personal health journal 4

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Chapter 2 Lecture

Access to Health Thirteenth Edition

Promoting and

Preserving Your

Psychological

Health

Did you PREPARE and did you LEARN?

• Define each of the four components of psychological health, and identify the basic traits shared by psychologically healthy people.

• Learn what factors affect your psychological health; discuss the positive steps you can take to enhance your psychological well-being.

• Identify some psychological disorders, such as mood disorders, anxiety disorders, personality disorders, and schizophrenia, and explain their causes and treatments.

Did you PREPARE and did you LEARN?

• Discuss the warning signs of suicide and the

actions you could take to help a suicidal

individual.

• Explain the different types of treatments and

mental health professionals, and examine how

they can play a role in managing mental health

disorders.

Psychological Health

• Psychological health stems from

a complex interaction among the

mental, emotional, social, and

spiritual dimensions of one's life.

• Strength and resilience in these

dimensions will support your

overall well-being and help you

weather the storms of life.

What Is Psychological Health?

• Psychologically healthy people feel good about

themselves.

• They feel comfortable with other people; they

express their respect and feel compassion for

them.

• They control their own tension and anxiety.

• They meet the demands of life.

What Is Psychological Health?

– People who are psychologically healthy curb

their own feelings of hate and guilt.

– They maintain a positive outlook.

– They value diversity.

– They appreciate and respect nature.

• To achieve these characteristics, their basic

needs must first be met.

Mental Health

• The term mental health is used to describe the

"thinking" or "rational" dimension of our health.

• A mentally healthy person perceives life in

realistic ways; he or she can adapt to change,

develop rational strategies to solve problems,

and carry out his or her personal and

professional responsibilities.

Emotional Health

• The term emotional health refers to the feeling,

or subjective, side of psychological health.

• Emotionally healthy people usually respond

appropriately to upsetting events.

• Emotional health affects social and intellectual

health.

• Emotional turmoil may seriously affect your

ability to think, reason, and act rationally.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Characteristics of Psychologically Healthy

and Unhealthy People

Social Health

• Social health includes your interactions with others on an individual and group basis, your ability to use social resources and support in times of need, and your ability to adapt to a variety of social situations.

• Socially healthy individuals enjoy a wide range of interactions with family, friends, and acquaintances and are able to have healthy interactions with an intimate partner.

• Such individuals act in socially acceptable and responsible ways and find the best fit for themselves in society.

Spiritual Health

• Spiritual health refers to the sense of belonging

to something greater than the purely physical or

personal dimensions of existence.

• For some, this unifying force is nature; for

others, it is a connection to other people; and for

still others, it is a god or some higher power.

Factors That Influence Psychological Health

• The family

• Social supports

• Community

• Self-efficacy and self-esteem

• Personality

– Personality traits related to psychological well-being

include extroversion, greeableness, openness to

experience, emotional stability, conscientiousness,

and resiliency.

• Life span and maturity

The Mind-Body Connection

• Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

is the study of brain and behavior

and how they affect the body's

immune system.

The Mind-Body Connection

• Happiness is a collective term for several states in which individuals embrace the world around them.

• Hopefulness, optimism, and contentment appear to reduce the risk of some chronic diseases.

• Subjective well-being is an uplifting feeling of inner peace or an overall "feel good" state; it includes satisfaction with one's present life, a relative presence of positive emotions, and a relative absence of negative emotions.

Strategies to Enhance Psychological Health

• Develop a support group.

• Complete required tasks.

• Form realistic expectations.

• Make time for you.

• Maintain physical health.

• Examine problems and seek

needed help.

• Get adequate sleep.

When Psychological Health Deteriorates

• Stress, abusive relationships, anxiety, loneliness, financial upheavals, and other trauma can derail a person's coping resources.

• Mental illnesses are disorders that disrupt thinking, feeling, moods, and behaviors and cause varying degrees of impaired functioning in daily living.

• Mental health problems are common among college students, and they appear to be increasing in number and severity.

Mental Health Concerns of American

College Students, Past 12 Months

Mood Disorders

• A chronic mood disorder—such as persistent

sadness or feelings of euphoria—affects how

you feel.

• Mood disorders include major depression,

dysthymic disorder, bipolar disorder, and

seasonal affective disorder (SAD).

Mood Disorders

• Major depression, or clinical depression, is

characterized by a combination of symptoms

that interfere with work, study, sleep, appetite,

relationships, and the enjoyment of life.

• It affects approximately 14.8 million American

adults and is also increasingly diagnosed in

children.

Major Depression

• Symptoms include:

– Sadness and despair

– Loss of motivation and interest

– Preoccupation with failures

– Difficulty concentrating

– Loss of sex drive

– Fatigue and loss of energy

– Sleeping too much or too little; insomnia

– Feeling agitated

– Withdrawal from friends and family

– Diminished or increased appetite

– Significant weight loss or weight gain

– Recurring thought that life isn't worth living; thoughts of death or suicide

Other Types of Depression

• Dysthymic disorder (dysthymia) is a less severe type of depression that is milder, chronic, harder to recognize, and often characterized by fatigue, pessimism, or a short temper.

