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The Northern Colonies in the Seventh Century

1601-1700

Chapter 4

The Northern Colonies in the Seventh Century 1601-1700

  • Puritan Origins: The English Reformation
  • Puritans and the Settlement of New England
  • The Evolution of New England Society
  • The Founding of the Middle Colonies
  • The Colonies and the British Empire

The Northern Colonies in the Seventh Century 1601-1700

The Northern Colonies in the Seventh Century 1601-1700

Puritan Origins: The English Reformation

  • 1500 – Church in England is Catholic
  • 1517 – Reformation
  • In the early part of the reformation England remained loyal.

Puritan Origins: The English Reformation

  • 1509-1547 Henry VIII
  • “The Defender of the Faith” – by Pope
  • 1534 – Act Supremacy
  • 1536 – Tyndale ???
  • Mary – Cathern
  • Eliz – Anne Boleyn
  • Edward VI

Puritan Origins: The English Reformation

  • John Calvin
  • Institutes of the Christian Religion - 1536
  • 5 points of Calvinism
  • Jacob Arminius
  • Synod of Dort

Puritan Origins: The English Reformation

  • Edward – nine year old king.
  • 1547 takes throne
  • Protestant reforms
  • 1553 dies

Puritan Origins: The English Reformation

  • Mary I -1553 took throne
  • Daughter of Catherine of Aragon
  • Devout Catholic
  • Married Philip II of Spain
  • 300 people burnt at the stake
  • Died 1558

Puritan Origins: The English Reformation

  • 1558 Elizabeth I
  • Return to Protestantism
  • Liz was a Pragmatist
  • Established and consolidated English Reformation
  • The Church needed to strengthen the monarchy
  • 1603 died

Puritan Origins: The English Reformation

  • 1607 James I

  • 1611 KJV

Puritan Origins: The English Reformation

  • 1625 Charles I
  • Moves the Church of England farther from Puritanism
  • 1629 dissolves Parliament

Puritans and the Settlement of New England

  • The Pilgrims and the Plymouth Colony
  • The Founding of Massachusetts Bay Colony

The Pilgrims and the Plymouth Colony

  • Pilgrims were super Puritans
  • Fled to Holland in 1608 – 2 Problems

Children started speaking Dutch

Worldly living

  • America was the only hope to protect their children’s piety
  • 1620 received a land grant in the VA Company
  • 102 settlers on the Mayflower
  • Far north of VA had no claim or authority
  • Mayflower Compact

The Pilgrims and the Plymouth Colony

  • William Bradford
  • Elected Governor
  • Served until 1657
  • In three months time – ½ died—Bradford’s wife
  • Middle of winter, scurvy, other diseases

The Pilgrims and the Plymouth Colony

  • In the Spring they are rescued by Indians
  • Samoset and Squanto

These two spoke English

  • Samoset introduces to Massasoit – Wampanoags
  • His land they were on

The Pilgrims and the Plymouth Colony

  • Squanto is the tool of God
  • Teach them to fish, plant, and store
  • 1621 ‘Thanksgiving’
  • 36 more settlers arrived in Nov. – things were still tight
  • 1630 Plymouth is permanent settlement

The Founding of Massachusetts Bay Colony

  • 1629 Charles I charter
  • Mass. Bay Company
  • It allowed the Company HQ to be in the colonies
  • 1630 – 11 ships and 700 people
  • Six more ships and 500 more people followed later

The Founding of Massachusetts Bay Colony

  • John Winthrop - governor
  • Puritans – reform the C of E
  • Establish “City on a Hill”
  • This shaped 17th cent. NE like tobacco shaped the VA colony
  • Few Indians early on
  • 1630-1640 – 20,000 new settlers

The Founding of Massachusetts Bay Colony

  • When the C of E cracked down on Puritans, the whole congregation would move
  • By 1640 – highest ratio of preacher to people – 129 preachers
  • John Cotton, Richard Mather, Thomas Shepard, and Thomas Hooker – still not enough
  • Active instruction of the Indians

