History homework
thunder11
apch5.ppt
Colonial America in the Eighteenth Century
1701-1770
Chapter 5
Colonial America in the Eighteenth Century 1701-1770
- A Growing Population and Expanding Economy
- New England: From Puritan Settlers to Yankee Traders
- The Middle Colonies: Immigrants, Wheat, and Work
- The Southern Colonies: Land of Slavery
- Unifying Experiences
British Colonies by 1717
A Growing Population and Expanding Economy
- 1700 – 250,000
- 1770 – 2 Million
- 1700 – 19 people in England for every colonist
- 1770 – 3 people in England for every colonist
- Why???
A Growing Population and Expanding Economy
- 2 reasons
- Immigration and natural increase
- 1670 – 9 out of 10 English 1 out of 25 African
- 1770 – ½ were English 20% were African
A Growing Population and Expanding Economy
- Natural increase accounted for ¾ of the population growth
- Expanding Economy
- Most people lived along the coast – within 50 miles
- Land was cheap
- Without labor – worthless
- This allowed for the Mushrooming population
New England: From Puritan Settlers to Yankee Traders
- Natural Increase and Land Distribution
- Farms, Fish, and Trade
New England: From Puritan Settlers to Yankee Traders
- Population only grows 6 fold in 1700s
- Puritan orthodoxy is a problem
Religious Dissenters
Indifferent to religion
- People to land ratio – towns received land
- Trade will become a ‘faith’ to compete with Puritanism
Natural Increase and Land Distribution
- Almost every adult woman was married
- Most married women had children
6, 7, 8, 12
Franklin’s father had 7/w 1st wife 10/w 2nd
- In the 1600s
granted land to towns to divide up
- In the 1700s
Sold land to individuals
- People start spreading out
Farms, Fish, and Trade
- Farms were small family—little surplus to sell
- Developed into trade industries sell to southern colonies
- Lumber was abundant – Ship Masts
- Shipping and Fishing 1/3 of NE exports
- Export Cod fish to Europe and West Indies
Farms, Fish, and Trade
Farms, Fish, and Trade
The Middle Colonies: Immigrants, Wheat, and Work
- German and Scots-Irish Immigrants
- Pennsylvania: “The Best Poor [White] Man’s Country”
The Middle Colonies: Immigrants, Wheat, and Work
- 1700 – twice as many people lived in MC than in NE
- 1770 – the Population had increased tenfold
- Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, and Delaware
- Why the Population increase??
- Immigration – German, Irish, Scotch, and others.
- Very diverse population
- By 1800 1/3 of PA traced their family back to England
- Less than ½ of the population of the middle colonies could
German and Scots-Irish Immigrants
- Germans were the largest group of immigrants
- Protestant
- 1770 – 85,000 Germans had arrived
- Pennsylvania Dutch – Deutsch
- Southwestern German
- 1702-1713 - Queen Anna’s war (French vs. German)
- By 1720 – Germans would write back about religious liberties and more would follow
- Most were Lutheran, Reformed or Pietists – Amish
- Refuse to bear arms or swear oaths
German and Scots-Irish Immigrants
- Scots-Irish –This is also a misnomer
- Protestant – Militant Presbyterians
- Deteriorating Economic Conditions in England Proper
- 1717 – Started waves of immigrants
- By 1773 – Made a quiz “why do you want to go?”
- Out of Work, poverty, landlords, want to do better
German and Scots-Irish Immigrants
- None were really ready for the Trials of the trip
- Most were broke when they arrived at the European port
- Sign on as a redemptioners
- They had heard that…
- “Pennsylvania is a heaven for farmers and paradise for artisans”
Pennsylvania: “The Best Poor [White] Man’s Country”
- 1743 – William Moraley
- Servant in PA and NY…
- Males – worked for shop keepers
- Females – households
- Servants could be purchased for 4-7 years for the cost of 4 months pay of a worker
- By 1770 – Western Expansion is the norm
- Farm land is cheap and plentiful
Pennsylvania: “The Best Poor [White] Man’s Country”
- There were also a few Black slaves in PA and NY
- Franklin bought 4 slaves
- By 1770 slaves were only 7% of the population
The Southern Colonies: Land of Slavery
- The Atlantic Slave Trade and the Growth of Slavery
- Slave Labor and African American Culture
- Tobacco, Rice, and Prosperity
The Southern Colonies: Land of Slavery
- 1700-1770 Southern Colonies grew 9 – fold
- Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia
- By 1770 – Southern colonies had a larger population than either the Northern or Middle colonies
- Four reasons…
The Southern Colonies: Land of Slavery
- Natural Increase
- Scot-Irish and Germans into the back country
- Indentured Servants—British and Scots-Irish
- Involuntary Immigration
- Will shape the economy, society, and politics.