• Bipolar disorder is characterized by alternating mania and depression; it is also called manic depression.

• Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a type of depression that occurs in the winter months, when there is less sunlight.

Causes of Mood Disorders

• Multiple factors—including biological differences,

hormones, inherited traits, life events, and early

childhood trauma—contribute to mood

disorders.

Anxiety Disorders

• Anxiety disorders are characterized by persistent

feelings of threat and worry and are the number

one mental health problem in the United States,

affecting about 18 percent of all adults.

• Anxiety disorders include generalized anxiety

disorder (GAD), panic disorders, obsessive-

compulsive disorder (OCD), phobic disorders,

and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Anxiety Disorders

• Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is severe

enough to interfere significantly with daily life.

Commonly, the person with GAD is a

consummate worrier who develops a debilitating

level of anxiety.

• Panic disorders are characterized by the

occurrence of panic attacks, a form of acute

anxiety that brings on an intense physical

reaction.

Anxiety Disorders

• Phobic disorders, or phobias,

involve a persistent, irrational

fear of a specific object, activity,

or situation.

• People with obsessive-compulsive disorder

(OCD) feel compelled to perform rituals over and

over again, are fearful of dirt or contamination,

are abnormally attentive to (obsessed with)

order, and have persistent intrusive thoughts.

Anxiety Disorders

• Post-traumatic stress disorder (PSTD) affects

those who have experienced or witnessed a

natural disaster, serious accident, violent

assault, terrorist incident, or other traumatic life

event.

Causes of Anxiety and Phobic Disorders

• Biology

• Environment

• Social and cultural roles

Personality Disorders

• Paranoid personality disorder involves pervasive,

unfounded suspicion and mistrust of other people.

• Narcissistic personality disorder is an exaggerated

sense of self-importance and a tendency to be absorbed

with self rather than others.

• Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterized

by impulsiveness and risky behaviors such as gambling

sprees, unsafe sex, use of illicit drugs, and other

reckless acts, such as daredevil driving.

Schizophrenia

• Schizophrenia is a mental illness with biological origins

that is characterized by irrational behavior, severe

alterations of the senses (hallucinations), and often an

inability to function in society.

– It affects about 1 percent of the U.S. population.

– It is characterized by alterations of the senses; the

inability to sort incoming stimuli and make appropriate

responses; an altered sense of self; and radical

changes in emotions, movements, and behaviors.

Comparison of Two Brains

Suicide: Giving Up on Life

• Anyone who expresses a desire to kill himself or herself or who has made an attempt to do so is at risk for suicide.

• Common signs that a person is contemplating suicide include:

– Recent loss; inability to let go of grief

– History of depression

– Change in personality/behavior

– Sexual dysfunction

– Expressions of self-hatred

Suicide: Giving Up on Life

• Common signs continued…

– Change in sleep patterns

– Direct or indirect statements about committing

suicide

– Final preparations, such as writing a will,

giving away possessions, or writing revealing

letters

– Preoccupation with death themes

– Marked change in personal appearance

Preventing Suicide

• You can take the following specific actions to help prevent someone from committing suicide:

– Monitor the warning signals.

– Take threats seriously.

– Let the person know how much you care about him or her.

– Listen.

– Ask directly.

– Do not belittle the person's feelings.

– Help come up with alternatives.

– Tell someone; do not keep your suspicions to yourself.

Points of View: Self-Help Books—Beneficial

or Baloney?

Seeking Professional Help

• The stigma of mental illness

– The stigma of mental illness often leads to feelings of shame and guilt, loss of self-esteem, and a sense of isolation, but those at risk should be encouraged to seek help and high-quality care.

• Getting evaluated for treatment

– A physical checkup

– A psychiatric history

– A mental status examination

• Once physical factors have been ruled out, you may decide to consult a professional who specializes in psychiatric symptoms.

Seeking Professional Help

• Treatment models

– Cognitive therapy focuses on the impact of thoughts

and ideas on our feelings and behavior.

– Behavioral therapy focuses on what we do—our

behavior patterns.

• Pharmacological treatment

– Drug therapy can be an important adjunct in the

treatment of many psychological disorders, especially

as new medications are continually being developed.

What to Expect in Therapy

• Before your first interview with a therapist, briefly explain your needs and ask about fees.

• The first visit is a verbal and mental sizing up between you and the therapist.

• The therapist will want to take down your history and details about the problems that have brought you to therapy.

– Be open and honest.

• Do not expect the therapist to tell you what to do or how to behave.

– The responsibility for learning more helpful behaviors lies with you.

Assessing Yourself–A Personal Inventory

• Go online to the Live It! section of www.pearsonhighered.com/donatelle to take the "How Psychologically Healthy Are You?" assessment

• Are you ready to consider ways in which you might improve your psychosocial health? If so, what methods would you use?

• If you have concerns about your mental health, are you ready to make an appointment with a counselor or therapist?