Case analysis (GREAT-WRITERS ONLY)

Business Education Page 1

(11th edition, revised 27.08.2015)

University of Sydney Business School Referencing Guide

Contents 1. How to use this guide ........................................................................................................................... 2

2. Examples – when and how to reference .............................................................................................. 3

2.1 Placement of in-text references.................................................................................................................... 3

2.2 Summarising a source .................................................................................................................................. 3

2.3 Paraphrasing a source ................................................................................................................................. 3

2.4 Short quotation ............................................................................................................................................. 4

2.5 Long quotation .............................................................................................................................................. 4

2.6 Quoting reported speech .............................................................................................................................. 4

2.7 Modifying quotations .................................................................................................................................... 4

2.8 Corporate authors (when there is no named author) ................................................................................... 5

2.9 Using more than one source within the same in-text reference ................................................................... 5

2.10 Using the same author more than once in the same in-text reference ........................................................ 5

2.11 Page numbers and ranges in in-text references .......................................................................................... 5

2.12 Page numbers and ranges in reference list entries...................................................................................... 5

2.13 URLs in reference list entries ....................................................................................................................... 5

2.14 Using the same source more than once (reference list) .............................................................................. 5

2.15 Sources with more than one author ............................................................................................................. 6

2.16 Sources with same author(s) and year ........................................................................................................ 6

2.17 Secondary sources (a source referenced within another source)................................................................ 6

2.18 Use of & (ampersand) .................................................................................................................................. 6

2.19 Use of ibid..................................................................................................................................................... 6

2.20 Names with titles, honorifics or hyphens ...................................................................................................... 7

2.21 Names with particles (Dutch, Flemish, French, German); suffixes; ‘St.’; Irish & Scots names .................... 7

2.22 Acronyms and initialisms .............................................................................................................................. 8

2.23 Formatting your reference list....................................................................................................................... 9

3. Examples – in-text and reference list entries ...................................................................................... 10

3.1 Formatting rules for titles in reference list entries ...................................................................................... 10

3.2 Books, ebooks, translated books and book reviews .................................................................................. 11

3.3 Company information, media (press) releases, standards, patents, brochures ........................................ 13

3.4 Internet: web pages, web sites, blogs, social media .................................................................................. 15

3.5 Journal articles ........................................................................................................................................... 17

3.6 Law: cases, acts, regulations, bills ............................................................................................................. 19

3.7 Lectures, tutorials, readings, speeches, interviews, personal communications ........................................ 20

3.8 Magazines .................................................................................................................................................. 22

3.9 Multimedia .................................................................................................................................................. 23

3.10 Newspapers, online news sources and wire feeds .................................................................................... 25

3.11 Reports, documents, statistics, government documents, graphs, tables and images ............................... 27

3.12 Theses, conference proceedings and papers, working papers ................................................................. 29

4. Referencing checklist ......................................................................................................................... 30

Business School Referencing Guide 11th Edition

Business Education Page 2

1. How to use this guide

Once you are familiar with this guide and the basics of referencing, you will mainly refer to section 3 which gives examples of how to reference a wide variety of sources. Use the table of contents on page 1 to quickly locate the type of source you are referencing. Section 1 introduces you to some common words and terms used in referencing and in this guide. Section 2 shows you how to reference according to the way you are using source material, and the rules for handling the most commonly encountered referencing tasks. Finally, the last page of this guide is a referencing checklist. Please use it before you submit your assignment.

Some referencing terms and rules Harvard referencing style

The Harvard referencing style consists of two parts. First, an in-text reference giving the author, publication

date and in some cases a page number, of your source of information. This is enclosed in parentheses and

placed within a sentence, for example: (Thorpe 2011, p. 21). Second, a reference list at the end of your

assignment, sorted in alphabetical order and containing sufficient information to allow a reader to accurately

and quickly locate your sources.

There are many variations of the Harvard system. These differ in their precise specification of how in-text

references and reference list entries are to be formatted, and the information required to be shown in the

reference list for each of the many different types of sources.

All your assignments written for The University of Sydney Business School must use The University of Sydney

Business School Referencing Guide (BSRG).

A paraphrase means saying something in another way without changing its meaning, for example, using your

own words to express the ideas of an author. A paraphrase may or may not be shorter than the original.

A summary is similar to a paraphrase except it is always much shorter than the original. Summarising

involves ‘compressing’ large amounts of information into usually no more than a few sentences. It involves

picking out the main ideas, leaving out the details, and putting the main ideas into your own words.

A quotation involves reproducing the exact words from a source. Quotations must be carefully selected and

copied from the original source material, and should be sparingly used to support your arguments or the key

points you wish to make.

If you wish to use a short quotation, you must put single quotation marks (‘ ’) around the words of the

original author and integrate the quotation into your sentence.

For long quotations (over 30 words) single quotation marks are not used. Instead you must indent the quote

from the left and right margins.

You use double quotation marks (“ ”) only when referencing a quotation which includes a quotation.

Important: Make sure you include the author’s family name (or the source’s name) and year of publication

every time you paraphrase, summarise or quote.

Note: When paraphrasing a specific part of a text (as opposed to summarising an entire text) or using a

quotation, you must also include the page number(s) from which the material was taken (unless the source

is a web page or from multimedia).

Business School Referencing Guide 11th Edition

Business Education Page 3

2. Examples – when and how to reference

You must reference any information or ideas that you use in your assignments which are not your own and

which are not general knowledge.

2.1 Placement of in-text references

In-text references must be placed within a sentence. That is, they must be placed before the full stop.

There are two ways of formatting in-text references: Author (Date) and (Author Date).

The first format is used to emphasise the author. It is often used when comparing studies or information

from different sources. Usually, one author’s name is near the beginning of a sentence. For example:

According to Jones (2007) ... . However, a more recent study by Henderson (2011) showed that ...

The (Author Date) format is used to show the source of the idea or information you are using. The

reference should be placed immediately after the idea or information that you have used. It is often placed

at the end of a sentence. When using more than one source in a sentence, each reference should be

placed immediately after the idea or information you have used. For example:

Mergers and acquisitions often fail to achieve expected synergies (Crannock 2008), but when their goals,

and the strategies to achieve them, are objectively assessed, they are much more likely to lead to growth

and increased shareholder value (Benson and Hodge 2010).

2.2 Summarising a source

When you summarise a source, the in-text reference should be placed near the beginning of the very first

sentence of the paragraph. The first and second sentences should very clearly indicate that you are writing

about the source. For example:

Lane (2008) does not agree with the critics of state-led capitalism in Russia. Instead he thinks that the

Putin model, while not perfect, is a realistic way to develop Russia’s resources for the following three

reasons. First, it is based on the strong and accepted influence of the state in the private sector. Second,

he believes that this form of state-led capitalism is a great improvement on the ‘chaotic’ capitalism that

characterised the early period of transition. Finally, he concludes that there will not be any great re-

nationalisation of industry.

Reference list

Lane, D. 2008, ‘From chaotic to state-led capitalism’, New Political Economy, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 177-184.

2.3 Paraphrasing a source

When you paraphrase a specific part of a source (as opposed to summarising the entire text), the in-text

reference must include a page number or numbers showing where the material came from. For example:

The Allen Consulting Group (2006, p. 1) presented a convincing argument that skills matter to employers.

Reference list

Allen Consulting Group 2006, World class skills for world class industries: employers’ perspectives on

skilling in Australia, Allen Consulting Group, Sydney.

Business School Referencing Guide 11th Edition

Business Education Page 4

2.4 Short quotation

Quotations of less than about 30 words are always integrated within your own sentence. Whenever you

quote, you must use your source’s exact words, and in the in-text reference you must include the page

number where the quoted words were found. For example:

Many questions have been raised about issues concerning ‘skills and skill development’ (Fenwick and Hall

2006, p. 571).

Note: The only exception to this rule is when your source is a web page and/or has no page numbers.

Reference list

Fenwick, T. and Hall, R. 2006, 'Skills in the knowledge economy: changing meanings in changing

conditions', Journal of Industrial Relations, vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 575-592.

2.5 Long quotation

Long quotations, typically those longer than about 30 words, must be indented from both margins. Word

users can do this by applying the built-in style ‘Block Text’ (but note you may have to modify the default

style to remove borders and italicisation).

There has been some debate within the academic community in recent decades about how to best define

the term globalisation. Given how contested this term has become, the following definition of globalisation

will be used in this assignment:

Globalisation involves the creation of linkages or interconnections between nations. It is

usually understood as a process in which barriers (physical, political, economic, cultural)

separating different regions of the world are reduced or removed, thereby stimulating

exchanges in goods, services, money, and people (Hamilton and Webster 2009, p. 5).

Reference list

Hamilton, L. and Webster, P. 2009, The international business environment, Oxford University Press,

Oxford.

2.6 Quoting reported speech

Sometimes you may want to quote the words spoken by a person as reported in a newspaper or news

source.

To do this, give the title and name of the person, and reference the source as usual. For example:

Harvey Norman Executive Chairman Gerry Harvey recently stated that ‘there are more retailers currently

under pressure than I've ever seen’ (Kruger 2012).

