History homework
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apch6.ppt
The British Empire and the Colonial Crisis
1754-1775
Chapter 6
Thomas Hutchinson
- Fifth-Generation Descendant of Anne Hutchinson
- Appointed Lt. Gov. 1758
- Understood problems with Rights to Colonists
- The Most Hated Man in the Colonies
The British Empire and the Colonial Crisis, 1754-1775
- The French and Indian War
- Tightening the Bonds of Empire
- The Stamp Act Crisis
- The Townshend Acts and Economic Retaliation
- The Tea Party and the Coercive Acts
- Domestic Insurrections
The French and Indian War
- French-English Rivalry in the Ohio Valley
- The Albany Congress and Intercolonial Defense
- The War and Its Consequences
French-English Rivalry
- “I think I’ll hate the French today.”
- 100 Years War
- Half of the first half of the eighteenth century England has been at war with either France or Spain
French-English Rivalry in the Ohio Valley
- Virginia Land Speculators
- Pennsylvania Traders
- French Traders in Canada
- The Native Peoples who already lived there.
French-English Rivalry in the Ohio Valley
- French Trade with the Indians
- Pennsylvania Traders with the Indians
- French Respond by building Forts
- Virginia Charter from 17th Century – The Ohio Company
The Ohio Company
- All Land West to the Mississippi
- All Land North to Lake Superior
- Lawrence and Augustine Washington
- Royal Governor Robert Dinwiddie
- Send a Messenger to the French
French-English Rivalry in the Ohio . Valley
- Half-Brother
- Middle Child
- Intelligence on the French
- Would return with 160 men to “defend Virginia's land claim”
French-English Rivalry in the Ohio Valley
- Engage French – Wounding 14
- Mingo’s on the Rampage
- Build Fort Necessity and await reinforcements
- Local Indians pull back
- July 1754 French take it back
The Albany Congress and Intercolonial Defense
- June 1754
- 24 Delegates from 7 colonies
- Benjamin Franklin – Pennsylvania
- Thomas Hutchinson – Massachusetts
- The Albany Plan of Union
- Different Purposes
The Albany Plan of Union
- Limited Agency to Coordinate Defense
- Crown Appointed President
- Meet Annually with 48 Representatives
- War, peace, trade
- Taxation Powers
- Rejected by every colony
The Albany Congress and Intercolonial Defense
- The Iroquois League
- Thirty Wagon Loads of Gifts
- Ambiguous Promises
- Preferred to play the French off the British
The War and Its Consequences
- George Washington’s little Skirmish turns sour
- General Braddock with Washington to attack Ft. Duquesne
- Mass. Colony to attack Ft. Niagara
- A critical location between Lake Erie and Ontario
- William Johnson from New York to attack Lake Champlain
- Attempt to drive the French back to Canada
The War and Its Consequences
- 1755 – 2000 British and Colonial troops
- Ambushed by French one day away from Ft. Duquesne
- Killing or wounding 976
- Washington is unhurt
- He had two horses shot out from under him
- His bravery will get him appointed commander of VA Army
- Age 22
The War and Its Consequences
- Braddock’s defeat alarmed the other two Armies
- Working their way through the New York forest
- Shirley’s forces gave up and go home
- Johnson’s troops are sent running before they reach Lake Champlain
- The turning point comes in 1757
The War and Its Consequences
- William Pitt
- 1757 – Becomes Secretary of State
- He commits massive resources to the war effort
- 1758 – Ft Duquesne falls
- 1759 – Ft Niagara and Ft Ticonderoga both fall
- Leads to the fall of Montreal and Quebec
- Ft. Duquesne is renamed Ft. Pitt in 1758
- 1763 – Peace agreement
The War and Its Consequences
- General Wolfe, the hero of Quebec…
- Am. Soldiers were “contemptible dogs”
- Ben Franklin comment
- Braddock’s defeat “gave us Americans the first suspicion that our exalted ideas of the prowess of British regulars had not been well founded.”
- Cost in lives as great
Tightening the Bonds of Empire
- 1760 – A new King on the throne
- 1760’s inconsistent leadership in colonies
- Went through at least 6 prime ministers
- One basic question – the war debt
- The war debt needed to be paid
- The British idea – they started it, they should pay for it
- The Colonist’s idea – The British promised to pay them back
- The Colonists will feel…
- The new policies violated their rights as British subjects
Tightening the Bonds of Empire
- British Leadership and the Indian Question
- Growing Resentment of British Authority
British Leadership and the Indian Question
- George III
- John Stuart Earl of Bute
- Bute opposed Pitt’s policies-”too bloody, too expensive”
- Gave much of the land gains back to the French
- One of his last actions as prime minister…
- Keep a standing army in the colonies…WHY???
