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The Southern Colonies in the Seventeenth Century

1601-1700

Chapter 3

Opening Vignette

Opening Vignette

Opening Vignette

1609 Two years later – returns to England
1624 Writes Generall Historie of Virginia
Never returns to colonies
Things are far from peachy.

Opening Vignette

Pocahontas brings gifts from Powhatan
1613 bloody conflicts
Pocahontas captured
1614 Christianity and Wedding John Rolfe
1616 has Son Thomas leave for England
1617 Pocahontas dies in England

What’s happening in the seventeenth century?

A complete reversal of fortunes for Powhatan and his people
The colonists must learn to survive
They must govern themselves
They must find a cash crop to produce in surplus for export
They must find labor for this work

The Southern Colonies in the Seventeenth Century

An English Colony on the Chesapeake
A Tobacco Society
The Evolution of Chesapeake Society
Toward a Slave Labor System

An English Colony on the Chesapeake

The Fragile Jamestown Settlement
Encounters between Natives and Newcomers
From Private Company to Royal Government

An English Colony on the Chesapeake

1600 James I looking to North America
1588 Liz I defeats the Spanish Armada
1606 The Virginia Company seeks a Charter
50 Miles to North, 50 miles to South and 100 miles to West
Most people realized it was a license to pick the Spanish apart

An English Colony on the Chesapeake

Some in England saw this as more than a Privateers opportunity
Richard Hakluyt-strong supporter of colonization
- An outlet for the Swarms of poor
- Work in the colonies to produce goods for England
- Create a market for English woolens
They thought Virginia offered quick fixes and rewards—think again.

The Fragile Jamestown Settlement

1606 three ships and 144 Englishmen head for Virginia
The Susan Constant, the Discovery and the Godspeed
Storms delay them and they stop over in the West Indies

The Fragile Jamestown Settlement

April 26, 1607 they arrive at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay
First night two wounded in an attack
Three weeks searched for a settlement spot
First thing they do is build a fort.

The Fragile Jamestown Settlement

May and June skirmishes
Colonists have firepower and fortification
Powhatan has numbers and knowledge of area
In late June, Powhatan makes peace overtures – Why???
The colonists had other problems than Indians
Disease and Starvation

The Fragile Jamestown Settlement

By September, 50 of the colonists are dead of disease
According to George Percy…
They bickered and plotted among themselves
Leave crops unplanted - ???
The food supply started to diminish and some died
Powhatan came to their rescue
He brought corn to barter with

The Fragile Jamestown Settlement

When they needed more, they sent John Smith to trade with other tribes up river.
He was more soldier than merchant
Stubborn?? You could be held hostage or shot
Through these final efforts 38 of the original colonists survived till the next year
Jan. 1608, 120 new settlers and fresh supplies
Next few years hundreds would come – very few survive
1609-1610 ‘The Starving Time’

Encounters between Natives and Newcomers

Natives were an oral culture—white man’s eyes
They maintained contact-mostly peaceful
‘the pearles from the earth…’

Encounters between Natives and Newcomers

Few mixed marriages
Few learned their language - Smith
Mostly friendly – but English had better weapons
Indians would refuse to trade…
The book says ‘they were impressed with the White God…’
Your God exceeds ours in the same way your weapons exceeds ours.
Trade provided the settlers with what they needed…

Encounters between Natives and Newcomers

FOOD – Why they not able to feed themselves?
1) Death rate and sickness
Numbers kept decreasing
May have been too sick to be productive
2) Very few farmers
Adventurers, Soldiers
Wealthy people seeking profit
“Never worked a day in their lives”

The Promise of Technology

Technology????
Corn, the “Life-Giver”
If the colonists want to be self sufficient…
Originally – Food only fit for swine
Hunger changes minds
Corn had potential of huge increase
Pop corn, Hominy, Cornmeal

Encounters between Natives and Newcomers

1618 Powhatan dies and his brother takes over
Opechancanough organized an all out assault on the English
Kills more than 300 - 1/3 of the population
But, this did not uproot the settlers
Before 1622— “We need the Indians to stay alive”
After 1622— “The Indians need to die”

From Private Company to Royal Government

Opechancanough’s attacks prompt a royal investigation
The death rate was caused more by mismanagement than Indian attack
1624 King James revoked the Charter
James appoints a Governor and his cabinet
In 1619 the company established the House of Burgesses
They would propose laws and the company would OK them
Now it was the king not company
Under the king, all free adult men could vote for Burgesses