Reference list

Kruger, C. 2012, ‘Harvey warns of more failures in store’, Sydney Morning Herald, 28 November, viewed

29 November 2012, <http://www.smh.com.au/business/harvey-warns-of-more-failures-in-store-20121127-

2a5pg.html>

2.7 Modifying quotations

Sometimes you may need to modify a quotation by changing or inserting one or more words either to make

it grammatically correct within your own sentence, or to clarify an ambiguous place name, or to change

capitalisation. To do this, place square brackets around the inserted text.

For example: ‘ … resided near Perth [Scotland]’.

Sometimes you may want to omit parts of a quotation. To do this, put an ellipsis (…) in their place.

For example: ‘For most of the super-rich, status symbols are not enough … [w]hat matters most is [their]

reputation.’

Business School Referencing Guide 11th Edition

Business Education Page 5

2.8 Corporate authors (when there is no named author)

If your source is published either in print or on the Internet by a recognised organisation but has no

personal author, then it can be referenced by using the name of organisation that published the work. This

applies to publications by newspapers, associations, companies, organisations and government

departments. It does not apply to journal articles.

Examples: Qantas 2010, Hewlett Packard 2011, United Nations 2007, New York Times 2012.

2.9 Using more than one source within the same in-text reference

If you are using more than one source to support your argument, they must be listed alphabetically within

the in-text reference. For example:

Mergers and acquisitions can benefit the organisation, but care must be taken assessing the synergy

between the companies before the deal is finalised (Needle 2010, Wiklund and Shepherd 2009).

Reference list

Needle, D. 2010, Business in context, 5th ed., Cengage Learning, Hampshire.

Wiklund, J. and Shepherd, D. 2009, ‘The effectiveness of alliances and acquisitions: the role of resource

combination activities’, Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 193-212.

2.10 Using the same author more than once in the same in-text reference

Sometimes you may need to reference the same author but for different dates. For example:

Apple’s recent annual reports sow a steady decline in profits (Apple 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013).

2.11 Page numbers and ranges in in-text references

For in-text referencing use ‘p.’ for ‘page’ and ‘pp.’ for ‘page range’. For example:

If the quotation was found on page 63: Jones (2010, p. 63) or (Jones 2010, p. 63).

If the quotation ran over the page break: Jones (2010, pp. 63-64) or (Jones 2010, pp. 63-64).

If the quotation is not from sequential pages: Jones (2010, pp. 42, 63-67) or (Jones 2010, pp. 42, 63-67).

Important: Page numbers are required for all in-text quotations and paraphrases, except when your

source does not have page numbers, such as a web page or multimedia or any other online source without

pages, or when you are summarising the entire text.

2.12 Page numbers and ranges in reference list entries

Do not add the page numbers or ranges used in your in-text references to your reference list entries.

2.13 URLs in reference list entries

When the source is found online (on the Internet) you need to include the URL in its reference list entry.

For example: <http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/01/opinion/01iht-edyan01.html>

Important: If when you paste a URL into your document it becomes an underlined hyperlink, you must

remove the hyperlink (which will remove the underlining). This is to ensure readability.

Most word processing programs, like Microsoft Word, have an option to turn off automatic generation of

hyperlinks when URLs are pasted. In Word 2007: select Word Options | Proofing | AutoCorrect Options |

AutoFormat As You Type and untick Internet and network paths with hyperlinks.

2.14 Using the same source more than once (reference list)

When you use the same source more than once in your assignment, you must only list the source once in

your reference list.

Business School Referencing Guide 11th Edition

Business Education Page 6

2.15 Sources with more than one author

In both in-text references and the reference list the order of the authors should be exactly as shown on the

title page of the source.

Authors In-text reference Reference list

1 Shields (2007) proposes that …

.... (Shields 2007). Shields, J. 2007, ...

2 ... high success rate (Jones and Spracher 2008).

According to Jones and Spracher (2008) ... Jones, P. and Spracher, F. 2008, ...

3 ... result (Hanson, Peters and O’Reilly 2010).

Hanson, Peters and O’Reilly (2010) report... Hanson, J. F., Peters, O. and O’Reilly, M. 2010, ...

4

or more

... consolidation (Johnson et al. 2007).

Johnson et al. (2007) observe that when...

Johnson, M., Deudney, D., Leverett, G. and

Strange, P. 2007, ....

2.16 Sources with same author(s) and year

To distinguish each source, add a suffix (e.g. 2010a, 2010b) to both the in-text reference and the

corresponding reference list entry dates. Reference list items are in the same order as referenced in your

assignment, earliest first. You also use this method when different authors have the same family name:

Linklater (2002a) states that ... improvements of up to 80 percent have been observed (Linklater 2002b).

Reference list

Linklater, P. 2002a, Workflow analysis: an introduction, Faber, Sydney.

Linklater, P. 2002b, ‘Enterprise content management and productivity’, Journal of Process Management,

vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 1023-1047.

2.17 Secondary sources (a source referenced within another source)

Referencing a source that is referenced within the source you are using is also referred to as ‘referencing a

secondary source’. In this example your source is Dwyer:

Employability skills are described as ‘those skills essential for employment and for personal development’

(Gibbs 2004 cited in Dwyer 2008, p. 61).

OR

Gibbs (2004) describes employability skills as ‘those skills essential for employment and for personal

development’ (cited in Dwyer 2008, p. 61).

Reference list

Dwyer, J. 2008, The business communication handbook, 8th ed., Pearson Education Australia, Frenchs

Forest.

2.18 Use of & (ampersand)

Use ‘and’ instead of ‘&’, except when ‘&’ is used in the source’s title, publisher or database name.

For example: Smith and Jones (2009); Journal of Banking & Finance.

2.19 Use of ibid.

Do not use ‘ibid.’ when using any in-text referencing style, including Harvard.

Business School Referencing Guide 11th Edition

Business Education Page 7

2.20 Names with titles, honorifics or hyphens

Titles and honorifics

Titles such as Sir, Lord, Dame, Princess, and honorifics such as AO, CBE etc. are not used in references.

For example, Susan Adele Greenfield’s full title is Baroness Professor Greenfield CBE, but she would be

referenced in-text as simply (Greenfield 2002) and in a reference list as: Greenfield, S. A. 2002, ...

Hyphens

Hyphenated family names are not changed: (Armstrong-Jones 2001), Armstrong-Jones, S. 2001, …

Hyphenated given names are converted to initials: Park, Kuen-Yong becomes Park, K. Y.

2.21 Names with particles (Dutch, Flemish, French, German); suffixes; ‘St.’; Irish & Scots names

Dutch, Flemish, French and Germans names

Often these names have particles like ‘von’, ‘van’, ‘van der’ and so on.

For example: Anne Sofie von Otter, Karl Klaus von der Decken, Ludwig van Beethoven,

Vincent van Gogh, and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.

Names of French origin may use the particle ‘de’ or ‘du’.

For example: Henri de Villiers, Anne du Bourg.

When referencing Dutch or Flemish names, the particle is always included in the in-text reference, and

put last (before the date) in the reference list entry unless (as is often the case) the person is referred to in-

text by the particle, which is always capitalised.

For example: Van Gogh, Van der Vaart.

When referencing German names the particle is dropped in the in-text reference, and put last in the

reference list entry.

When referencing French names the particle is retained in both in-text and reference list entries.

Full name In-text reference Reference list entry

Dutch Vincent van Gogh

(van Gogh 1885)

or

Van Gogh (1885)

Gogh, V. van 1885, …

or

Van Gogh, V. 1885, …

Flemish Henri Clemens van de Velde (van de Velde 1887) Velde, H. C. van de 1887, …

French Henri Jacques de Villiers (de Villiers 2002) de Villiers, H. J. 2002, ...

German Ludwig van Beethoven (Beethoven 1813) Beethoven, L. van 1813, …

German Karl Klaus von der Decken (Decken 1855) Decken, K. K. von der 1855, …

The guidelines are based on Teijlingen, E. van 2004, ‘Referencing Flemish, Dutch and German authors in

English’, Medical Sociology News, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 42-44.

Names with generational suffixes (Jr., Sr., II, III etc.)

Some American names use the generational suffixes ‘Jr.’ or ‘Sr.’ to indicate son and father respectively,

and in some rare cases, mother and daughter. In British English ‘Jnr.’ and ‘Snr.’ are used instead.

Sometimes the Roman numeral ‘I’ is used instead of ‘Sr.’ and this may extend to further generations as ‘II’

and ‘III’. When referencing such names, the suffix should only be included if the author uses it for his or

her publications. For examples, see the table on the next page.

Business School Referencing Guide 11th Edition

Business Education Page 8

Names with the prefix ‘St.’

Some names have a prefix, such as ‘St.’ – the abbreviation for ‘saint’ and often pronounced as ‘sin’.

The following table lists some examples.

Full name In-text reference Reference list entry

Barack Hussein Obama II Obama (2012) Obama, B. H. 2012, …

William James Buckley Jr. Buckley (1995) Buckley, W. J. Jr. 1995, ...

Peter Samuel St. John St. John (2001) St. John, P. S. 2001, ...

Irish and Scots names

Many Irish names begin with O’, and this must be retained in referencing. Many Scots names begin with

Mac and sometimes Mc, and this must be retained in referencing. The letter immediately following O’, Mac

or Mc must be capitalised. The following table lists some examples.