The Founding of Massachusetts Bay Colony

  • Differences between NE and VA…

--Actively Evangelized the Indians

--Most were farmers and tradesmen

--Most came as families – women and children

  • 1636 – Ship left Weymouth…
  • 106 passengers—98 belong to 14 families
  • While tobacco shaped the Chesapeake…
  • NE was shaped by institutions of family, church and community

The Evolution of New England Society

  • Church, Covenant, and Conformity
  • Government by Puritans for Puritanism
  • The Splintering of Puritanism
  • Growth, Change, and Controversy

The Evolution of New England Society

  • In 17th century Mass. Bay Co. founded 133 towns—each with at least 1 church.
  • There will be remarkable conformity in NE, but…
  • There will be changes that weaken Puritan zeal

Church, Covenant, and Conformity

  • For the Puritans—the church was not a building
  • Church membership was based on a signed covenant
  • 1635 Boston Church added 250 signed members to the church
  • The Church had no direct role in Government
  • Ministers were forbidden to hold office

Government by Puritans for Puritanism

  • The by Puritans for Puritans
  • Charter provided all freemen could meet as the general court
  • 1631 – 120 additional men were admitted as freemen
  • To be a freeman must be a church member
  • Only freemen could vote
  • 1634 – The freemen in each town elected 2 deligates to go to the General Court
  • All other people were ‘inhabitants’
  • Town meetings were held – inhabitants and freemen

Government by Puritans for Puritanism

  • One of the most important jobs of the Government was land distribution
  • Land was given to ‘towns’ not individuals
  • If you want to plant a town
  • Petition the town council for a land grant
  • Land would then be divided among the settlers

The Splintering of Puritanism

  • Puritanism was not unilateral
  • Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson
  • Thomas Hooker at odds with Winthrop and John Cotton – church membership

Growth, Change, and Controversy

  • In England, 1642 British Civil war – Charles I
  • Oliver Cromwell –
  • England becomes A Puritan Republic
  • Few immigrants – Population still increase
  • The halfway covenant

The Founding of the Middle Colonies

  • From New Netherland to New York
  • New Jersey and Pennsylvania
  • Toleration and Diversity in Pennsylvania

From New Netherland to New York

  • 1609 – Dutch East India Company sends Henry Hudson - NW passage
  • 1619 – Dutch West India Company – Western Hem.
  • 1624 – fur trade
  • 1626 – Peter Minuit bought Manhattan Island
  • 1647-1664 Gov. tried to force conformity to DRC

The Dutch are proud of toleration

Problems are coming for the Dutch

  • The Dutch Company never allowed representative government

From New Netherland to New York

  • 1664 – Becomes New York

Charles II Grants huge area of land to his brother

James the Duke of York

Duke sends a fleet to Manhattan

Demands Dutch Governor to Surrender

Duke maintains religious toleration

New Jersey and Pennsylvania

  • The Duke gave a grant to two of his friends
  • New Jersey
  • Puritan and Dutch resisted the new Government
  • One of the friends sold his share to two Quakers
  • These Quakers started to fight over the area
  • William Penn sent to settle the argument
  • It will give Penn the idea of his holy experiment

Toleration and Diversity in Pennsylvania

  • Tolerant of other religions
  • Fair and honest with the Indians
  • Welcomed all nationalities
  • Welcomed all religious groups
  • Pennsylvania and Philadelphia will prosper

The Colonies and the British Empire

  • Royal Regulation of Colonial Trade
  • Consolidation of Royal Authority

Royal Regulation of Colonial Trade

  • Navigation Acts – enumerated lists

1650, 1651,1660, 1663

  • Staple Act of 1663 – all goods must pass through England first
  • Purpose –

Regulate Trade,

Protect English Merchants

  • Mercantilism

Consolidation of Royal Authority

  • King Philip’s War
  • Charles II – Reign in NE

Conclusion: The Seventeenth-Century Legacy of English North America

Opening Vignette

  • Anne Hutchinson is accused of Heresy

Documenting the American Promise

  • King Philip Considers Christianity

Historical Question

  • Why Were some New Englanders Accused of Being Witches?