British Leadership and the Indian Question
- Keep peace between Indians and Colonists
- French left – what about their allies?
- Three months after the Treaty of Paris…
- Pontiac’s Rebellion, June 1763
- British troops handled most
- Paxton Boys of Penn.
- Dec. 1763 – Rebellion dies down
- No help from the French
British Leadership and the Indian Question
- This rebellion resulted in…
- Showing the potential for more wars with the Indians
- 1763 Line of Proclamation
- Forbids western expansion
- Would be patrolled by 10,000 British troops
- Problems for settlers already over the line
- Problems for Ohio Company – land speculators
Growing Resentment of British Authority
- NEXT - George Grenville
- Tackled the debt 123 million lbs.
- Interest alone was 5 million
- Needed to raise revenue
- Customs – salaries cost 4 times more than duties collected
- Bribery and smuggling
- Molasses Act of 1733
Molasses Act of 1733
- Hard to enforce – an attempt to regulate trade
- Six pence per gallon on non-British molasses
- Make it more expensive to buy French molasses
- Martinique and Guadeloupe – French sugar production
- “A by-product of sugar production, molasses was a key ingredient in making rum, a drink the French scorned. Rum-loving Americans were eager to buy French molasses, and they flouted the tax for decades.”
Growing Resentment of British Authority
- Grenville’s Solution…
- Revenue Act of 1764
- Sugar Act
- Lowered the tax on French Molasses to 3 pence
- Make it easy to obey the law
- Stricter punishments on Smuggling
- Purpose – raise revenue
- Also included the Stamp Act for the next year.
- The Currency Act 1764
The Stamp Act Crisis, 1765
- Taxation and Consent
- Resistance Strategies and Crowd Politics
- Liberty and Property
The Stamp Act
- Stamp Act placed a tax on paper
- Newspapers, Pamphlets, contracts, court document, licenses, deeds, wills, ship’s bill’s of lading
- Apprentices and Masters
- Indentured service contracts
- People who read newspapers and Almanacs
- Disproportionately taxed businesses and legal communities
The Stamp Act
- England had used a Stamp tax in England for a long time
- Designed to tax the people who could pay it
- Grenville also required it be paid in Silver
- Grenville also hired a colonist to collect the tax
- They would be paid 8% of the revenue collected
- Biggest problem for the colonists…
- This was clearly a revenue collecting tax not regulation of trade
Taxation and Consent
- Thomas Hutchinson warned Grenville
- Distinction between revenue and regulation
- Colonist paid taxes to pay for their government
- Taxes are a gift to the king from the people
- Representatives grant it for the people
- Grenville states that the colonists are represented - Virtually
- Daniel Dulany writes a pamphlet against it
- A tax levied by a distant Government with out representation
- Debunks Virtual Representation
Resistance Strategies and Crowd Politics
- News arrived in April 1765 –
- Takes effect Nov. 1, 1765 – seven months
- Governors were Royal appointees – no help
- Eight colonial assemblies held discussions
- VA – House of Burgesses held discussions
- End of the session - May 2/3 of members had already gone home
- Patrick Henry – a series of resolutions to debate
- Known as the Virginia Resolves
- These are radical opposition to the Stamp Act
The Virginia Resolves
- Virginians were British citizens
- Had the same rights as Britons
- Self-taxation was one of those rights
- VA always taxed themselves through H of B
- Radical leap – ONLY H of B had the right to tax VA
- Support starts to wane at these more radical points
- No outside tax is valid
- Anyone who disagreed is an enemy of VA
- When Henry left – they dropped the last two and number 5 also
- Newspapers published all 7
Resistance Strategies and Crowd Politics
- Other assemblies debated the distinction between taxes
- External taxes regulated trade
- Internal taxes raised revenue
- Internal taxes could only be self-imposed
Resistance Strategies and Crowd Politics
- Popular resistance
- Boycott paper????
- Use un-stamped paper anyway???
- Destroy the stamped paper or prevent its distribution.
- In Massachusetts – Samuel Adams and the Sons of Liberty
- Called for a large street demonstration and a mock execution
- WHO would the ‘Execute’?