Full name In-text reference Reference list entry

Phyllis McCaul McCaul (2012) McCaul, P. 2012, …

William James MacDonald MacDonald (2011) MacDonald, J. W. 2011, ...

Peter O’Toole O’Toole (2000) O’Toole, P. 2000, ...

2.22 Acronyms and initialisms

Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters (or groups of letters) of the words making up a

company’s or organisation’s name. In speech an acronym replaces the full name. For example, we talk

about ‘Qantas’ not ‘Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services’. When referencing a source

authored by an acronym, the acronym must be used in both in-text references and the reference list entry.

In-text reference: (Qantas n.d.).

Reference list

Qantas n.d., Qantas investors, Qantas Airlines Limited, Mascot NSW, viewed 16 January 2012,

<http://www.qantas.com.au/travel/airlines/investors/global/en>

Initialisms, unlike acronyms, are not spoken as words. Instead, all their letters are pronounced. For

example, IBM (International Business Machines), ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) and OECD.

Initialisms may not be unique. ABC is also an initialism for American Broadcasting Corporation. To use an

initialism, you must show its full name followed by the initialism itself in parentheses in the first sentence

where you use it. There are two ways you can do this:

Example 1: In 2007 the International Energy Agency (IEA) assessed all the world’s largest oil fields.

Production in 580 of these oil fields was declining on average by 5.1% per annum (IEA 2008, p. 221).

Example 2: A 2007 study by the International Energy Agency showed that production in 580 of the world’s

largest oil fields declined on average by 5.1% per annum (IEA 2008, p. 221).

Reference list

International Energy Agency (IEA) 2008, World energy outlook 2008, International Energy Agency, OECD

Publishing, Paris.

Note: You do not need to give the full names of commonly known initialisms like ‘CD’ or ‘DVD’.

Business School Referencing Guide 11th Edition

Business Education Page 9

2.23 Formatting your reference list

Your reference list must be in alphabetical order. It should also be easy to read. It is recommended that

you choose a paragraph spacing of 9pt so that there is a gap between each reference list entry. This

improves readability.

Important: Do not number or bullet point a reference list.

Note carefully how items with the same author and the same date (Linklater), and items with the same

author but with different dates (Smil), are used in the following example:

Reference list

Australian Bureau of Statistics 2010, Labour force, Australia, Jan 2010, catalogue no. 6202.0, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra.

‘Cancer generation: baby boomers facing a perfect storm’ 2009, Oncology Nursing, vol. 36, no. 5, p. 596.

Datastream International 2011, In Constituents of the S&P ASX200, Daily index data 2005-2010, viewed 13 November 2011, Datastream International/Equity Lists/LS&PCOMP.

Dwyer, J. 2008, The business communication handbook, 8th ed., Pearson Education Australia, Frenchs Forest.

International Energy Agency (IEA) 2008, World energy outlook 2008, International Energy Agency, OECD Publishing, Paris.

Jarsulic, M. 2010, Anatomy of a financial crisis: a real estate bubble, runaway credit markets and regulatory failure, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, viewed 11 January 2011, Palgrave Connect Economics & Finance Collection 2010, doi: 10.1057/9780230106185.

Kindleberger, C. 1999, ‘Fools and their money – what’s left of it’, Wall Street Journal (Eastern Edition), 19 August, p. A. 16,viewed 28 September 2004, ProQuest Central, 398688342.

Linklater, P. 2002a, Workflow analysis: an introduction, Faber, Sydney.

Linklater, P. 2002b, ‘Enterprise content management and productivity’, Journal of Process Management, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 1023-1047.

Needle, D. 2010, Business in context, 5th ed., Cengage Learning, Hampshire.

‘One dead in multiple beach rescue’ 2011, Sydney Morning Herald, 11 January, p. 10.

Parched: the politics of water 2008, podcast, Australian Broadcasting Corporation Radio National, 21 November, viewed 28 September 2009, <http://www.abc.net.au/rn/nationalinterest/stories/2008/2426405.htm>

Qantas n.d., Qantas investors, Qantas Airways Limited, Mascot NSW, viewed 16 January 2012, <http://www.qantas.com.au/travel/airlines/investors/global/en>

Smil, V. 2006, Transforming the twentieth century: technical innovations and their consequences, Oxford University Press, New York.

Smil, V. 2008, Global catastrophes and trends: the next 50 years, MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Smil, V. 2010, Energy myths and realities: bringing science to the energy policy debate, American Enterprise Institute, Washington, D.C.

Teijlingen, E. van 2004, ‘Referencing Flemish, Dutch and German authors in English’, Medical Sociology News, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 42-44.

Wiklund, J. and Shepherd, D. 2009, ‘The effectiveness of alliances and acquisitions: the role of resource combination activities’, Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 193-212, viewed 20 November 2012, Wiley Online Library, doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2008.00286.x.

Business School Referencing Guide 11th Edition

Business Education Page 10

3. Examples – in-text and reference list entries

In this section of the guide information has been organised into three columns:

Column 1. Type of source lists the different types of source materials that you may need to reference. It would

not be practical to list every type of source you may encounter in your studies; however, the

examples provided in this guide should be sufficient.

Column 2. In-text reference shows you how to make an in-text reference (sometimes called an in-text citation).

This is where you refer to your sources of information within your assignment whenever you

paraphrase, summarise, or use a direct quotation or other source material, such as a graph or table.

Note: See 2.1 above for the two methods you can always use with in-text references.

Formatting rules concerning punctuation and spacing must be followed exactly. For example:

(Jones, 2012) is incorrect, while (Jones 2012) is correct.

Column 3. Reference list entry shows you how to insert each type of reference in the reference list at the end

of your assignment. This list of references gives your reader all the information they need to easily

find the sources you have used. These entries must be listed in alphabetical order, and follow

exactly the rules for use of capitals, italics and punctuation. It may not always be possible for you to

obtain all of the information specified; however you must supply sufficient information for the source

to be easily located.

3.1 Formatting rules for titles in reference list entries

The following table shows how to interpret the formatting rules for titles in reference list entries.

Format rule How to apply the rule Example

Title of x

e.g.

Title of article

Title of report

Capitalise the first letter of the

title and the first letter of any

proper name(s) in the title

Business in context

Business management in

Australia

Title of X

e.g.

Government

Department or Body

Database Name

Capitalise the first letter of

each word in the title exactly as

it is capitalised in the source

Department of Foreign Affairs

Springer Link

Title of x

e.g.

Title of website

Title of book

Title of lecture

Capitalise the first letter of the

title and the first letter of any

proper name(s) in the title, and

apply italics

Gwynne Dyer – author &

historian

Introduction to international

business

Politics in Cambodia

Title of X

e.g.

Title of Journal

Title of Newspaper

Title of Magazine

Capitalise the first letter of

each word in the title exactly as

it is capitalised in the source,

and apply italics

Journal of Marketing

New York Times

OECD Review

Note: initialisms are always capitalised, e.g. OECD, never Oecd; DVD not Dvd

Business School Referencing Guide 11th Edition

Business Education Page 11

3.2 Books, ebooks, translated books and book reviews

Type of source In-text reference Reference list entry

Book

(print)

Shields (2007, p. 20)

proposes …

Author(s) Year, Title of book, Publisher, Place of Publication.

Example:

Shields, J. 2007, Managing employee performance and reward,

Cambridge University Press, Melbourne.

Book with no

author

(print)

Note: truncate long titles with

an ellipsis (…) as shown in

this example:

In 1941 the Air Ministry

published an account of its

bombing missions to date

(Bomber Command …

1941).

Title of book Year, Publisher, Place of Publication.

Example:

Bomber Command: the Air Ministry account of Bomber

Command’s offensive against the Axis Sept 1939-July 1941

1941, HMSO, London.

Book with no

publication date

(print)

The ancient scholar Aurelius

(n.d., p. 20) claimed that . . .

Author(s) n.d., Title of book, Publisher, Place of Publication.

Example:

Aurelius, M. n.d., Meditations of Marcus Aurelius, Library of

Classics, London.

Book with more

than one edition

(print)

Some characterise the discipline of finance (Frino, Hill and Chen 2009, p. 2) as ...

Author(s) Year, Title of book, number of edition, Publisher, Place of Publication.

Example:

Frino, A., Hill, A. and Chen, Z. 2009, Introduction to corporate finance, 4th ed., Pearson Education Australia, Sydney.

Edited book

(print)

The foundations of industrial

justice are examined by

Patmore (2003) through ...

… deny the fact (Jones and

Hensher 2008).

Editor(s) (ed./eds.)* Year, Title of book, Publisher, Place of

Publication.

*use ed. for one editor; eds. for multiple editors

Examples:

Patmore, G. (ed.) 2003, Laying the foundations of industrial

justice: the presidents of the Industrial Relations Commission of

NSW 1902-1998, The Federation Press, Sydney.

Jones, S. and Hensher, D. (eds.) 2008, Advances in credit risk

modelling and bankruptcy prediction, Cambridge University

Press, Cambridge.

