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Chapter 1 Lecture

Access to Health Thirteenth Edition

Accessing Your

Health

Did you PREPARE and did you LEARN?

• Describe the immediate and long-term rewards of healthy behaviors and the effects that your health choices may have on others.

• Compare and contrast the medical model of health and the public health model and discuss the six dimensions of health.

• Identify several personal factors that influence your health and classify them as modifiable or nonmodifiable.

Did you PREPARE and did you LEARN?

• Explain how aspects of the social and physical

environment influence your health.

• Discuss the importance of a global perspective on health

and explain how gender, racial, economic, and cultural

factors influence health disparities.

• Compare and contrast three models of behavior change.

• Indentify your own current risk behaviors, the factors that

influence those behaviors, and the strategies you can

use to change them.

Top Ten Reported Impediments to

Academic Performance—Past 12 Months

Why Health, Why Now?

• Choosing healthy behaviors now will

provide immediate benefits.

• Choosing health now

will help bring long-term

rewards.

Personal Choices Influence Your Life

Expectancy

• Life expectancy has almost doubled over the last 100

years, moving from about 47 years in the early 1900s to

over 78.5 years for a child born in 2012.

• In 1900, over 30 percent of all deaths occurred among

children under the age of 5. Infectious disease was the

leading cause of these deaths.

• With the development of vaccines and antibiotics, life

expectancy increased dramatically and the leading

cause of death shifted to chronic diseases.

Choose Health Now to Benefit Others

• Personal health choices contribute to global health or the global burden of disease.

• Direct medical cost from obesity reached as high as $147 billion in 2008. About half of this cost was paid by public programs, Medicaid and Medicare.

• Indirect costs results take the form of reduced tax revenues, premature death, increased disability payments, and increased health insurance costs.

What Is Health?

• Is health just the absence of disease?

• Is health being in good physical shape and being able to

resist illness?

• The Medical Model views health status as focused on

the individual and his or her tissues or organs.

• The Public Health Model views health as a result of the

individual's interactions with the social and physical

environment.

The Ten Greatest Public Health

Achievements of the 20th Century

Wellness and the Dimensions of Health

• Physical health: body size and functioning

• Social health: having a broad social network and successful interaction with others

• Intellectual health: ability to think clearly and make responsible decisions

• Emotional health: ability to express emotions and maintain a level of self-confidence

• Spiritual health: having a sense of meaning and purpose in one's life

• Environmental health: appreciation of one's external environment

The Dimensions of Health

The Wellness Continuum

What Influences Your Health?

• Biology refers to an individual's genetics,

ethnicity, age, and gender.

– Biological determinants cannot be changed;

they are nonmodifiable determinants.

• Behaviors are an individual's responses to

internal and external conditions.

– Behaviors can be changed; they are

modifiable determinants.

Healthy People 2020 – Health Determinants

Four Leading Causes of Chronic Disease

in the United States

• Economic disadvantages affect all determinants

of health.

– Lack of access to quality education

– Living in poor housing

– Being unable to pay for nourishing food and

other essentials

– Having insecure employment

– Having few assets to fall back on

Social Factors

– Includes roads,

recreational areas,

transportation systems,

electric transmission lines,

and communication

cables.

– Walter Willet of the

Harvard School of Public

Health proposes that

sidewalks and bike lanes

be federally funded.

• Pollutants and Infectious Agents

• The Built Environment

– Includes the quality

of the air we breathe,

our land, water, and

foods.

– Global travel and

commerce can cause

the health status of

one region to

influence that of

another region.

Policymaking

• Policies and interventions can have powerful

and positive effects on the health of individuals

and communities.

• Examples include:

– Campaigns to prevent smoking

– Laws mandating child restraint and seat belt use in

cars

– Laws mandating helmets for bikes and motorcycles

– Vaccination programs

– Public funding for mental health services

Access to Quality Health Care

• The final health determinant of Healthy People

Initiatives was access to quality health care.

• This involves not only the services of health care

providers, but also access to relevant health

information and products.

• This determinant is related to economics, public

policies, interventions, and the sponsorship of

health care.

• Models of Behavior Change

– The Health Belief Model

– The Social Cognitive Model

– The Transtheoretical Model

How Can You Improve Your Health

Behaviors?

Health Belief Model (HBM)

• A belief is an appraisal of your relationship to some

object, action, or idea.

• The HBM was developed by psychologist I. Rosenstock

in 1966.

• The HMB holds that a healthy behavior change is more

likely if:

– The health problem is perceived to be serious

– The individual perceives that the health problem

poses a threat

– There are cues to action

Social Cognitive Model

• The Social Cognitive Model was developed from

the work of several researchers, but it is most

closely associated with the work of psychologist

Albert Bandura.

Transtheoretical Model (TTM)

• The TTM (Stages of Change Model) was

developed by Drs. James Prochaska and Carlos

DiClemente and includes the following stages:

– Precontemplation stage

– Contemplation stage

– Preparation stage

– Action stage

– Maintenance stage

– Termination stage

How Can You Improve Your Health

Behaviors?

• Increase your awareness.

• Contemplate change.

• Prepare for change.

• Take action to change.

How Can You Improve Your Health

Behaviors? • Sign a contract.

• Visualize new behavior.

• Learn to "counter."

• Control the situation.

• Change your self-talk.

• Reward yourself.

• Keep a journal.

…Let's get started!

• Indentify a target behavior.

• Learn more about the target behavior.

• Assess your motivation and readiness to change.

• Develop self-efficacy.

• Cultivate an internal locus of control.

• Set a realistic goal.

• Anticipate barriers to change.

• Enlist others as change agents.

How can I stay motivated to improve my health habits?

Maintain Your Motivation

Use the SMART System

• Unsuccessful goals are vague and open-ended.

In contrast, successful goals are SMART:

– Specific

– Measurable

– Action-oriented

– Realistic

– Time-oriented

Example of a Completed Behavior Change

Contract

Assessing Yourself–A Personal Inventory

• Go online to the Live It! section of

www.pearsonhigherd.com/donatelle to take the "How

Healthy Are You?" assessment.

• As you read this chapter, did you consider the impact

that your health behaviors might have on society?

• Are there things you can do today to improve your

health?

• Are you ready to make some changes to your health?