness
96
Explain that the 2nd session is for EAP only.
Course Objective
At the conclusion of this course, the attendee should be familiar with the dangers in an H2S environment;
Understand the use and limitations of the SCBA/Rescue Unit/SAR;
Demonstrate proper don and doff of the SCBA/Rescue Unit/SAR;
97
Explain that this session will be more in depth. Everyone will become proficient at using SCBA’s and will be expected to participate in on hands exercises later in the session. The number of drills will be decided by the proficiency of the group.
Course Objective (cont.)
Demonstrate proper rescue procedures using an SCBA/Rescue Unit/SAR;
Demonstrate proper first aid techniques & post-exposure evaluation.
98
First aid techniques will be discussed. CPR trained EAP’s will be identified.
Course Outline
H2S Effects on Metal
Contingency Plans & Emergency Response
Review of Respiratory Protection
Rescue, First Aid Techniques & Post-Exposure Evaluation
Review of Emergency Procedures
Clean, Inspecting & Disinfecting
99
Course Outline (cont..)
Don & Doff Exercises for SCBA/Rescue Unit/SAR
Cleaning, Inspecting & Disinfecting
Discuss proper cleaning, inspecting and disinfecting procedures for respirators. Provide hand outs.
100
Module 1: H2S Effects on Metal
101
Brief discussion.
Metallurgical Effects of H2S
Highly corrosive to most metals.
In the presence of water, an acidic solution results which can cause general metal loss. (Hydrosulfuric Acid)
102
Causes metal embrittlement. Discuss untreated circulating systems that effect metalurgy and discoloring of drill pipe. Also, the coupons that are used to measure PH to protect DRILL STRING.
102
Metallurgical Effects of H2S
Examples of general thinning corrosion.
Example of localized corrosion (pitting)
103
Examples of how pipe may look.
103
Metallurgical Effects of H2S
Hydrogen Embrittlement:
Hi-Carbon Steel Denser Steel
Sulfide stress cracking as a result of
Hydrogen Ion Penetrates Metal Surfaces
Converts from Atomic Hydrogen to Molecular Hydrogen [Expansion of Gases]
Results in “Sulfide Stress Cracking”
5000# & 10 ppm = Stress Cracking
10000# & 5 ppm = Stress Cracking
> 10,000# & trace amts. Of H2S = Stress Cracking
NACE ‘MR01-75 “Sulfide Stress Cracking Resistant Metallic Materials for Oilfield Equipment”
H
104
NACE MR01 – 75 = National Association of Corrosion Engineers recommendation for metallic materials to be used in H2S environments.
104
Metallurgy: Embrittles Steel Quite Readily
Examples of Hydrogen Embrittlement
“NACE MR01-75”
105
Metallurgical Effects of H2S
Causes sulfide stress cracking. Compare to some plastics in really cold weather. It easily breaks, snaps or twists when pressure or a load is applied.
105
SOUR SERVICE EQUIPMENT
Aluminum, high nickel or silicon cast iron, 300 series stainless steels, and nickel-based alloys (Inconel and Incoloy) tend to hold up well in the presence of H2S.
We often see these softer, less dense metals used for H2S service. Steels with a yield-strength greater than 95,000 psi or those with a Rockwell Hardness Factor above RC-22 do not generally do well in H2S environments.
H2S breaks down natural rubbers and some synthetics (Nylon, Viton, etc.). Teflons, PVC’s and a few other synthetics tend to resist the acidic attack of H2S.
106
Recommendations. Each company has their own requirements.
106
Module 2: Contingency & Emergency Response Plans
107
Contingency plans are an important part of safe operations at any sour gas location. Trained emergency action personnel are key in planning and implementing Contingency and Emergency Response Plans.
Before operations can begin, an H2S Contingency Plan must be submitted to the appropriate agency for approval.
A copy must be kept in the field, and you must follow the plan at all times.
108
Contingency Plan
Contingency plans must be approved by state oil & gas commissions or the appropriate federal agency depending on where the well is being drilled. Also, if H2S releases are exposed to and employee (incident) the Texas Railroad Commission requires to be contacted within 10 days.
108
All Safety Procedures - Training Requirements
Actions to be taken at 10 ppm - Job Responsibilities
Briefing Areas - Evacuation Procedures
Emergency Safety Equipment - Notification List
Notification Procedures - Area Map
Safety Equipment Location - Key Personnel
- Engineering Controls
A Contingency Plan includes:
109
Muster drills shall be conducted, at the work site, by each crew and on each tour as per contingency.
Drills should consist of dry-run performance of personnel roles and responsibilities related to each assigned job.
Muster Drills:
110
Practice makes perfect.
110
Muster Drills (cont.)
Each drill shall be critiqued by the Company DSM and new considerations documented. The results shall be communicated to the Drilling HES Specialist, Company and Contractor line management and all affected personnel. Records of each drill and a critique summary shall be sent to the drilling HES specialist for review and documentation purposes.
111
Key Personnel
Drilling Site Managers (DSM’s)
Drilling Superintendent
Drilling HES Specialist
Rig Manager
112
These personnel will be responsible for emergency actions being activated.