Chapter in an

edited book

(print)

One perspective on women

and work is offered by Baird

(2010) in her discussion of …

Author(s) Year, ‘Title of chapter’ in Editor(s) (ed./eds.)*, Title of

book, Publisher, Place of Publication, page numbers.

*use ed. for one editor; eds. for multiple editors

Example:

Baird, M. 2010, ‘Women and work in Australia: a theoretical and

historical overview’ in P. A. Murray, R. Kramar and P. McGraw

(eds.), Women at work: research, policy and practice, Tilde

University Press, Melbourne, pp. 1-23.

Business School Referencing Guide 11th Edition

Business Education Page 12

Type of source In-text reference Reference list entry

Translated book

(print)

Dreams and nightmares

frequently function as

allegories in …

(Krzhizhanovsky 2006).

Author(s) Year, Title of book, translated from Language by

Translator(s), Publisher, Place of Publication.

Example:

Krzhizhanovsky, S. 2006, Memories of the future, translated

from Russian by Turnbull, J., New York Review Books Classics,

New York.

Electronic book

(eBook)

(database)

Jarsulic (2010, pp. 25-28)

suggests that …

Author(s) Year, Title of book, (edition number if available),

Publisher, Place, viewed Day Month Year, Database Name,

doi: or item number or ISBN (if available).

Example with DOI:

Jarsulic, M. 2010, Anatomy of a financial crisis: a real estate

bubble, runaway credit markets and regulatory failure, Palgrave

Macmillan, New York, viewed 11 January 2011, Palgrave

Connect Economics & Finance Collection 2010,

doi: 10.1057/9780230106185.

Electronic book

(eBook)

(online)

Locke (1821, pp. 301-303)

argued that …

Author(s) Year, Title of book, (edition number if available),

Publisher, Place, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>

Example:

Locke, J. 1821, Two treatises of government, Whitmore and

Fenn, and C. Brown, London, viewed 9 July 2012,

<http://books.google.com.au/books?id=K5UIAAAAQAAJ>

Chapter in an

edited electronic

book (eBook)

(database)

Kepes and Delery (2007)

have outlined ...

Author(s) Year, ‘Title of chapter’ in Editor(s) (ed./eds.)*, Title of

book, (edition number if available), Publisher, Place, viewed

Day Month Year, Database Name, doi: or item number or ISBN

(if available).

*use ed. for one editor; eds. for multiple editors

Example with ISBN:

Kepes, S. and Delery, J. 2007, ‘HRM systems and the problem

of the internal fit’ in P. Boxall, J. Purcell, and P. Wright (eds.),

The Oxford handbook of human resource management, Oxford

University Press, Oxford, viewed 24 February 2008, Informit

Business Collection, ISBN 019928251X.

Book review

(print)

Henry Ford wanted to

‘remake the world by

integrating factory life and

farming in a modern Arcadia’

(Scott 2009, p. 32).

Review Author(s) Year, ‘Title of review’ review of Title of book

reviewed by Author(s), Journal Title, volume number, issue

number, page numbers.

Example:

Scott, J. C. 2009, ‘Duas cervejas’ review of Fordlandia: the rise

and fall of Henry Ford’s forgotten jungle city by Grandin, G.,

London Review of Books, vol. 31, no. 19, pp. 31-33.

Business School Referencing Guide 11th Edition

Business Education Page 13

Type of source In-text reference Reference list entry

Book review

(online)

Henry Ford wanted to

‘remake the world by

integrating factory life and

farming in a modern Arcadia’

(Scott 2009).

Review Author(s) Year, ‘Title of review’ review of Title of book

reviewed by Author(s), Journal Title, volume number (if

available), issue number (if available), viewed Day Month Year,

<URL>

Example:

Scott, J. C. 2009, ‘Duas cervejas’ review of Fordlandia: the rise

and fall of Henry Ford’s forgotten jungle city by Grandin, G.,

London Review of Books, vol. 31, no. 19, viewed 20 January

2012, <http://www.lrb.co.uk/v31/n19/james-c-scott/duas-

cervejas>

3.3 Company information, media (press) releases, standards, patents, brochures

Type of source In-text reference Reference list entry

Annual company

report (print)

Note: for the

annual reports

published by a

company,

including

financial reports

… profits fell significantly

(Monax 2009, p. 52).

Company Name Year, Title of report, Place of Publication.

Example:

Monax Mining Limited 2009, Annual financial report, Unley SA.

Note: Place of publication is usually the location of the

company’s head office.

Annual company

report (online)

Note: for the

annual reports

published by a

company,

including

financial reports

… profits fell significantly

(Monax 2009, p. 52).

Company Name Year, Title of report, Place of Publication,

viewed Day Month Year, <URL>

Example:

Monax Mining Limited 2009, Annual financial report, Unley SA,

viewed 13 June 2012,

<http://www.monaxmining.com.au/site/investors/corporate-

reports/annual-reports/doc_view/217-2009-annual-financial-

report.html>

Brochure or

pamphlet

Further events are described

in Austudy (2010)

Title of brochure Year, Publisher, Place of Publication.

Example:

Austudy 2010, Centrelink, Canberra, ACT.

Company profile

(commercial

database)

(Datamonitor 2010)

Database Name Year, Company Name company profile,

viewed Day Month Year, Database Provider.

Example:

Datamonitor 2007, Monax Mining Limited company profile,

viewed 7 October 2011, Business Source Premier (EBSCO).

Business School Referencing Guide 11th Edition

Business Education Page 14

Type of source In-text reference Reference list entry

Company report

(commercial

database)

Note: this a

report on a

company, not an

annual financial

report

(Morningstar 2011)

(Aspect Huntley 2008)

Database Name Year, Report title, viewed Day Month Year,

Database Provider.

Example:

Morningstar 2010, Macquarie Generation company report,

viewed 18 July 2011, Morningstar DatAnalysis.

Aspect Huntley 2008, MHM Metals company report, viewed 18

June 2010, Aspect Huntley Annual Reports Online.

Financial data

from Thomson

Reuters

Datastream

(Datastream International

2011)

Datastream International Year, Search Code Name, Data

description, viewed Day Month Year, Datastream

International/Database Segment searched/SEARCH CODE.

Example:

Datastream International 2011, In Constituents of the S&P

ASX200, Daily index data 2005-2010, viewed 13 November

2011, Datastream International/Equity Lists/LS&PCOMP.

Passport GMID

(Global Market

Information

Database)

Note: ‘GMID’ has been

renamed ‘Passport GMID.’

.... (Passport GMID 2012).

Passport GMID Year of Data, Data report title, Data Report

Type, Data Report Date or Date Range, viewed Day Month

Year, Euromonitor International Passport GMID.

Examples:

Passport GMID 2005, Fast food in the USA, Major Market

Profiles Report, September 2005, viewed 6 January 2012,

Euromonitor International Passport GMID.

Note: If the data does not apply to a specific year then use n.d.

for the date:

Passport GMID n.d., Fast food in the USA, Major Market

Profiles Report, viewed 6 January 2012, Euromonitor

International Passport GMID.

Media (press)

release

… to be ‘based on the most

rigorous scientific evidence

available’ (Office of the Prime

Minister 2011).

Author(s) or Organisation Year, Title of release, media release,

release Day Month, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>

Example:

Office of the Prime Minister 2011, New focus on scientific

evidence to build confidence in coal seam gas and coal mining,

media release, 21 November, viewed 17 January 2012,

<http://www.pm.gov.au/press-office/new-focus-scientific-

evidence-build-confidence-coal-seam-gas-and-coal-mining>

Patent

A patent was taken out

(Pettigrew 2007) following…

Author(s) Year, Title of patent, Country Patent No.

Example:

Pettigrew, J. 2007, New system of teaching accounting,

Australia Patent 2007101217.

Business School Referencing Guide 11th Edition

Business Education Page 15

Type of source In-text reference Reference list entry

Standard

(database)

(Standards Australia/New

Zealand 2004)

Standards Country Year, Standard title, Standard Code

Number, viewed Day Month Year, Database Name.

Example:

Standards Australia/New Zealand 2004, Information technology

- process assessment - guidance on performing an

assessment, AS/NZS ISO/IEC 15504.3:2004, viewed 4 April

2011, Standards Australia Online.

Standard

(print)

(Standards Australia 1987)

Standards Country Year, Standard title, Standard Code

Number, Standards Organisation, Place of Publication.

Example:

Standards Australia 1987, Data processing - vocabulary -

computer graphics, AS1189.13-1987, Standards Australia,

NSW.

3.4 Internet: web pages, web sites, blogs, social media

Web page titles: most browsers show web site and web page titles in a title bar at the top of the window. It is

acceptable to truncate the title in the in-text reference.

Note: this section applies only to web pages, not to downloaded documents (usually in PDF format) such as

reports, journal articles, conference papers and so on. Refer to the relevant section to reference these items.

Type of source In-text reference Reference list entry

Web page with

author(s)

Note: for online

magazines and,

newspapers see

sections 3.8 and

3.10.

Cagliarini and McKibbin

(2009) discuss …

Author(s) Year, Title of web page, Name of Organisation, Place

of Organisation (if available), viewed Day Month Year, <URL>

Example:

Cagliarini, A. and McKibbin, W. 2009, Global relative price

shocks: the role of macroeconomic policies, Reserve Bank of

Australia, Sydney, viewed 24 October 2010,

<http://www.rba.gov.au/publications/rdp/2009/2009-10.html>

Web page, no

author

Note: for online

magazines and,

newspapers see

sections 3.8 and

3.10.