From Private Company to Royal Government

This ends the first phase of English colonization in the south
1607 – 105 adventurers
1624 – 1200 settlers
The death rate remained higher than any epidemic in England
Finally they would find their crop—
Tobacco

A Tobacco Society

Tobacco Agriculture
A Servant Labor System

A Tobacco Society

John Smith wrote much later…
-- “As for tobacco, we never dreamed of it.”
Native tobacco—terrible
1612—John Rolfe West Indian Tobacco
1617—First commercial shipment to England
--Sold for a very high price—this is the pivot-point
1620—1000 colonists—60,000 lbs. (60 lbs. per)

A Tobacco Society

1700—98,000 colonists—
35 Million lbs.
(357 lbs. per)

Needed Labor

Tobacco Agriculture

Tried to grow food in the off season
The tobacco grew well
The land was cheap
Common laborer could buy 100 acres for less than 1 years wages
If you paid your own way –a grant of fifty acres per paid passage Headrights
The Company started the practice – king kept it up

A Servant Labor System

Headrights, Cheap land, High wages – the promise land
Most people could not afford the passage
Passage cost 5 lbs.—a years wages in England
Shrinking job market in England
Farms become ranches – Wool industry
Fewer farmhands needed
Inflation was also on the rise
What to do???????

A Servant Labor System

Poor Immigrants would sign a contract with a local merchant – indenture
Contracted to work 4 to 7 years without pay
When they complete “freedom dues”
--Three barrels of corn and a suit of cloths
The only thing they had to bargain with…

Their LABOR

A Servant Labor System

In the colonies…
Planters were willing to pay twice the passage for workers
2 reasons this was a good idea
A servant would work off the cost in the first year
A headright for each passage paid
This could have some draw backs…

A Servant Labor System

Bad weather
Disease
Insects
DEATH
275 servants in MD - 40% died before the end of the indenture was over

A Servant Labor System

Most were young—15-25
Some were farmers most with no special skills
Skilled labor could get a shorter indenture
But why move to the colonies if you had a skill???
Women were rare
Company brought prospective wives
120 lbs of leaf tobacco for a wife

The Evolution of Chesapeake Society

Life, Faith, and Labor
Government, Politics, and Polarization
Bacon’s Rebellion

Life, Faith, and Labor

Tobacco dictates lifestyle
Complete departure from English norms
Near river to minimize labor

Life, Faith, and Labor

Both Protestant and Catholics
Tobacco governed their lives not religion
Very different than New England
Catholic colony
1632 King Charles I (After James)

Life, Faith, and Labor

1632 King Charles I gave a land grant
Lord Baltimore
1634 two ships The Ark and the Dove arrived in MD
150 settlers – very slow growth
Most of the new settlers were not catholic
In reality the true faith –
tobacco

Life, Faith, and Labor

This is the era of the yeoman farmer
Few wealthy plantations
Early days free land owners and servants
Really lived the same life
Same work, same food, same death rate
This changes 1650

Life, Faith, and Labor

1650 - Three developments that change things
--increase production/decrease price
--decrease death rate/ men survive indenture
Freemen / no land
Become discontent
--decrease death rate/ can accumulate wealth
By 1670 – polarized social structure
Land owners vs. former servants

Government, Politics, and Polarization

The colonial Government pushed the class division
Servant / Master relationships
After 1640 no former servant served in an office
Strange - until 1670 all free men could vote
1661 – Gov. Berkeley no elections for 15 yrs.
1670 – only land owners can vote
Taxes – taxman gets a cut

Government, Politics, and Polarization

The Navigation acts…built upon laws from 1650 and 1651
Ship good on English ships with English crews
1660 – all colonial goods must pass through English port – for tax
1663 – all goods coming to the colonies must do the same
Designed to protect English business
¼ of all duties were collected from tobacco

Bacon’s Rebellion

1644 – Opechancanough went on the warpath again
2 days – kills more than 500 settlers
Next 2 years – capture Opechancanough and murder him
Treaty that ends the war
Indians relinquished claims to land English were on
Wilderness land exclusive to Indians
Had population remained constant…
1660s & 1670s violence breaks out

Bacon’s Rebellion

The government tried to restore peace
They were far from the trouble
Problem for the frontier farmers
Nathaniel Bacon saw two problems
--Indians
--rich planters (plantation guys) Grandees
“see what spounges have suckt up the Publique Treasure.”

