Introduction and Literature Review Paper

Topic: Do the Benefits of Vaccination Outweigh the Risks?

Annotated Bibliography

Do the Benefits of Vaccination Outweigh the Risks?

Gidengil, C., Lieu, T. A., Payne, K., Rusinak, D., Messonnier, M., & Prosser, L. A. (2012).

Parental and societal values for the risks and benefits of childhood combination vaccines.

Vaccine, 30(23), 3445-3452. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.03.022

This is one of the articles that attempts to determine the parental and societal values for attributes of childhood combination vaccines. In order to achieve this objective, the researchers carried out a discrete choice experiment using an online survey of adults administered by Knowledge Networks and collect feedback from parents concerning the risks and benefits of vaccines. The findings from the study reveal that most respondents 77% of them agreed that combination vaccines were safe. The results further reveal that the participants were willing to pay larger amounts to avoid increased risk of minor adverse events and to increase community-level immunization coverage than to avoid injections. The article reveals that the possible drawbacks of vaccines include higher prices, extra doses of vaccine antigens and increased minor adverse events. However, parents accept vaccines. From the article, it can be concluded that vaccines have more benefits than risk only if their side effects are taken care of.

Milstien, J., Cash, R. A., Wecker, J., & Wikler, D. (2005). Development of Priority Vaccines For

Disease-Endemic Countries: Risk And Benefit. Health Affairs, 24(3), 718-728. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.24.3.718

The article explores the risk and benefits of vaccines in disease-endemic countries. According to the article, the risk and benefits of vaccines in developed and developing countries differ significantly. The two countries, according to the article, differ in disease burden, health characteristics of the population, vaccine efficacy, and safety, or economic power. This means that all these factors should be put into consideration when evaluating the risks and benefits of the vaccine. According to the article, vaccines have many benefits than risk. This is because most vaccines must be approved and must go through thorough review and approval process. The article maintains that vaccines products are safe and effective in the disease-endemic country. Immunization schedules and disease burdens, according to the article, should, however, be considered. The article believes that vaccines have more benefits if they are administered accordingly. The article believes that vaccines are often designed to prevent disease and hence if the vaccine is proven and safe, then the benefits outweigh the risks.

Hinman, A. R., Koplan, J. P., Orenstein, W. A., Brink, E. W., & Nkowane, B. M. (1988). Live or

Inactivated Poliomyelitis Vaccine: An Analysis of Benefits and Risks. American Journal Of Public Health, 78(3), 291-295.

The article analyzes benefits and risks of poliomyelitis vaccine. Utilizing a cohort of 3.5 million children from birth to age 30, the researchers realized that primary reliance of poliomyelitis vaccine would result in more cases of paralytic poliomyelitis. The article reveals that polio was an epidemic in the United States in 1952. During this year, more than 20,000 cases of polio were reported. However, after four years following the introduction of inactivated poliovirus vaccine in 1955, whereby nearly 300 million doses were distributed, the United States witnessed a dramatic decline in the reported incidence of polio. The article, however, shows that incomplete inactivation of poliovirus could cause serious paralysis. However, since the Cutter incident of 1955, where 89 of recipients of vaccine were paralyzed as a result of incomplete inactivation of poliovirus, there has been no serious untoward adverse effects reported related to the use of IPV. Based on the article, it is apparent that proven and safe vaccines have more benefits than harms or risks.

Satalkar, P., Elger, B. E., & Shaw, D. M. (2015). Prioritizing Healthcare Workers for Ebola

Treatment: Treating Those at Greatest Risk to Confer Greatest Benefit. Developing

World Bioethics, 15(2), 59-67. doi:10.1111/dewb.12079

The article explores the risks and benefits of vaccines about Ebola. According to the article, the vaccine has more benefits when administered in the right manner. Ebola, according to the article, can cause devastating effects if it is not controlled. It can spread very fast. The article asserts that issues related to weak health systems, the politics of drug and vaccine development and the need for transparent and ethical criteria for the use of scarce local and global resources during public health emergency often makes vaccine inefficient. The article believes that there must be the implementation of proven public health principles, community engagement, and culturally sensitive communication are critical as these measures represent the most cost-effective and fair utilization of available resources. The article also asserts that vaccines should be tested and proven for them to be effective. Considering the negative consequences of uncontrolled Ebola, it is undisputable that the benefits of Ebola vaccine outweigh the risks or harms.