The level of fiscal stimulus is

summarised in the

Department of Treasury

annual report 2009-2010

(2010)…

… fell by 12 percent

(Department of Treasury

annual report 2009-2010

2010).

Title of web page Year, Name of Organisation, Place of

Organisation (if available), viewed Day Month Year, <URL>

Example:

Department of Treasury annual report 2009-2010 2010,

Department of Treasury, Canberra, viewed 28 October 2010,

<http://www.treasury.gov.au/contentitem.asp?NavId=036&Cont

entID=1893>

Business School Referencing Guide 11th Edition

Business Education Page 16

Type of source In-text reference Reference list entry

Web page, no

publication date

The bombing of Germany’s

synthetic fuel plants crippled

its military capability

(Department of Energy n.d.).

Author(s) n.d., Title of web page, Name of Organisation, Place

of Organisation (if available), viewed Day Month Year, <URL>

Example:

Department of Energy n.d., The early days of coal research, US

Department of Energy, Washington, D.C., viewed 10 January

2012, <http://energy.gov/fe/early-days-coal-research>

Web site

Note: reference

a web site only

when discussing

it or when using

multiple web

pages from it

… inflationary pressures

(Reserve Bank of Australia

2007).

Publisher or Company Name Year (of last update if available),

Title of web site, Place of Organisation (if available), viewed

Day Month Year, <URL>

Example:

Reserve Bank of Australia 2007, Reserve Bank of Australia,

Sydney, viewed 23 March 2007, <www.rba.gov.au>

Web blog

Note: reference

a web blog only

if discussing

the blog itself

In his blog, Quiggin (2011)

criticises…

Author(s) Year, Title of web blog, web blog, viewed Day Month

Year, <URL>

Example:

Quiggin, J. 2011, John Quiggin: commentary on Australian &

world events from a social-democratic perspective, web blog,

viewed 14 January 2012, <http://johnquiggin.com>

Web blog post Note: if the screen name has

given and family names, use

the usual form for author

names, otherwise use the

screen name of the poster

(e.g. @pplefan38)

The size of the current oil

spot market is very uncertain

(Kaminska 2011).

… and the Samsung Galaxy

S5 has better camera

features (@pplefan38 2014).

Author(s) or Screen Name Year of Posting, ‘Title of web blog

post’, Title of web blog, web blog post, Day Month, viewed Day

Month Year, <URL>

Example:

Kaminska, I. 2013, ‘The decline of the oil spot market?’,

FTAlphaville, web blog post, 24 April, viewed 2 November

2014, <http://ftalphaville.ft.com/2013/04/24/1469422/the-

decline-of-the-oil-spot-market>

@pplefan38 2014, ‘iPhone 6 vs Galaxy S5 comparison’,

AppleFanSite, web blog post, 11 September, viewed 20

November 2014, <http://applefansite.com/2014/09/iphone6-vs-

samsung-galaxy-s5-comparison>

Social media

(Facebook, My

Space, renren,

Sina Weibo)

Caution: Social media is not

considered to be a reliable

source of information.

Save the Children UK (2012)

reports that 1.2 million East

African children ..

Author or Screen Name Year of Posting, ‘Title of post’, Title of

Service, posted Day Month, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>

Example:

Save the Children UK 2012, ‘Morning! How is everyone today?

Feel like helping end the kind extreme hunger [sic]?’, Facebook,

posted 12 January, viewed 17 January 2012, <http://en-

gb.facebook.com/savethechildrenuk>

Business School Referencing Guide 11th Edition

Business Education Page 17

3.5 Journal articles

Type of source In-text reference Reference list entry

Journal article

(print)

According to Carlin (2007) ...

… very difficult (Carlin 2007).

Author(s) Year, 'Title of article', Title of Journal, volume number,

issue number, page numbers.

Example:

Carlin, T. 2007, 'Some reflections on research', Compliance and

Regulatory Journal, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 9-13.

Journal article,

no author (print)

Note: This is the only

situation where you must use

the title of the article when

there is no author. You can

truncate long titles using an

ellipsis (…) as shown in the

example:

The problems facing baby

boomers have been carefully

investigated (‘Cancer

generation …’ 2009).

‘Title of article’ Year, Title of Journal, volume number, issue

number, page numbers.

Example:

‘Cancer generation: baby boomers facing a perfect storm’ 2009,

Oncology Nursing, vol. 36, no. 5, p. 596.

Journal article

(online)

Note: this is for journal

articles found on a web site

that is not a database like

JSTOR, ProQuest,

EBSCOhost and so on.

Oil price regimes, of which

there have been many, exist

only as long as they are

useful to participants in the

market, even if they are not

rational (Mabro 2005).

Author(s) Year, ‘Title of article’, Title of Journal, volume number,

issue number, page numbers, viewed Day Month Year, Web

Site Name, <URL>

Example:

Mabro, R. 2005, ‘The international oil price regime: origins,

rationale and assessment’, Journal of Energy Literature, vol. 11,

no. 1, pp. 3-20, viewed 13 July 2013, Graduate Institute

Geneva,

<http://graduateinstitute.ch/files/live/sites/iheid/files/sites/mia/us

ers/Rachelle_Cloutier/public/International%20Energy/Mabro%2

0International%20oil%20price%20regime.pdf>

Note: if the article has a DOI, use that in the reference list entry

instead:

Author(s) Year, ‘Title of article’, Title of Journal, volume number,

issue number, page numbers, viewed Day Month Year, Web

Site Name, doi:.

Business School Referencing Guide 11th Edition

Business Education Page 18

Type of source In-text reference Reference list entry

Journal article

(database)

Note: if the DOI is given in a

URL with a usyd domain, e.g.

http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy2.libr

ary.usyd.edu.au/10.1016/03

0-5073(76)907-6, then you

must extract the DOI which is

everything including and after

’10.’. In this case the DOI is:

10.1016/030-5073(76)907-6.

The reason for this is that

anyone must be able to

access your source, not just

a person with a University of

Sydney account.

The question of what will

happen to banks is

introduced by Bossone

(2001) …

Author(s) Year, ‘Title of article’, Title of Journal, volume number,

issue number, page numbers, viewed Day Month Year,

Database Name, doi: or item number (if available).

Note: the most preferred identifier is the DOI (digital object

identifier) in either the number or URL format. The next

preferred identifier is the stable URL. A stable URL is one that

will never change. The database will clearly identify a stable

URL if one is available.

Example with DOI:

Bossone, B. 2001, ‘Do banks have a future? A study on

banking and finance as we move into the third millennium’,

Journal of Banking & Finance, vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 2239-2276,

viewed 16 January 2005, ScienceDirect, doi: 10.1016/S0378-

4266(01)00196-0.

Example with stable URL or DOI in URL format:

Elliott, D. 2006, ‘Energy regime choices: nuclear or not?’,

Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, vol. 18, no. 5,

pp. 445-450, viewed 13 June 2013, Taylor & Francis Online,

<http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09537320601019545>

Example with item number:

Bossone, B. 2001, ‘Do banks have a future? A study on

banking and finance as we move into the third millennium’,

Journal of Banking & Finance, vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 2239-2276,

viewed 16 January 2005, ScienceDirect, 97753458.

Note: the item number may be called the accession number or

document number or document id.

Business School Referencing Guide 11th Edition

Business Education Page 19

3.6 Law: cases, acts, regulations, bills

Note that ‘Cth’ is an abbreviation for ‘Commonwealth’, which is the term used to identify Australian Federal

Government legislation. For state or territory legislation use Vic, NSW, NT, Qld, Tas, WA etc.

Note that ‘pinpoint’ can be the starting page, page number, paragraph number, clause, footnote or section number.

Type of source In-text reference Reference list entry

Cases

According to (R v Song

(2005) 125 CLR 1) a

business may …

Case Name (Year), Volume Law Report Series start page,

pinpoint (if any).

Examples:

R v Song (2005), 125 CLR 1.

Funwick v Creasel (1932), 47 CLR 2, 3.3.

QPB Enterprises Pty Ltd v Commonwealth (1995), 117 CLR 13.

Acts of

Parliament

(statutes)

… is allowed in such

circumstances (Corporations

Act 2001 (Cth) s 3)

Title of Act Year, (Jurisdiction).

Example:

Corporations Act 2001, (Cth).

Social Welfare Ordnance 1964, (NT).

Delegated

legislation

(regulations)

… in accordance with the law

(Police Regulations 2003

(Vic) reg 9.2).

Title of Legislation Year, (Jurisdiction) pinpoint.

Note: Pinpoint may be an order (O), regulation (reg), rule (r),

sub-regulation (sub-reg) or sub-rule sub-r, and if plural: OO,

regs,rr, sub-regs, sub-rr.

Example:

Police Regulations 2003, (Vic) reg 9.2.

Migration Regulations 1996, (Cth) regs 12-14.

Bills

… a clear requirement

(Corporations Amendment

Bill (No 1) 2005 (Cth) cl 13).

