Biology questions.
mil840
sept6.pptxBiology 101: Fungal, Microbial & Plant Diversity
Section 18
Dr. Carol Chaffee
September 6, 2016
1
Daily Study Guide
B.7: Describe & give examples of the value of biodiversity & the natural world
List the three key traits shared by all fungi
Describe the three key traits shared by all plants
Map the three key distinctions that divide plants into major groups onto a phylogenetic tree
Describe the key features of the three major groups of protists
Illustrate the three methods of lateral gene transfer in bacteria
Explain why viruses fall somewhere between living & non-living
2
Key Plant Traits
Like animals, plants are also mulitcellular.
Unlike animals, plants create their own food via photosynthesis (use energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide & water into sugar), and don’t move
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Key Distinctions of Plant Taxa
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Non-vascular Plants
“Amphibians of the plant world”: mosses & worts
No ability to transport water
Grows low to ground
Found in wet environments
Rhizoids anchor plants instead of roots
5
Vascular Seedless Plants
Ferns & club mosses
Earliest vascular plants
Capable of transporting water
Enables larger, higher plants
Produces spores
No food source
Can be dispersed by variety of means
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Gymnosperms
Produce cones or other non-flower reproductive structures
Seeds and pollen generally wind or animal dispersed
Pollen holds sperm
Seeds hold both zygote & food source
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Angiosperms
Flowering plants
Most abundant & diverse group of plants
Seeds and pollen dispersed in variety of ways
Insects
Wind
Animals
8
Another Tree Exercise…
Break into groups of 3-5
Draw this tree showing the four major plant taxa
Map key distinctions onto this tree
Key Traits of Fungi
All fungi are decomposers
Key trait is external digestion, then absorbtion of nutrients
Generally classified based on reproductive structures
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Plants, Fungi & Animals
Draw tree on board, what might a good trait be to differentiate each node?
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Examples of Fungi
Protists
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Algae
Photosynthetic, but not plants
Grow only in water
Diverse group: single-cell diatoms to large giant kelp
Green algae most similar to plants
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Microbes
Found in all domains of life
Characterized by mostly single-celled organisms
All bacteria & archaea
Some (but not all) protists
15
Bacteria
All bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes
Traditionally classified by physical characteristics & various lab tests
Ability to survive on different types of media
Staining patterns using different types of staining agents
Ability to compare DNA sequences major advance in understanding bacterial diversity
Few physical characteristics or observable traits make classification difficult
Very few bacteria can actually be cultured in the lab
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Horizontal Gene Transfer
Special means of exchanging genetic material between bacteria
Particular environmental conditions & special characteristics necessary, i.e., doesn’t always happen
Three methods:
Conjugation = Direct transfer between two bacteria using a special structure
Transduction = Transfer via a virus
Transformation = Fragments of DNA in the environment are taken up by a bacterium