Official Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics. "Pediatrics." "Under immunization

Among Children: Effects of Vaccine Safety Concerns on Immunizations Status." 9

February 2004. American Academy of Pediatrics. 17 July 2013.

The Official Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics did a case-control study to look at the states of mind, convictions, and practices of guardians whose youngsters were under vaccinated regarding two principle prescribed antibodies that have as of late gotten negative consideration, contrasted and guardians whose kids were completely inoculated concerning the suggested immunizations, in 2004. This case went ahead to demonstrate that kids were under inoculated as for a few antibodies (diphtherialockjaw pertussis or diphtheria-lockjaw acellular pertussis, hepatitis B, or measlescontaining immunizations), and control subjects were completely vaccinated. Demeanors, convictions, and practices demonstrative of antibody wellbeing concerns contribute significantly to under inoculation in the United States says the Official Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics. In spite of the fact that worries were essentially more normal among guardians of under inoculated youngsters, numerous guardians of completely vaccinated kids showed comparable states of mind, convictions, and practices, proposing a danger to the at present high immunization levels. The Official Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics adds that endeavors to keep up and enhance vaccination scope need to focus on those with states of mind/convictions/practices characteristic of immunization wellbeing worries, and additionally those with financial and medicinal services access issues. This article was composed by The Official Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics which is an association of 60,000 pediatricians focused on the ideal physical, mental, and social wellbeing and prosperity for all newborn children, youngsters, youths, and youthful grown-ups. PEDIATRICS is an official associate checked on diary of the American

Academy of Pediatrics. The motivation behind this article is to show how our convictions can impact our choice to inoculate or not. The group of onlookers for this article is the general public.I will utilize this contextual analysis to show how states of mind, convictions and practices can impact the general visibility's on antibodies making guardians deny imperative immunizations for their youngsters.

Offit, Paul A. "Vaccine Risks Are Outweighed by the Risks of Not Vaccinating." Should Vaccinations be Manditory? Ed. Noël Merino. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2010. At Issue.

Rpt. from "Common Concerns About Vaccines." Vaccines: What You Should Know. 3rd ed.

Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2003. Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 16 Apr.

2013.

Numerous individuals worried about immunizations spread disinformation about the requirement for adolescence inoculations. Immunizations work extremely well to anticipate infection and are essential, despite the fact that the illnesses they avert are not regular—truth be told, antibodies are a piece of the reason this is so. Paul Offit calls attention to that antibodies are not by any stretch of the imagination innocuous, yet the little dangers are exceeded by the advantages of malady aversion. Regardless of cases by faultfinders, Offit says infants can endure a "high number" of antibodies, and these immunizations counteract infections that can happen in outset. Examines have debated claims by faultfinders that a mental imbalance is brought about by a specific immunization. It appears that verging on consistently daily paper articles and TV programs portray the abhorrences of antibodies. The center of the stories is that youngsters are harmed pointlessly by immunizations. As indicated by Mr. Offit the most perilous part of these stories (aside from the way that they may bring about numerous youngsters to miss the antibodies they need) is that guardians really trust this data and pass it to others. Paul A. Offit is a teacher of pediatrics at the University of Pennsylvania Medical School and creator of Vaccinated: One Man's Quest to Defeat the World's

Deadliest Diseases and Autism's False Prophets: Bad Science, Risky Medicine, and the Search for a Cure. The group of onlookers in this article is adapted to general society and the individuals who are misled about immunizations. The motivation behind this article is to separate truth from myth since such a variety of individuals are uneducated about the advantages of immunizations and little dangers associated. I will utilize this source to reveal insight into the advantages of antibodies and discuss the confusions a few guardians have. Furthermore, as I expressed above we will isolate actuality from fiction with respect to immunizations.

US Department of Health and Human Services. "National Institute of Allergy and Infectious

Disease." Vaccine Benefits. 11 May 2010. US Department of Health and Human

Services, National Institutes of Health. 16 July