History homework
thunder11
ampr-ch2.ppt
Europeans and the New World
1492-1600
Chapter 2
Opening Vignette
- Columbus Encounters the Tainos of San Salvador
Columbus Encounters the Tainos of San Salvador
Europeans and the New World
- Europe in the Age of Exploration
- A Surprising New World in the Western Atlantic
- Spanish Exploration and Conquest
- The New World and Europe
- Conclusion: The Legacy of the Sixteenth Century
Europe in the Age of Exploration
- A. D. 1000 the Norse established settlements in the ‘New World’
- Europe’s interests were in the East not West
- Europe had developed a taste for luxuries
- It was dangerous…
- But it could be VERY PROFITTABLE!!!
Europe in the Age of Exploration
- Mediterranean Trade and European Expansion
- A Century of Portuguese Exploration
Europe in the Age of Exploration
Mediterranean Trade and European Expansion
- From the 12th to the 15th Century Trade was controlled by the Italian Cities in the Med.
- The other countries felt the grip.
- This is only one reason the other countries sought other routes to the east.
Mediterranean Trade
Mediterranean Trade
- Spice
- Silk
- Carpets
- Ivory
- Gold
- Persia
- Asia Minor
- India
- Africa
- China
European Expansion
- There were other reasons….
- Conquest and Empire-See Spanish
- The Black Plague
- The hope of gaining land
- Scientific and technological advancements
A Century of Portuguese Exploration
- SMALL
- TINY
- ITTY BITTY
- Will spend BIG money on Exploration
- Helped the Spanish Drive off the Muslims from the Iberian Peninsula
- Turning point for Portugal—capture of Ceuta 1415
A Century of Portuguese Exploration
- Prince Henry the Navigator
- Son of the King of Portugal
- Techie 1415-1460
- Expand types of Trade
- Push his explorers
- Blessing of the King and the Pope
A Century of Portuguese Exploration
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The caravel (also spelled carvel) is a light sailing ship that that was developed by the Portuguese in the late 1400's, and was used for the next 300 years. The Portuguese developed this ship to help them explore the African coast. The caravel was an improvement on older ships because it could sail very fast and also sail well into the wind (windward). Caravel planking on the hull replaced thinner, less effective planking. Caravels were broad-beamed ships that had 2 or 3 masts with square sails and a triangular sail (called a lanteen). They were up to about 65 feet long and could carry roughly 130 tons of cargo. Caravels were smaller and lighter than the later Spanish galleons (developed in the 1500's).
Two of Christopher Columbus' three ships were caravels (the Niña and the Pinta).
A Century of Portuguese Exploration
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You can see the trips
A Century of Portuguese Exploration
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The hops from place to place
A Century of Portuguese Exploration
- Bartolomeu Dias
- 1488 Cape of Good Hope
- The possibility of sailing to India
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The caravel (also spelled carvel) is a light sailing ship that that was developed by the Portuguese in the late 1400's, and was used for the next 300 years. The Portuguese developed this ship to help them explore the African coast. The caravel was an improvement on older ships because it could sail very fast and also sail well into the wind (windward). Caravel planking on the hull replaced thinner, less effective planking. Caravels were broad-beamed ships that had 2 or 3 masts with square sails and a triangular sail (called a lanteen). They were up to about 65 feet long and could carry roughly 130 tons of cargo. Caravels were smaller and lighter than the later Spanish galleons (developed in the 1500's).
Two of Christopher Columbus' three ships were caravels (the Niña and the Pinta).
A Century of Portuguese Exploration
- Vasco da Gama
- 1498 First trip to India
- No middle men
- No mark ups
- No over land travel
- No Italians
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The caravel (also spelled carvel) is a light sailing ship that that was developed by the Portuguese in the late 1400's, and was used for the next 300 years. The Portuguese developed this ship to help them explore the African coast. The caravel was an improvement on older ships because it could sail very fast and also sail well into the wind (windward). Caravel planking on the hull replaced thinner, less effective planking. Caravels were broad-beamed ships that had 2 or 3 masts with square sails and a triangular sail (called a lanteen). They were up to about 65 feet long and could carry roughly 130 tons of cargo. Caravels were smaller and lighter than the later Spanish galleons (developed in the 1500's).
Two of Christopher Columbus' three ships were caravels (the Niña and the Pinta).
A Surprising New World in the Western Atlantic
- The Explorations of Columbus
- The Geographic Revolution and the Columbian Exchange
The Explorations of Columbus
- Born 1451 in Genoa
- At sea at 14
- Married well – Felipa Moniz
- Father-in-law grew up in the home of Henry the Nav.
- Columbus inherited all maps, charts and papers.
The Explorations of Columbus
- Columbus has a plan
- He believes Asia is 2500 miles from his front door—to the west.
- In reality, Asia is more than 11,000 miles
- Good sailor—Bad Math
The Explorations of Columbus
- Portuguese King first
- So he moves to Spain
- Henry VII of England
- He then goes to the French
- He finally finds support
The Explorations of Columbus
- They give him three ships
- They really don’t have much to lose
- The could have a lot to gain.