Resistance Strategies and Crowd Politics
- Andrew Oliver
- 1765 – becomes the stamp tax collector
- On 14 Aug 1765 an effigy of Oliver was found in a tree
- 2 to 3,000 carry it through the streets with plays
- Destroyed his tax booth
- Went to his house, beheaded and burned the effigy, and broke windows
- The next morning he PUBLICLY resigned
Resistance Strategies and Crowd Politics
- What was learned here???
- Stamp tax people will be very unpopular.
- Bernard and Hutchinson learned about the limits of their power
- No police force
- Colonists learned that street actions (riots) were very effective
- 12 days later – 4 houses were ‘visited’
- Customs officer
- 2 officers of the admiralty court
- Hutchinson’s house
Resistance Strategies and Crowd Politics
- Results…
- With Hutchinson’s house the mob stopped
- No one was arrested
- Sons of Liberty had won
- No one replaced Oliver
- Ships came in and unloaded with out the Stamp
- Hutchinson would resign as Judge
- 5 years later would become Governor
Liberty and Property
- Sons of Liberty groups will pop up all over the colonies
- N H – Distributor will resign three times - PUBLICLY
- Conn. – crowd forces him to throw his hat and wig into the air “Liberty and property”
- Conn. – nailed into a coffin and lowered into a grave
- SC – resigned after effigies were burnt
- In Oct. 1765 – Stamp Act Congress
- First 5 VA resolves & reject virtual representation
- Affirm subordination to England
- Slavery and Confiscation
Liberty and Property
- New Minister – Charles Watson-Wentworth
- Repeal the Stamp Act
- March 1766 the Stamp Act is officially repealed
- Declaratory Act – we can legislate the colonies in all cases whatsoever
- Especially the power to tax
The Townshend Acts and Economic Retaliation, 1767-1770
- The Townshend Duties
- Nonconsumption and the daughters of Liberty
- Military Occupation and “Massacre” in Boston
The Townshend Acts and Economic Retaliation, 1767-1770
- 1766 – Watson-Wentworth would be replaced
- George III would get Pitt to come back
- Pitt appoints Townshend as Chancellor of the exchequer (CFO)
- Townshend had two problems…
- Old war debt
- Maintaining an army in the colonies
- His solution…
The Townshend Duties
- The Revenue Act of 1767
- Tried to make them look like the old Navigation Acts
- What is the difference??????
- Placed new duties (taxes) on specific items imported into the colonies
- Tea, Glass, Lead, Paper, Painter’s colors
- Paid by the Importer…passed on to the customer
- Townshend thought it was an external tax…
- Colonists now see no difference
- John Dickinson Letters from a Farmer in PA 1767-68
- “We are taxed without our consent…We are therefore—Slaves.”
The Townshend Duties
- Other problems with the duties…
- He established the American Board of Customs Commissioners – to oversee customs collection
- Places its HQ in Boston – did not really know colonial politics
- He had the part of the revenue to start paying Royal Governors salaries
- Before 1767 – local assemblies established salaries
- It gave them the upper hand over the Governors
- Townshend wanted to strengthen the independence of the Governors
- One example is New York…
Flashback to 1765
- Remember back in 1765…Sugar Act, Currency Act
- Also the Quartering Act of 1765
- This required the assemblies to provide housing and food for the soldiers
- In New York – The Governor was not able to make them comply
- This required the colonists to pay money by order of Parliament
- Townshend was outraged – New York Suspending Act – All acts null and void until support the Army
- Who would be next????
