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Chapter Two: Literature Review

Chapter two is an outline of serial murders and an examination of the impacts that may make serial murders at a young age. The literature review covers insights on the subject of effects in male adolescents, to reveal the drivers of power in this issue. The diverse issues investigated are biological impacts (i.e. variation from the norm in the cerebrum), and social implications (i.e. sexual abuse) displayed in adolescents with behaviors of serial killings. The extent of the literature review reaches to the work of scholars, peer-reviewed articles, books, and journals. A broad pursuit was led using the University of Phoenix online library and google scholarly.

Overview of Serial Murder

As indicated by Adjorlolo, and Choon (2014), throughout the decades, there are both chronicled and contemporary discussions over how serial murder ought to be characterized. Serial murder is described as a purposefully motivated act whereby, the murder invests a lot of energy fantasizing and arranging their demonstration before the actual commission (Egger, 1984). Serial murder does not segregate and can include all gatherings. For instance, a serial murder can be of any sexual orientation, race, and age. Others additionally characterize serial murder as conferring three or more murders in independent areas amid partitioned occasions with a passionate chilling period. In spite of the fact that all definitions can be utilized to characterize serial murder, Keeney and Heide (1994) said all that needed to be said when describing serial murder as, a planned murder of three or more casualties submitted after some time, in particular, occurrences, in a regular citizen connection, with the action of the crime being picked by the guilty party.

Biology or Sociology

As indicated by Knight (2007), numerous serial killers are determined to have one or more personality disorder (i.e. narcissistic, paranoia, or antisocial). Various trust that biological disorders like the ones mentioned above empower to wild obsessions of submitting serial murders. Others, however, believe that social impacts cause serial murderers to carry out violations, for instance, traumatic encounters as sexual abuse. Knight (2007), also noticed conceivable biological commitments like head trauma including brain damage, and flawed genetics can add to such behaviors. De Becker (1997) expressed that 100 percent of serial killers had been abused as children, either with viciousness disregard or mortification. A report by Ressler and Shachtman (1992) says 40 percent of serial killers being physically beaten and abused in their childhoods and over 70 percent saw or been a part of sexually upsetting occasions. Comment by Debbie Jennings: You have this misspelled on the reference page

As per Stone (1998), an extensive greater part of male serial killers has been portrayed as psychopathic sexual sadists because of the potential brain damage they may have. DeFronzo, Ditta, Hannon, and Prochnow (2007), mentions a noteworthy clarification for the improvement of both the psychopathic and sexual sadist mental disorders on account of serial killers is mistreatment amid childhood. Lunde (1976) also claims that the process of serial executing develops from an ordeal of childhood trauma. According to DeFronzo, Ditta, Hannon, & Prochnow (2007), suggests that maltreatments exhibited early can hinder conscience advancement, diminish child psychosocial development, engrave perverse sexual inclinations in a child's personality, and scorn those who they believe are responsible for the abuse, which later leads to the taking out on others (DeFronzo, Ditta, Hannon, & Prochnow, 2007). Comment by Debbie Jennings: This is unclear. What do you mean the gret part of serial killers? Comment by Debbie Jennings: Cite one time in a short paragraph and paraphrase more efficiently Comment by Debbie Jennings: Remove this

Lee, & Choi (2014) recommend that there are different biological clarifications for serial murder. The primary explanation includes chromosomal variations from the norm. For instance, having an additional Y chromosome, XYY). The second description includes head injury bringing about effective and brutal criminal practices and activities. Ultimately, biochemical clarifications are considered (i.e. lopsidedness in hormones, or blood sugar) in forceful and brutal propensities. There are likewise numerous psychological descriptions and sociological explanations in serial murders.

According to Aamodt (2013), throughout the decades there have been more than a dozen serial killing. In the United States alone, between 1900 and 2010, there has been a total of 54.4% white male serial killers, 40.7% black serial killers, and 5.3% of Hispanic serial killers. Between the years of 1900 and 2010, 3029 (90.7%) have been a male serial killer and 309 (9.3%) have been female serial killers. Out of the same serial killers, 26.89% were in their mid-to-late twenties. According to Aamodt, Henriques, & Hodges (2008), the United States currently has 1,201 serial killers. The motive for these killing ranges from financial gain, thrill, power, range, anger, or convenience. The methods of killings range from strangulation. Bludgeon, shooting, stabbing, suffocation, or poison. 14.5% of serial killers are under the age range of the 20s, 45.3% are in their 20s, 27.0% are in their 30s, and 10.7% are in their 30s. Comment by Debbie Jennings: I think you meant to make these two fragments one sentence

Another interesting issue in making serial killers are the conceivable signs shown by children. For instance, children that torment creatures. Cautioning signs like creature remorselessness can be connected to behavioral or biological influences. According to McDonald (2011), 70% of every animal abuser has perpetrated no less than one other criminal offense and just about 40% have carried out vicious violations against individuals. An investigation of undergraduate students and imprisoned criminals found that 63% of detainees and 20.5% of undergraduates reported manhandling creatures. The greater part of introduction happened somewhere around six and twelve years old. Comment by Debbie Jennings: is Comment by Debbie Jennings: what do you mean by conceivable signs? Comment by Debbie Jennings: another incomplete sentence Comment by Debbie Jennings: This is not a proper way to state this Comment by Debbie Jennings: What is this? Do you mean a lack of remorse when harming animals?