Title of Bill (No X) Year, (Jurisdiction).

Example:

Corporations Amendment Bill (No 1) 2005, (Cth).

Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme Bill 2009, (Cth).

Business School Referencing Guide 11th Edition

Business Education Page 20

3.7 Lectures, tutorials, readings, speeches, interviews, personal communications

Note: Material sourced from Blackboard is referenced with the domain only: http://blackboard.econ.usyd.edu.au.

This is because the Blackboard URL you will see is usually unique to your account or session.

Type of source In-text reference Reference list entry

Lecture materials

from Blackboard

(slides, recording

of lecture)

According to Piggott (2011)

business refers to …

Author(s) Year, Title of lecture (Unit Code), Teaching

Organisation, Place of Publication, Lecture Date, viewed Day

Month Year, <http://blackboard.econ.usyd.edu.au>

Example:

Piggott, L. 2011, Introduction to business (BUSS1002), The

University of Sydney, Sydney, 10 March, viewed 14 March

2011, <http://blackboard.econ.usyd.edu.au>

Unit of study

readings from

Blackboard

Fisher (2004) demonstrates

the important role that self

reflection plays in the

development of critical

thinking.

Author(s) Year, ‘Title of reading’ in Editor(s) (ed./eds.)*, Title of

course (Unit Code), Teaching Organisation, Place of

Publication, viewed Day Month Year,

<http://blackboard.econ.usyd.edu.au>

*use ed. for one editor; eds. for multiple editors

Note: Only reference course readings by this method if they

cannot be found elsewhere. You should always reference the

original source (book, journal article) where possible.

Example:

Fisher, K. 2004, ‘Critical self-reflection: what is it and how do

you do it?’ in L. Piggott (ed.), Introduction to business

(BUSS1001), The University of Sydney, Sydney, viewed 14

January 2011, <http://blackboard.econ.usyd.edu.au>

Material from unit

of study reader

(print)

Critical self-reflection is

defined as ‘. . .’ (Fisher 2004,

p. 2).

Author(s) Year, ‘Title of document’ in Editor(s) (ed./eds.)*, Title

of course reader, Teaching Organisation, Place of Publication.

*use ed. for one editor; eds. for multiple editors

Note: Only reference course readings by this method if they

cannot be found elsewhere. You should always reference

the original source (book, journal article) where possible.

Example:

Fisher, K. 2004, ‘Critical self-reflection: what is it and how do

you do it?’ in L. Piggott (ed.), Introduction to business reader,

The University of Sydney, Sydney.

Lecture or

tutorial notes

(your notes from

lecture/tutorial or

words spoken by

lecturer/tutor)

Piggott (2011) defined ...

Author(s) Year, Lecture/Tutorial title (Unit Code), at Teaching

Organisation, Place of Publication, Day Month.

Example:

Piggott, L. 2011, Introduction to business (BUSS1002), at The

University of Sydney, Sydney, 10 March.

Speech

(at a conference)

Rudd (2011) argued that the

G20 was the only

organisation capable of ...

Speaker Year, Title of speech, Title of Conference, at Place of

Speech, Day Month.

Example:

Rudd, K. 2011, University of Queensland annual lecture in

politics and international affairs, ISA Asia-Pacific Regional

Section Inaugural Conference, at Brisbane, 30 September.

Business School Referencing Guide 11th Edition

Business Education Page 21

Type of source In-text reference Reference list entry

Speech

(other than a unit

of study lecture,

such as a public

lecture, address,

or statement)

According to Bell (2011), the

Chinese government has

utilised three sources ...

Speaker Year, Title of lecture or speech, Name of Organisation

(if any), at Place of Speech, Day Month.

Example:

Bell, D. 2011, Political legitimacy in China: a Confucian

perspective, Sydney Ideas, at The University of Sydney, 5

October.

Reported speech

(reported speech

or words spoken

in any source)

If you are quoting words spoken by a person, or reported to have been spoken by them, from

any source (e.g. newspaper article, television program), then you reference that source, not

the person.

Give the person’s official title in your text the first time you mention them. The following example

is for an online news source where the author is Australian Associated Press (AAP):

In-text:

Energy Minister Martin Ferguson stated that Australia had investments of ‘around $170 billion in

LNG alone and about $270 billion across resources in energy’ (AAP 2012). Ferguson thought

nuclear energy, although a clean form of power generation was too costly to be developed in

Australia.

Reference list entry:

AAP 2012, ‘Energy Minister Martin Ferguson wants to reform the energy market with the

Coalition-run states approval’, News.com.au, 8 November, viewed 13 June 2014,

<http://www.news.com.au/national/energy-minister-martin-ferguson-wants-to-reform-the-energy-

market-with-the-coalition-run-states-approval/story-fndo4eg9-1226513116910>

Note: use the reference list entry relevant to the source.

Interview

(for interviews

you have

conducted)

Note: If you provide a

transcription of the interview

in an appendix, insert a

footnote to refer the reader to

that appendix.

In an interview, the former

Microsoft CEO said ‘...’

(Gates 2012).

Interviewee(s) Year, author interview, Day Month, Location (if

available).

Example:

Gates, B. 2012, author interview, 3 July, Seattle.

Note:

The interviewee is the person interviewed, not the person

conducting the interview.

Personal

communication

(verbal, written –

hard copy or

email)

Source (Year, pers. comm.

Day Month)

F. J. Hodgson (2004, pers.

comm. 27 October)

confirmed …

No entry is required in the reference list.

Business School Referencing Guide 11th Edition

Business Education Page 22

3.8 Magazines

Type of source In-text reference Reference list entry

Magazine article

with author

(print)

Hudson (2006) observed the

tax burden had steadily

shifted from property to

labour …

Author(s) Year, ‘Title of article’, Title of Magazine, Day (and/or)

Month (if available), volume number (if available), issue number

(if available), page number(s).

Example:

Hudson, M. 2006, ‘The new road to serfdom: an illustrated

guide to the coming real estate collapse’, Harper’s, May, vol.

312, no. 1872, pp. 39-46.

Magazine article,

no author

(print)

… influence (Getting

Together: Social Justice

Monitor 2001).

Title of Magazine Year, ‘Title of article’, Title of Magazine,

Month, volume number (if available), issue number (if

available), page number(s).

Example:

Getting Together: Social Justice Monitor 2001, ‘Danger of

academics growing dependence on private sector’, Getting

Together: Social Justice Monitor, April, p. 13.

Magazine article

with author

(online)

Gettler (2011) notes that

business are being forced to

adapt to increasing usage of

Smartphone and tablet

technology.

Author(s) Year, ‘Title of article’, Title of Magazine, Day (and/or)

Month (if available), volume number (if available), issue number

(if available), page number(s) (if available), viewed Day Month

Year, <URL>

Example:

Gettler, L. 2011, ‘Mobile commerce on fast track’, Management

Today, October, viewed 7 November 2013,

<http://www.aim.com.au/DisplayStory.asp?ID=808>

Magazine article,

no author

(online)

… commentators have

predicted (Oil & Gas Journal

2012).

Title of Magazine Year, ‘Title of article’, Title of Magazine, Day

(and/or) Month (if available), volume number (if available),

issue number (if available), page number(s) (if available),

viewed Day Month Year, <URL>

Example:

Oil & Gas Journal 2012, ‘Rice study questions volume of future

US natural gas exports’, Oil & Gas Journal, 15 August, viewed

17 August 2013, <http://www.ogj.com/articles/2012/08/rice-

study-questions-volume-of-future-us-natural-gas-exports.html>

Magazine article

with author

(database)

… ‘the first privately owned

company based in China to

list on the New York Stock

Exchange’ (Knight 2011, p.

28).

Author(s) Year, ‘Title of article’, Title of Magazine, Day (and/or)

Month (if available), volume number (if available), issue number

(if available), page number(s) (if available), viewed Day Month

Year, Database Name, doi: or item number (if available).

Note: the most preferred identifier is the DOI (digital object

identifier) in either the number or URL format. The next

preferred identifier is the stable URL. A stable URL is one that

will never change. The database will clearly identify a stable

URL if one is available. The item number may be called the

accession number or document number or document id.

Example with item number:

Knight, E. 2011, ‘The sun king: Shi Zhengrong’, The Monthly,

June, viewed 9 December 2011, Informit Humanities & Social

Sciences Collection, 201107386.

Business School Referencing Guide 11th Edition

Business Education Page 23

Type of source In-text reference Reference list entry

Magazine article

with no author

(database)

… ‘the first naturally

ventilated fire facility in the

country’ (Fire Chief 2005, p.

102).

Title of Magazine Year, ‘Title of article’, Title of Magazine, Day

(and/or) Month (if available), volume number (if available),

issue number (if available), page number(s) (if available),

viewed Day Month Year, Database Name, doi: or item number

(if available).

Note: the most preferred identifier is the DOI (digital object

identifier) in either the number or URL format. The next

preferred identifier is the stable URL. A stable URL is one that

will never change. The database will clearly identify a stable

URL if one is available. The item number may be called the

accession number or document number or document id.

Example with item number:

Fire Chief 2005, ‘Combined use’, Fire Chief, vol. 49, no. 11, pp.