112
Job Responsibilities
Drill Site Managers (DSM’s):
Ensure training has been provided for the use and maintenance of Respiratory Equipment as required.
Ensure H2S Contingency Plan is developed and topics identified are addressed.
Ensure a risk management is conducted addressing the potential for exposure to H2S on the worksite.
113
Job Responsibilities (cont.):
Drilling Superintendent
Shall ensure personnel, including contractors, have been trained in H2S safety procedures and are familiar with this procedure and relevant H2S Contingency Plans.
Shall enforce the requirements of this procedure.
114
Job Responsibilities (cont.):
Drilling HES Specialist
Shall assist in review and approval of respiratory protective equipment (RPE) purchased or rented.
Shall ensure that RPE is NIOSH approved or meets or exceeds regulatory requirements.
Shall ensure a training program for H2S protection is developed and made available to the affected operation.
115
Job Responsibilities (cont.)
Rig Manager:
Report to the upwind Safe Briefing Area.
Don the breathing apparatus and return to the point of release with the DSM or the Driller (buddy system).
Determine the concentration.
Assess the situation and take appropriate control measures.
116
Emergency Procedures
In the event of evidence of H2S above 10 ppm, take the following steps immediately:
Secure breathing apparatus
Order non-essential personnel out of the danger zone
Non-essential personnel should evacuate to the primary briefing area.
117
10 ppm is the action level to evacuate.
117
Emergency Procedures (cont.)
If uncontrollable conditions occur:
Remove all personnel to Safe Briefing Area.
Determine and proceed with the best possible plan to regain control of the well.
Take steps to protect the public downwind of the well, including evacuation if necessary or isolation.
Notify necessary public safety personnel.
Maintain tight security and safety measures.
118
Refer to contingency plan.
118
Emergency Actions (cont.)
Designated personnel don SCBA and remove victim to Safe Briefing Area
Designated personnel perform First Aid/CPR (if necessary)
Take victim to doctor for medical treatment if exposed to H2S (no exceptions)
119
Only trained emergency action personnel will rescue victims. There should be personnel on location that have been properly trained in first aid/cpr.
Anyone downed by H2S should be taken for further medical evaluation. No Exceptions. Report incident to TRRC.
119
Module 3: Review of Respiratory Protection
120
Air Purifying Respirator (APR)
Supplied Air Respirator (SAR)
Respiratory Protection
Explain the difference.
121
Air Purifying Respirators
No !
Not !
Never !
APR’s should never be used in H2S environments.
122
Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA/Rescue Unit)
SAR/Airline Respirator
Escape Pack
Air-Supplied Respirators
SCBA’s contain their own supply of air. They can be used for work or rescue if the individual using the equipment has been properly trained to do so and has been properly fit tested for the specific piece of equipment they will be using.
SAR/Airline respirators (hoseline units) are used while connected to a large air supply system known as a cascade system. Worker’s also have to be properly trained and fit tested to use hoseline units.
Escape packs are for escape purposes only. The air supply is limited to 5 minutes and cannot be used for any other purpose. Don’t use for rescue purposes at any time.
123
Advantages of SCBAs
Excellent Protection In Positive Pressure Mode
Provides Good Mobility
Easily Carried from Job-to-Job
Portable and can be used for short job tasks and rescue.
124
Disadvantages of SCBAs
Weight of Air Supply
No Back-Up Air Supply in the Event of Unit Failure
Limited Air Supply
Heavy and limited air supply.
125
As a “Rule of Thumb”…..
A “30-minute” breathing air cylinder contains 45 ft3
A worker consumes about 1.5 ft3 of air per minute at Standard Breathing Rate
How long does a “30-minute” cylinder last?
The average worker will consume approximately 1.5 CF of air per minute under moderate work conditions. However, SCBA’s will give you as much air as you demand and may not last over 10-15 minutes. This depends on the experience level of the individual using the SCBA, health conditions, job tasks to be completed and the environment. In hot weather the human body requires more oxygen to function and stay cool.
126
Advantages of Airline Respirators
Extended Working Time Due to Greater Air Supply
Egress Bottle for Escape Purposes…Minimum 5 Minutes
Work Unit is Light in Weight
Light and serves as work unit/escape unit. Explain and demonstrate. Discuss training for proper use will be conducted for all necessary employees when needed. Allows workers to work safely for extended periods of time in sour gas environments.
127
Disadvantages of Airline Respirators
Range of Mobility is Limited to Maximum 300 Feet and no more than 3 connections
Airline Hose Can Cause Tripping Hazard
NIOSH and manufacturer’s recommend a maximum of 300’ of approved breathing air hose form the point of first quick disconnect can be used. This means that if your 1st quick disconnect is at the cascade system, then the XYZ amount of air hose used from that point can not exceed 300 cf. If needed, additional cascades may be set up when reaching the maximum 300 CF to allow additional work to be conducted under air.. You have to be careful not to crimp or trip over your breathing air hose.
128
Advantages of Escape-Only Units
Relatively Inexpensive
Quick and Easy to Don
Easy to use.