Bacon’s Rebellion

In reality…
Bacon was a Grandee
1674 – Bacon, at age 27, came to VA to make his fortune
He was Gov. Berkeley’s cousin and related to other officials

Bacon’s Rebellion

Bacon wanted to lead an army against the Indians
Berkley refused—labeled Bacon a rebel—ordered elections
Oops—Bacon and his followers won
1676—new measures were passed
--voice in taxes
--bribes and being paid extra for doing your job
--holding multiple offices, native born or at least three yrs. to hold office
Restored vote to all freemen

Bacon’s Rebellion

Shows up with 500 armed men
Berkeley sensed it was time to compromise
Pardons Bacon and sends him off to fight.
After they leave Berkeley is convinced to label Bacon a traitor again.
More of a threat than the Indians

Bacon finds out…
Proves that he is a threat

Bacon’s Rebellion

Three months they attacked the Indians and sacked ‘Grandee’ estates
Berkeley’s supporters attacked Bacon’s supporters
Both promised freedom to servants and slaves
In Sept. Bacon marched on Jamestown and burned it.
In late Oct. Bacon dies
Ships from England arrive to help Berkeley
He hangs many of Bacon’s supporters

Toward a Slave Labor System

The West Indies: Sugar and Slavery
Carolina: A West Indian Frontier
The Chesapeake: Tobacco and Slaves

Toward a Slave Labor System

In the Sixteenth Century…
The Spanish and the Portuguese established slavery
In the Seventeenth Century…
British colonies in the West Indies follow the example
Not in the N. A. colonies until the end of the century
1670 – Settlers from Barbados brought slavery
To the Carolina colony – more like W.I. then rest of N.A.
Then, Slavery starts in the Chesapeake

Toward a Slave Labor System

The West Indies: Sugar and Slavery

N.A. is not the focus of British interest
More trouble than we are worth
W.I. are profitable – 2 reasons
Sugar cane
By-product of sugar processing – molasses

The West Indies: Sugar and Slavery

Colonized in 1630s
1640 – started growing sugar cane
Barbados is “the most flourishing Island in all those American parts, and I verily believe in all the world for the production of sugar.”
1650 – sugar exports 150,000 lbs.
1700 – sugar exports 50,000,000 lbs.
Expansive to process – Machinery
Poor farmers would leave
1650-1700 the white population would be cut in half
Very labor intensive

The West Indies: Sugar and Slavery

1680 – Plantation owners 4 times richer than tobacco grandees
Another difference – average W.I. plantation – 115 slaves
1640 – started importation of slaves by the thousands
By 1650…
Chesapeake – 3% of population is African
Barbados – Africans are the majority of population
By 1700 – ¾ of the population was African

The West Indies: Sugar and Slavery

Life for the slave in W.I. brutal and unremitting
Male slaves outnumbered female slaves 2 to 1
Not permitted to have families
Increase in population came from importation not natural production
Sugar cane would not catch on in N.A. but the islands would influence main land colonies

Carolina: A West Indian Frontier

1663 – settlers come from Barbados to S.C.
John Colleton and seven others – Charter from Charles II
Colony south of the Chesapeake North of Florida
Want to find a crop like sugar or tobacco
Simple plan…
Attract settlers from Barbados
Offer 150 acre head-right
1670 established the first settlement
They would bring slavery with them
Tried many crops – rice wins 1690
First settlers sold livestock, timber and Indian slaves

The Chesapeake: Tobacco and Slaves

Chesapeake is heavily influenced by the W.I. model
Up to 1670 – almost no Africans lived in Chesapeake
Between 1670 and 1700 population increases 5 fold
Plantation owners switch from servant to slave labor
Advantages of slaves over servants…
Slaves never became free like servants (cost more)
Life expectancy is longer by 1680
Children born to slave woman inherited slave status
Could be controlled politically
Not like the freed servants in Bacon’s rebellion

The Chesapeake: Tobacco and Slaves

Slavery would be different in the Chesapeake
Slaves would come from Barbados
Tobacco was not as hard work as sugar
There would be fewer slaves per plantation
Owners would work along side their slaves
Some social activity was allowed…
Families are encouraged – at least procreation
Cross plantation get together allowed sometimes
Sometimes this would lead to escapes
And sometimes attempted armed insurgence
The whites would maintain majority population

Conclusion:

Conclusion: Status and Race in the Southern Economy

1700 – Virginia, Maryland and Carolina are established
Each has its own ‘cash crop’
Their lives were very different from their English homeland
Their lives were different from New Spain settlements
No gold
Relationship with the natives
The English are here to stay