100-110, viewed 17 August 2012, Business Source Premier,

EBSCOhost, 18993353.

3.9 Multimedia

Type of source In-text reference Reference list entry

Motion picture

(for a movie that

you watched in a

cinema)

In the 1930s it was Australian

Government policy to take

half-caste children from their

Aboriginal mothers (Rabbit-

proof fence 2002).

Title of film Year of release, motion picture, Country of origin:

Film studio or maker, director Name.

Example:

Rabbit-proof fence 2002, motion picture, Australia: Miramax

Home Entertainment, director P. Noyce.

Podcast

(audio file online)

Parched: the politics of water

(2008) identifies …

Title of podcast Year, podcast, Name of Organisation, Day

Month of Publication (if available), viewed Day Month Year,

<URL>

Example:

Parched: the politics of water 2008, podcast, Australian

Broadcasting Corporation Radio National, 21 November,

viewed 28 September 2009,

<http://www.abc.net.au/rn/nationalinterest/stories/2008/242640

5.htm>

Note: Give either the URL for the page from which the podcast

can be downloaded or the download URL (usually ending in

.mp3)

Radio program

(for a broadcast

you listened to)

Note: it is preferable to

obtain the transcript of the

program especially if you

wish to use a quotation

... and the two leaders’

seemingly close friendship

(‘Bush’s brain and Howard’s

election’ 2003).

‘Title of episode’ Year of broadcast, Title of series (where

applicable), radio program, Day Month Time of transmission,

Broadcasting Organisation and Station, presenter/journalist

Name.

Example:

‘Bush’s brain and Howard’s election’ 2003, Background briefing,

radio program, 12 October 2pm, Australian Broadcasting

Corporation Radio National, presenter S. Correy.

Business School Referencing Guide 11th Edition

Business Education Page 24

Type of source In-text reference Reference list entry

Television

program (for a

broadcast you

watched)

Note: it is preferable to

obtain the transcript of the

program especially if you

wish to use a quotation

Mark Twain, Buster Keaton,

and Henry Ford were all

bankrupt at some stage in

their careers (‘Dreams of

avarice’ 2009).

‘Title of episode’ Year of broadcast, Title of series (where

applicable), television program, Day Month Time of

transmission, Broadcasting Organisation and Channel,

presenter/journalist Name.

Example:

‘Dreams of avarice’ 2009, The ascent of money, television

program, 28 May 8:30pm, Australian Broadcasting Corporation

ABC1, presenter N. Ferguson.

Video

(watched on

DVD,VHS etc)

Inside job (2010) illustrates

how unethical behaviour was

a contributing cause of the

2008 global financial crisis.

Title of video Year of release, video recording, Country of origin:

Film studio or maker, director Name.

Example:

Inside job 2010, video recording, United States: Sony Pictures

Classics and Representational Pictures, director C. Ferguson.

Video blog post

(online blog with

video postings)

Risk analyst Satyajit Das

notes the role of debt in

accelerating growth

(PressTVGlobalNews 2011).

Screen name of contributor Year, Title of video, Series Title (if

applicable), video online, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>

Example:

PressTVGlobalNews 2011,Global economic chaos-on the edge

with Max Keiser-11-04-2011, video online, viewed 9 December

2011, <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6iXhAPTGyfQ>

Vodcast

(online video file)

Paul Ormerod highlights the

role networks play in our

thinking (Networks: how they

change our thinking 2011) …

Title of vodcast Year, video file, Name of Organisation, Day

Month of Publication (if available), viewed Day Month Year,

<URL>

Example:

Networks: how they change our thinking 2011, video file,

SlowTV, October, viewed 26 November 2011,

<http://blip.tv/file/get/Slowtv-

NetworksHowTheyChangeOurThinkingPaulOrmerod295.m4v>

Note: Give the URL for the page from which the vodcast can

either be viewed or downloaded.

Business School Referencing Guide 11th Edition

Business Education Page 25

3.10 Newspapers, online news sources and wire feeds

Online news sources such as Reuters or Bloomberg or the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) should be

referenced as online newspapers. Wire feeds (which get their name from the age of the telegraph) are also

referenced as online newspapers.

Note: Omit ‘a’, ‘an’ or ‘the’ from the start of a newspaper title: Wall Street Journal, not The Wall Street Journal.

Note: Newspaper section numbers or letters are treated as part of the page number.

Note: Newspaper editions are placed in parentheses immediately following the title, but in normal (non-italic) text

parentheses, e.g. Wall Street Journal (Eastern Edition).

Type of source In-text reference Reference list entry

Article from news

source or wire

feed with author

(online)

‘ … rebound from a projected

sixth loss in seven years’ (Lui

and Huang 2014).

Author(s) Year, ‘Title of article’, Title of News Source, Day

Month, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>

Example:

Lui, M. and Huang, G. 2014, ‘Sony forms alliance for China

PlayStation in Microsoft challenge’, Bloomberg, 26 May, viewed

28 May 2014, <http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-05-

25/sony-forms-ventures-to-make-sell-playstation-consoles-in-

china.html>

Article from news

source or wire

feed with no

author

(online)

Note: When Associated

Press, Australian Associated

Press and Agence France

Presse are used as corporate

authors you only need to use

their initialism (AP, APP,

AFP).

‘ … in every month since

February 2012’ (AAP 2013).

… according to exit polls

(AFP 2014).

News Source Name (initials) Year, ‘Title of article’, Title of

News Source, Day Month, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>

Example: article from wire feed in online newspaper

AAP 2013, ‘Manufacturing shrinks again, but slower’, Sydney

Morning Herald, 1 March, viewed 22 September 2013,

<http://www.smh.com.au/business/the-

economy/manufacturing-shrinks-again-but-slower-20130301-

2f9zt.html>

Example: article on news source web site

AFP 2014, ‘Putin watches hockey as tycoon declares Ukraine

vote win’, Agence France Presse, 25 May, viewed 27 May

2014,

<http://www.afp.com/en/news/putin-watches-hockey-tycoon-

declares-ukraine-vote-win>

Newspaper

article with

author

(print)

Newspaper

article with

edition and

section

Different methods of retaining

nurses have been challenged

by Brown (1987, p. A.1) …

Author(s) Year, ‘Title of article’, Title of Newspaper, Day Month,

page number(s).

Example:

Brown, D. 1987, ‘Hospitals try tea, raises, status to refill

thinning ranks of nurses’, Los Angeles Times, 6 August, p. 1.

Examples with edition and section:

Heslop, D. 1957, ‘New farm technology on display at Wistlow

Park’, Houndsborough Gazette (Late Edition), 4 May, p. A.1.

Weiner, T. 2004, ‘James Chace, foreign policy thinker, is dead

at 72’, New York Times (Late East Coast Edition), 11 October,

p. B.7.

Business School Referencing Guide 11th Edition

Business Education Page 26

Type of source In-text reference Reference list entry

Newspaper

article, no author

(print)

… infrequent (Sydney

Morning Herald 2011, p. 10).

Title of Newspaper Year, ‘Title of article’, Title of Newspaper,

Day Month, page number(s).

Example:

Sydney Morning Herald 2011, ‘One dead in multiple beach

rescue’, Sydney Morning Herald, 11 January, p. 10.

Newspaper

article with

author

(online)

Martin (2011) asserts that …

Author(s) Year, ‘Title of article’, Title of Newspaper, Day Month,

viewed Day Month Year, <URL>

Example:

Martin, P. 2011, ‘Fraud is a cinch – just ask your bank’, Sydney

Morning Herald, 11 January, viewed 13 January 2011,

<http://www.smh.com.au/business/fraud-is-a-cinch--just-ask-

your-bank-20110110-19l77.html>

Newspaper

article, no author

(online)

… infrequent (Sydney

Morning Herald 2011)

Title of Newspaper Year, ‘Title of article’, Title of Newspaper,

Day Month, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>

Example:

Sydney Morning Herald 2011, ‘One dead in multiple beach

rescue’, Sydney Morning Herald, 11 January, viewed 16 August

2012, <http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/one-dead-in-multiple-

beach-rescue-20110121-19zp5.html>

Newspaper

article with

author

(database)

The problems faced by Wall

Street in the past have been

denied by Kindleberger

(1999, p. A.16) who

maintains that ...

Author(s) Year, ‘Title of article’, Title of Newspaper, Day Month,

page number(s) (if available), viewed Day Month Year,

Database Name, doi: or item number (if available).

Note: the most preferred identifier is the DOI (digital object

identifier) in either the number or URL format. The next

preferred identifier is the stable URL. A stable URL is one that

will never change. The database will clearly identify a stable

URL if one is available. The item number may be called the

accession number or document number or document id.

Example with item number:

Kindleberger, C. 1999, ‘Fools and their money – what’s left of

it’, Wall Street Journal (Eastern Edition), 19 August, p. A.16,

viewed 28 September 2004, ProQuest Central, 398688342.

Newspaper

article, no author

(database)

According to Government

witnesses, Standard Oil

salesman tampered with oil

lamps (New York Times

1908, p. 8).

Title of Newspaper Year, ‘Title of article’, Title of Newspaper,

Day Month, page number(s) (if available), viewed Day Month

Year, Database Name, doi: or item number (if available).