129
Disadvantages of Escape-Only Units
Very Limited Supply of Air
Egress/Escape only!
Air Supply Not Sufficient to Perform A Rescue Attempt
Psychological Factors - “Plastic Bag Over Head”
Can be used for escape purposes only! Claustraphobia may be an issue with some individuals.
130
Company Rules = Escape-Only Units
All workers will use Escape-Only Units which will allow all workers to get to Safe Briefing Area.
The only type respirator that can be used by general workers on Company locations.
131
Respiratory Protection
Before an SCBA/Rescue Unit or SAR can be worn in a potentially IDLH atmosphere a certain respirator program must be established and followed.
Immediately Dangerous to Life & Health – 100 PPM for H2S.
132
Respirator Program
Must develop a written program with worksite-specific procedures when respirators are necessary or required by the employer
Must update program as necessary to reflect changes in workplace conditions that affect respirator use
Must designate a program administrator who is qualified by appropriate training or experience to administer or oversee the program and conduct the required program evaluations
Must provide respirators, training, and medical evaluations, fit testing, at no cost to the employee
OSHA CFR 1910.134 requirement.
133
Respirator Program Elements
1. Selection
2. Medical evaluation
3. Fit testing
4. Use
5. Maintenance and care
6. Breathing air quality and use
7. Training
8. Program evaluation
Mandatory requirements for any respiratory protection program.
134
Selection of Respirators
Employer must select and provide an appropriate respirator based on the respiratory hazards to which the worker is exposed and workplace and user factors that affect respirator performance and reliability.
SCBA’s or Supplied Air Respirator’s only for H2S environments.
135
Selection of Respirators (cont’d)
Select a NIOSH-certified respirator that shall be used in compliance with the conditions of its certification
Identify and evaluate the respiratory hazards in the workplace, including a reasonable estimate of employee exposures and identification of the contaminant’s chemical state and physical form
Where exposure cannot be identified or reasonably estimated, the atmosphere shall be considered IDLH
Select respirators from a sufficient number of models and sizes so that the respirator is acceptable to, and correctly fits, the user
Different sizes and or models must be made available to ensure a proper fit can be achieved.
136
Respirators for IDLH Atmospheres
Company has selected the Full Facepiece Positive Pressure SCBA and SAR certified by NIOSH as the respirators for IDLH atmospheres.
Approved positive pressure only respirators may be used. SAR’s may not be on location until needed.
137
Respirators for IDLH Atmospheres
Please refer to the onsite Contingency Plan for the amount of SCBA/Rescue Units that will be present at the work site.
The contingency will identify the quantity and location of respirators on location.
138
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)
An atmosphere that poses an immediate threat to life, would cause irreversible adverse health effects, or would impair an individual’s ability to escape from a dangerous atmosphere.
H2S IDLH is 100 PPM.
139
Physician or Other Licensed Health Care Professional (PLHCP)
An individual whose legally permitted scope of practice (i.e., license, registration, or certification) allows him/her to independently provide, or be delegated the responsibility to provide, some or all of the health care services required by paragraph (e), Medical evaluation.
Has to be someone licensed in the state you are fit tested in.
140
Medical Evaluation Procedures
Must provide a medical evaluation to determine employee’s ability to use a respirator, before fit testing and use
Must identify a PLHCP to perform medical evaluations using a medical questionnaire or an initial medical examination that obtains the same information
This involves: Completing a questionnaire shown in OSHA CFR 1910.134 and getting it to the Practicing Licensed Health Care Professional selected by the employer. The info on this form is considered confidential patient/doctor privelage and may not be evaluated by the employer.
141
Medical Evaluation Procedures (cont’d)
Medical evaluation must obtain the information requested by the questionnaire in Sections 1 and 2, Part A of App. C
Follow-up medical examination is required for an employee who gives a positive response to any question among questions 1 through 8 in Section 2, Part A of App. C or whose initial medical examination demonstrates the need for a follow-up medical examination
This can be done either by phone conversation with the PLHCP or may require further examination by the PLHCP.
142
Medical Evaluation Additional Medical Evaluations
Annual review of medical status is not required
At a minimum, employer must provide additional medical evaluations if:
Employee reports medical signs or symptoms related to the ability to use a respirator
PLHCP, supervisor, or program administrator informs the employer that an employee needs to be reevaluated
Information from the respirator program, including observations made during fit testing and program evaluation, indicates a need
Change occurs in workplace conditions that may substantially increase the physiological burden on an employee
Additional medical evaluation may be required if the employee contracts a respiratory illness or has substantial changes in their health that may affect someone’s ability to wear a respiratory.
143
Fit Testing
Before an employee uses any respirator with a negative or positive pressure tight-fitting facepiece, the employee must be fit tested with the same make, model, style, and size of respirator that will be used.
The fit test is valid only for the make, model and size of respirator the employee will be using. It is valid for a period of 1 year.
144
Employees using tight-fitting facepiece respirators must pass an appropriate qualitative fit test (QLFT) or quantitative fit test (QNFT):
prior to initial use,
whenever a different respirator facepiece (size, style, model or make) is used, and
at least annually thereafter.
Fit Testing (cont’d)