it's 3 short journals each one is half page or one page as maximum
falmuha
intro_4q_2_1.pptxMetaethics
Universalism
There is only one correct moral system
It is valid *universally* (applies to all people and all situations with no exceptions)
Problems?
Relativism
There are multiple legitimate moral systems
The “correct” moral system is *relative to* individuals or societies (varies from one individual or society to another)
Problems?
1
Normative Ethics
What kinds of acts are right?
What are the correct norms?
Three big answers:
Duty-Based Ethics (Deontology)
Consequentialism
Virtue Ethics
*Care Ethics*
2
Consequentialism
Choose actions that lead to good *consequences*!
*Beneficence*: the right acts are those that produce good consequences.
*Nonmaleficence*: acts that produce bad consequences are wrong (and thus to be avoided).
John Stuart Mill (1806 – 1873)
Utilitarianism: Aim at greatest happiness for the greatest number (GHGN)!
Deontology
Follow your duty! (Deon – duty)
*Duty*-Based Ethics
We have the *duty* to perform the right acts.
Rightness and wrongness are *inherent* to the act itself regardless of consequences.
*Right*-Based Ethics
Rights impose duties.
We have the duty:
*Not to interfere* with the rights of others. (*Negative* Rights)
To *protect* the rights of others. (*Positive* Rights)
Immanuel Kant (1724 – 1804): Always treat people as ends in themselves and never as a means to an end!
Virtue Ethics
Be a virtuous person!
What makes an action good depends on the motivation of the actor.
Regardless of the consequences
Regardless of whether this is “the right thing to do”
*Virtues*: praiseworthy character traits, e.g.
Compassion
Humaneness
Caring
Aristotle (384 – 322 BCE):
Aim at the golden mean.
Value Theory
Values
Financial (Money)
Etiquette (Culture)
Aesthetic (Beauty)
Epistemic (Truth)
Moral/Ethical (Ethics)
Two general types of value
Intrinsic
Instrumental
6
Applied Ethics
How do rules apply to specific situations?
Guiding (summary) rules
Rules of practice
What ought to be done in specific cases?
7