The Atlantic Slave Trade and the Growth of Slavery
- 1700 – 20,000 African
- 1770 – 400,000 Africans
- The African population increased 3 times faster than the white population
- Colonies divided into two parts – upper & lower
- Chesapeake Bay – Tobacco
9 out of 10 southern whites lived in Chesapeake
8 out of 10 southern blacks lived in Chesapeake
- Remained a white majority through the 18th century
- It dwindled from 4/5 to 2/3 in this period
The Atlantic Slave Trade and the Growth of Slavery
- Lower South – Rice and Indigo
- 1700 – only 5% of the total population of the southern colonies
- 1770 – 15% of the population
- S Carolina was the sole British colony until 1732
- Blacks in SC out numbered whites 2 to 1 – in some districts it was 10 to 1
Slave Labor and African American Culture
Slave Labor and African American Culture
- GW his slaves worked - From light to dark
- The slaves did not just accept it
- Some would resist – at different levels
- Some would be lax or slow
- Some with stubborn resistance
- Inevitably punished – resistance continued
Slave Labor and African American Culture
- 1739 – Stono, South Carolina
- 20 slaves attacked a store
Killed 2 people and posted their heads on the porch
Took guns and powder and ammo
- Headed for Fla.
- Enticed other slaves to join on the way
- Burned at least 6 plantations and killed more than 20
- They stopped to rest and beat drums for other slaves
Slave Labor and African American Culture
- A mounted force came against them and most of them were killed
- The heads of the dead slaves were also used as mile markers
- They wanted to show the slaves that no matter how determined they were
- Whites in SC would enact new laws to restrict slaves
Slave Labor and African American Culture
- There were two types of labor slaves did
- Chesapeake – slaves were watched closely because of the nature of the work
- Lower South – task system
Tobacco, Rice, and Prosperity
- Slave labor provided wealth for their master, British Merchants, and the Monarchy
- 90% of colonial exports to England are from the south
- 80% of the tobacco sent to Britain is re-exported to Europe
- Rice was becoming a staple across the world
Unifying Experences
- Commerce and Consumption
- Religion, Enlightenment, and Revival
- Bonds of Empire
Commerce and Consumption
- Trade was restricted in the colonies
- The colonies had open trade with each other
- They were consumers
Religion, Enlightenment, and Revival
- The Beginning of the Modern Period
- The Enlightenment - Empiricism
Francis Bacon
Isaac Newton
John Locke
David Hume
Immanuel Kant
- Innovations across the board
Philosophy
Science
Government
Religion
The Promise of Technology
- The Printing Press
Religion, Enlightenment, and Revival
- Ben Franklin
- Deism
- There was a rising tide of Religious indifference
Religion, Enlightenment, and Revival
- Mid 1730s things will change a little
- Jonathan Edwards – Mass.
- “Sinners in the hands of an angry God” – monotone
- Student of the Enlightenment
- America’s first Philosopher
Religion, Enlightenment, and Revival
- In Pennsylvania and NJ
- Presbyterian – William Tennent
- Revivalist Preaching
- Raising his son from the dead???
- Edwards would take account of this religious fervor
- Religious Affections
Religion, Enlightenment, and Revival
- George Whitefield
- From England
- Along with the Wesley brothers
Bonds of Empire
- In the final analysis – these were British subjects
- The door was open to all – British authority
- They continued to have relations with the Indians
Differed colony to colony
Time to time
- They expected protection from Britain
- 8 out of 10 governors were from England
- Some would take the job and never come
- Assistants and lieutenants would govern
- By 1720 colonies were governing themselves
- Taxes, making laws
Conclusion: The Dual Identity of British North American Colonists