Example:

New York Times 1908, ‘Standard Oil Co. denies trickery’, New

York Times, 10 September, p. 8, viewed 14 July 2012,

ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851-

2008), 96807821.

Note: the item number may be called the accession number or

document id.

Business School Referencing Guide 11th Edition

Business Education Page 27

3.11 Reports, documents, statistics, government documents, graphs, tables and images

Type of source In-text reference Reference list entry

Report or

document

(printed)

The Allen Consulting Group

(2006) presented a

convincing argument that

skills matter to employers.

Author(s) or Organisation Year, Title of report, Report number

(if available), Publisher or Institution, Place of Publication, ISBN

(if available).

Example:

Allen Consulting Group 2006, World class skills for world class

industries: employers’ perspectives on skilling in Australia, Allen

Consulting Group, Sydney.

Report or

document

(online, usually

pdf)

Fatih Birol, Chief Economist

for the International Energy

Agency, stated that ‘current

high oil prices have the

potential to strangle the

economic recovery in many

countries’ (Johnson et al.

2012, p. 2).

Author(s) or Organisation Year, Title of report, Report number

(if available), Publisher or Institution, Place of Publication (if

available), ISBN (if available), viewed Day Month Year, <URL>

Example:

Johnson, V., Simms, A., Skrebowski, C. and Greenham, T.

2012, The economics of oil dependence: a glass ceiling to

recovery, New Economics Foundation, London, ISBN 978-1-

908506-27-6, viewed 27 November 2012,

<http://www.neweconomics.org/publications/the-economics-of-

oil-dependence-a-glass-ceiling-to-recovery>

Statistics

(print)

Note: use for

statistics from

official sources

e.g. government,

OECD

Unemployment increased

substantially following the

financial crisis (Australian

Bureau of Statistics 2010).

Organisation Year, Title of document, catalogue no. (if

available), Publisher (Department), Place of Publication (if

available).

Example:

Australian Bureau of Statistics 2010, Labour force, Australia,

Jan 2010, catalogue no. 6202.0, Australian Bureau of Statistics,

Canberra.

Statistics

(online, web

page, pdf, excel,

zip etc.)

Note: use for

statistics from

official sources

e.g. government,

OECD

Note: see 2.22

for how to use

initialisms

… had increased by only 2.1

percent (Australian Bureau of

Statistics 2013).

... rapid increase (OECD

2013).

Organisation Year Accessed, Title of statistics including year(s)

if relevant (dataset name if applicable), catalogue no. (if

available), Publisher, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>

Note: the URL is to the web page where the data or the data

download link was found. Give the full title of the data.

Example:

Australian Bureau of Statistics 2013, Labour mobility, Australia,

February 2013 (persons who were working at February 2013,

changes in employer/business or work – by selected

employment characteristics), catalogue no. 6209.0, Australian

Bureau of Statistics, viewed 3 October 2013,

<http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/DetailsPage/620

9.0February%202013?OpenDocument>

Example:

Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development

(OECD) 2013, Population (Australia 1990 – 2010), viewed 6

October 2013, OECD.Stat, <http://stats.oecd.org>

Business School Referencing Guide 11th Edition

Business Education Page 28

Type of source In-text reference Reference list entry

Government

document

(print)

The Human Rights and

Equal Opportunity

Commission (1997) noted

that …

Government (Department or Body) Year, Title of document,

Government Department, Place of Publication (if available),

catalogue no. (if available).

Example:

Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission 1997,

Bringing them home: report of the national inquiry into the

separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children from

their families, Human Rights and Equal Opportunity

Commission, Sydney.

Government

document

(online, usually

pdf)

… $1.8 billion could be

gained annually (Uranium

Mining, Processing and

Nuclear Energy Review

Taskforce 2006, p. 2).

Government Department or Body Year, Title of document,

Government Department, Place of Publication (if available),

catalogue no. (if available), viewed Day Month Year, <URL>

Example:

Uranium Mining, Processing and Nuclear Energy Review

Taskforce 2006, Uranium mining, processing and nuclear

energy - opportunities for Australia?, Department of Prime

Minister and Cabinet, Barton, viewed 11 December 2011,

<http://www.ansto.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/38975/U

mpner_report_2006.pdf>

Figure, graph,

table or image

Figure 3 (Australian Bureau

of Statistics 2010) shows a

sustained downward trend in

private sector house

approvals …

Note: if you have changed

the data in any way, add

‘adapted from’ to the

reference:

Figure 3 (adapted from

Australian Bureau of

Statistics 2010) shows a

sustained downward trend in

private sector house

approvals …

Reference according to the publication type (e.g. book, journal

article, web document).

Important: Every figure, graph or table you use must have a

title, and it must be referenced and explained within your text.

Example of a title for a figure, graph, image or diagram:

Figure 2 – Private sector house approvals 2010 - 2011.

Example of a title for a table:

Table 6 – Oil production in OECD states 2000 - 2011.

Example:

Australian Bureau of Statistics 2010, Building approvals,

Australia, November 2011, viewed 23 January 2012,

<http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/mf/8731.0>

Business School Referencing Guide 11th Edition

Business Education Page 29

3.12 Theses, conference proceedings and papers, working papers

Type of source In-text reference Reference list entry

Thesis

(online)

Britain’s power and prestige

derived from its naval

supremacy (Gibson 2012, p.

23).

Author(s) Year, ‘Title of thesis’, Type of thesis,

Department/Faculty/College/School, University, viewed Day

Month Year, <URL>

Example:

Gibson, M. W. 2012, ‘British strategy and oil, 1914-1923’,

PhD thesis, College of Arts, School of Humanities, University of

Glasgow, viewed 16 July 2013, <http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3160/>

Thesis

(database)

The role of distance in retail

gasoline market competition

is analysed by Brewer (2007)

who concludes that …

Author(s) Year, ‘Title of thesis’, Type of thesis,

Department/Faculty/College/School, University, viewed Day

Month Year, Database Name, item number or DOI (if available)

Example:

Brewer, J. 2007, ‘Competition in the retail gasoline industry’,

PhD thesis, Department of Economics, University of Arizona,

viewed 29 October 2008, ProQuest, 304894280.

Published

conference paper

or conference

proceeding

(online)

Ballsun-Stanton and Bunker

(2009) express the view that

…

Author(s) Year, ‘Title of conference paper’, Proceedings of the

Title of Conference, Conference Location, Conference Day(s)

Month, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>

Example:

Ballsun-Stanton, B. and Bunker, D. 2009, ‘Philosophy of data

(PoD) and its importance to the discipline of information

systems’, Proceedings of the Fifteenth Americas Conference on

Information Systems, San Francisco, 6 – 9 August, viewed 12

July 2010,

<http://aisel.aisnet.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1443>

Unpublished

conference paper

Mitchell and McKenzie

(2004) express the view that

…

Author(s) Year, ‘Title of conference paper’, paper presented at

Title of Conference, Conference Location, Conference Day(s)

Month.

Example:

Mitchell, H. and McKenzie, M. 2004, ‘The use of forecasting

accuracy as an ARCH model selection tool’, paper presented at

Fourth International Scientific School MASR, St. Petersburg,

Russia (Russian Federation), 22-25 June 2004.

Working paper

Instances of corporate social

responsibility occurred in the

late 19th century (Smith 2003,

p. 1).

Author(s) Year, ‘Title of paper’, Series Title, working paper (see

note) number, Institution.

Example:

Smith, N. C. 2003, ‘Corporate social responsibility: not whether,

but how?’, Centre for Marketing Working Paper, no. 03-701,

London Business School.

Note: If ‘working paper’ is not in the series title, place it before

the paper no., for example:

Jones, M. 2010, ‘Motion effects’, Current Issues in Marketing,

working paper no. 769, Victoria University of Wellington.

Business School Referencing Guide 11th Edition

Business Education Page 30

4. Referencing checklist

Before you submit, check the following: Yes No

1. In-text references

Quotations

Did you put single inverted commas ‘...’ around the author’s or source’s original words in each short quotation?

Did you integrate each short quotation into a sentence?

If you used a long quotation (more than 30 words), did you indent the quotation from the

left and right margins (without using single inverted commas)?

Did you include the following information near each quotation:

 author’s family name or source?

 year of publication?

 page number(s) where you found the quotation (unless a web page)?

Paraphrases and summaries

Did you put the original author’s or source’s words into your own?

Did you include the following information near each paraphrase and summary:

 author’s family name or source?

 year of publication?

 page number(s) where relevant?

If you used more than one reference for your paraphrase or summary, did you list the

authors/sources alphabetically?

2. Reference list (at the end of your assignment)

Have you included the heading Reference list immediately before your list of references at

the end of your assignment?

Have you arranged all your references alphabetically?

If you used multiple references by the same author/source, have you listed them

chronologically (for example: Lee 2009 ... Lee 2010)?

If an author (or source) has more than one publication in the same year, did you use

suffixes a, b, c to distinguish them (for example: Smith 2010a ... Smith 2010b ... Smith

2010c)?

Did you check each comma, full stop, bracket and your use of italics and

capitalisation?

Did you check that all URLs are not underlined (hyperlinks removed)?

__MACOSX/major case/._BSRG_11ed.pdf