Facts V. Myths

As indicated by Hickey (2013), numerous myths are fused with serial killers. The primary myth is that every single serial killer is Caucasian. One in five serial killers is African American. Another myth is that every single serial executioner is male. In spite of the fact that a high number of serial killers is male, almost 17% are female. Another myth is that majority of serial executioner is all desire killers. Another myth involves serial killers executing alone. Around one in four have one or more accomplice in the murder. Finally, the most regularly utilized myth is that most serial killers want to be caught. Some turn out to be exceptionally proficient at hiding their characters and may feel as though they will never get got. The reason behind many serial murders is to commit the crime and make sure no victim is left alive so that they can proceed with their obsessions of the type of murder of their choosing. Comment by Debbie Jennings: As in jpined with? That is what fused means

Summary

The literature review has confirmed the importance of recognizing influences in children that result in serial murders. The literature presented considered trust from scholarly journals, articles, and books, for the purpose of uncovering the biological and social influences on male children that may potentially become serial killers as adults. The review included an overview of serial killing and its definition, the biological and social influences, statistics on serial murder, and the many myths incorporated with serial murder. Yogi (2004,) further argued: “we have had serial murders with us for a long time, and there is no reason to believe that there is an easy or realistic solution to this problem.” Comment by Debbie Jennings: Your lit review does not confirm anything. It is simply a review of the available research on a topic

References

Aamodt, M. G. (2013, October 19). Serial killer statistics. Retrieved (2016, August 20) from

http://maamodt.asp.radford.edu/serial killer information center/project

description.htm

Aamodt, M. G., Henriques, K., Hodges, C. (2008, October).

Profiling the age of serial killers. Paper presented at the annual

meeting of the Society for Police and Criminal Psychology,

Walnut Creek, CA.

Adjorlolo, S., & Choon, H. (2014, September). The controversy of defining serial murder:

Revisited. Elsevier, 19(5), 486-491. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com.contentproxy.phoenix.edu/science/article/pii/S1359178914000731

De Becker, G. (1997). The Gift of Fear: Survival Signals That Protect Us from Violence. New Comment by Debbie Jennings: Incorrectly formatted

York: Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc.

DeFronzo, J., Ditta, A., Hannon, L., & Prochnow, J. (2007, Februrary). Male Serial Comment by Debbie Jennings: Incorrectly formatted

Homicide. Sage Journals,

11(1), 3-14. Retrieved from http://hsx.sagepub.com.contentproxy.phoenix.edu/content/11/1/3.full.pdf+html

Egger, 1998 S.A. Egger Comment by Debbie Jennings: Not sure what this is – it is still incorrectly formatted

The killers among us: An examination of serial murder and its investigation

Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ (1998)

Hickey, E. W. (2013). Serial Murders and Their Victims (6th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Comment by Debbie Jennings: Repeated error

Cengage Learning.

Keeney and Heide, 1994 B.T. Keeney, K.M. Heide Comment by Debbie Jennings: Repeated error

Gender differences in serial murderers: A preliminary analysis

Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 9 (3) (1994), pp. 37–56 http://dx.doi.org.contentproxy.phoenix.edu/10.1177/088626094009003007

Knight, Z. G. (2007). Sexually motivated serial killers and the psychology of aggression and Comment by Debbie Jennings: These all have the same formatting errors

"evil" within a contemporary psychoanalytical perspective. Journal of Sexual

Aggression, 13(1), 21-35. doi:10.1080/13552600701365597

Lee, J., & Choi, K. (2014, March). Serial Murder: An Exploration and Evaluation of Theories

and Perspectives. American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 4(3).

Lunde, D. T. (1976). Murder and madness. San Francisco: San Francisco Book Company.

McDonald, S. (2011, August). Childhood Animal Abuse and Violent Criminal Behavior: A Brief

Review of the Literature. Office of Strategic Planning & Research, 3.

Reesler, R. K., & Shachtman, T. (1992). Whoever Fights Monsters. New York, New York: St.

Martin's Press.

Stone, M. H. (1998). The personalities of murderers: The importance of psychopathy and sadism.

In A. E.

Skodol (Ed.), Psychopathy and violent crime (pp. 42-46). Washington, DC: American

Psychiatric Press.

Yogi, P. (2004, October). The Organized/Disorganized Typology of Serial Murder Myth or

Model? Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 10(3), 293.