The Townshend Duties
- The Massachusetts assembly started the protests
- Samual Adams…
- Any taxation from Parliament is unjust
- The new way to pay the Governor is unjust
- Massachusetts circulates Adams’ argument to the other colonies
- The Secretary of State for Colonial Affairs
- Lord Hillsborough
- Ordered Francis Bernard to dissolve the Boston assembly
- The assembly voted on the move 92 to 17 – refused
- By the summer of 1768 – Boston is in chaos
Nonconsumption and the Daughters of
Liberty
- Non-consumption agreements
- Had two purposes…
- Pressure on British business
- Encourage manufacture here
- Hard to enforce – not like the stamp
- Non-Importation agreements
- Daughters of Liberty take the lead
- The Nine year old girl in NJ
- Cloth making
- Imports fall more than 40%
Military Occupation and “Massacre” in Boston
- Summer 1768 – new customs officials flee to island
- Bernard learned from riots – Need soldiers in Boston
- Fall 1768 – 3000 uniformed British soldiers arrive
- They annoyed Bostonians – even took their jobs
- Tense but no major trouble until 1770
- By 1770 – importers are having trouble making ends meet
- The Sons of Liberty paint the doors with “Hillsborough paint”
- In Feb. – The crowd Ebenezer Richardson customs official
- He panics and fires his musket – hits an 11 yr old boy – he dies
- Sons of Liberty stage a massive funeral
- It gets worse…
Military Occupation and “Massacre” in Boston
- The next week – fights and brawls break out all over Boston
- March 5, 1770 – A crowd gathers at the customs house
- There is a lone guard – They taunt him
- Captain sends 7 men to help
- The crowd grows – the soldiers raise muskets
- The crowd throws snowballs and sticks – someone fires
- Someone yells “Fire” and 11 men are hit 5 will die
The Boston Massacre
Military Occupation and “Massacre” in Boston
- Hutchinson confronts the crowd personally
- The army is moved to an island – the soldiers are jailed
- Preston and soldiers come to trial
- They are defended by John Adams and Josiah Quincy
- Five day trial all are acquitted except two
- Two are convicted of manslaughter and then branded on the thumbs and released
The Tea Party and the Coercive Acts
- The Calm before the Storm
- Tea in Boston Harbor
- The Coercive Acts
- The First Continental Congress
The Tea Party and the Coercive Acts
- New Prime Minister – Lord North
- Repealed the Townshend Duties
- Takes office in 1770
- He will keep it for 12 years
- He wanted peace with the colonists…
- Prosperity for merchants.
- All of Townshend duties except on tea – good move for the British
- Many Americans did not even like the symbolic tea tax
- They will turn to smuggling with the Dutch
The Calm before the Storm
- 1770-1771 trade booms
- There are some problems…
- 1772 the Gaspée burning
- Chased smugglers off the coast of RI – ran ashore
- No one is arrested but-They would be sent to England
- Committees of Correspondence are established
- Jefferson, Henry, and Richard Lee
- 1772 – North will pay the Judges out of Tea revenue
- 1773 – the tea Act of 1773 – East India Tea Company
- Sell directly to the colonies – no tax
Tea in Boston Harbor
- No tax on tea – why are they mad??
- Boycotts could not work here
- Nov. 1773 ship arrived in Boston Harbor
- Unloaded everything except the tea – if they leave with the tea they will have to pay the duty
- 100 to 150 ‘Indians’ boarded the three ships while 2000 watched
- Dumped 342 chests of tea weight – 90,000 pounds
- Cost 10,000lbs St.
The Coercive Acts
- Boston Port Act – closed the Port
- Massachusetts Government Act
- Gov. more powerful
- Council is appointed not elective
- No town meetings
- Impartial Administration of Justice Act – Preston
- Quartering Act is amended – even in private homes
- General Gage, commander of Royal army, is appointed Governor – Thomas Hutchinson goes home
- Quebec Act
The First Continental Congress
- Intolerable Acts
- All colonies except GA
- What liberties they had as British subjects
- What powers Parliament held over them
- The Declaration of Rights
- They will stagger boycotts of trade – except rice
- Committees of safety to regulate
- They wanted it the way it was before the Sugar Act
- They finished in Oct. 26, 1774
- They would reconvene the next May
- They will not get the chance…
Domestic Insurrections
- Lexington and Concord
- Another Rebellion against Slavery
Lexington and Concord
- 1774-75 colonist continue boycotts.
- Some colonists start stocking arms and munitions
- They started training – Franklin in PA
- In Mass. A group called the minutemen prepared
- Gages realizes he has a problem
- Requests 20,000 reinforcements
- Urges the repeal of the Coercive Acts
- He is ordered to arrest troublemakers
- He decides to seize the store of powder at Concord
Lexington and Concord
- 18 Apr 1775 – Midnight – Cross the Charles River
- Paul Revere and William Dawes ride
- At Lexington, met by 70 Americans
- “Lay down your arms, you damned rebels and disperse.” – And they start to.
- Somebody shots – nobody knows
- 8 Americans dead, 10 wounded – one Brit wounded
- At Concord, they can’t find the stores
- Shots fired at the Old North Bridge
- AM. Shot at them the whole way back
Lexington and Concord
Another Rebellion against Slavery
- Lord Dunmore threatened to arm the slaves in VA
- If a slave would fight for the British he would be free
- But he did not free his own slaves
- Talk about freedom and fighting for it reached the slaves
- Southerners were alarmed in the south
- Slaves were disarmed in the south
- Uprisings were put down
- 80,000 slaves would flee, not all would succeed
Conclusion:
- How Far Does Liberty Go?