The Explorations of Columbus
- Use the Technology and sailing skills of the Portuguese.
- Nina, Pinta, and the Santa Maria
- Six weeks later—pay dirt.
The Explorations of Columbus
- What went wrong???
- No Asians
- No wealth
- Three months searching – for who?
- The King of Japan
- Takes six Tainos back with him
The Explorations of Columbus
- They are happy as larks
- Spain is now first place
- Columbus is made Admiral of the Ocean Sea
- The six ‘heathern’ are baptized
- They run to the Pope—Alexander IV
The Explorations of Columbus
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You can see the trips
The Explorations of Columbus
- Columbus goes back to ‘Asia’
- 17 ships and 1000 settlers and workers
- Ship Wreck strands 39 sailors on Hispaniola
- When he comes back—bad things
- Dies in 1505
The Geographic Revolution and the Columbian Exchange
- From this point on everything changes
The Geographic Revolution and the Columbian Exchange
The Geographic Revolution and the Columbian Exchange
- John Cabot
- Giovanni Caboto
- born 1455 in Gaeta, near Naples
- First trip - Newfounland
- Second trip—never heard from again
The Geographic Revolution and the Columbian Exchange
- Amerigo Vespucci
- Passion for Geography
- 1499 – Sailed with Spanish to New World
- Landed South American Continent
- 1507 – German Map maker Named the “New World” America
The Geographic Revolution and the Columbian Exchange
- Pedro Alvars Cabral
- Headed for the Indian ocean
- Oops-Brazil
- Vespucci sent to check it out
The Explorations of Columbus
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You can see the trips
The Geographic Revolution and the Columbian Exchange
- 1513 – Vasco Nunez de Balbao crossed the isthmus of Panama
- 1519 – Magellan leaves on his voyage
5 Ships 250 men
- 1520 – killed by Philippine tribesmen
1 Ship 18 men
The Explorations of Columbus
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You can see the trips
The Geographic Revolution and the Columbian Exchange
- This was a disaster
- What did it prove?
- Columbus was a good Sailor but…
- You can get there this way, but…
- From this point on, If you go west, it is for the new world.
The Geographic Revolution and the Columbian Exchange
- From Europe
- Christianity
- Iron tech
- Sailing Ships
- Firearms
- Wheeled vehicles
- Horses and other domesticated animals
- Smallpox, measles…
- To Europe
- Corn
- Potatoes
- Pineapples
- Tobacco
- STD - Syphilis
Spanish Exploration and Conquest
- Up to this time, the New World was barley paying for itself.
- But After 1519, The New World would make Spain the most powerful nation in the world
Spanish Exploration and Conquest
- At first, Spanish Exploration was along the coast and islands
- They established settlements on the large islands
- Enslaved Caribbean Tribes – Mine Gold, Grow Crops
- But by 1519 things will change
Spanish Exploration and Conquest
- The Conquest of Mexico
- The Search for Other Mexicos
- New Spain in the Sixteenth Century
- The Toll of Spanish Conquest and Colonization
- Northern Outposts in Florida and New Mexico
The Conquest of Mexico
- 1504 – arrives in new world – 19 years old
- Fought in Cuba
- 1519 – given OK to go to the mainland…Why?
- A fabled Kingdom of GOLD
- Takes 600 men, 11 Ships
The Conquest of Mexico
- Very Charismatic – His men will follow him
- Lands on the Yucatan peninsula
- Meets a Mayan chief
- Chief gives him an interpreter – Malinali
- She learned Spanish
- She would be very useful to Cortes
The Conquest of Mexico
- Montezuma hears about them
- He thinks it’s Quetzalcoatl as was predicted
- He sends gifts worthy of a god
- Marina clues Cortes about Quetzalcoatl
- Cortes puts on the divine cloths
- People return and tell Montezuma Everything they saw
- He makes a feast for them –
- Just the way Quetzalcoatl likes it.
The Conquest of Mexico
- 1519 Cortes takes 350 of his men to find Montezuma
- Cortes takes him hostage-puppet king
- One of Cortes men does a bad thing
- 1520 Cortes must flee with the remainder of his men
- He makes friends-Tlaxcalans
- He regroups and prepares
- He returns to lay siege to the city
- Along with tens of thousands of Indians
The Search for Other Mexicos
The Search for Other Mexicos
- Francisco Pizarro 1532 – Peru
- With two hundred men captured the Incan ruler - Atahualpa
- They gave him the largest treasure yet
- They killed the ruler
The Search for Other Mexicos
The Search for Other Mexicos
- Juan Ponce de Leon 1521 – Florida – Killed by Calusa Indians
- Lucas Vazquez de Ayllon 1525 – Atlantic Coast from Fl. to S.C.
Establish small settlement in Ga.
Within a few months they become sick and most die
- Panfilo de Narvaez 1528 – Gulf coast from FL to TX – Ends badly on coast of TX
The Search for Other Mexicos
- Hernando de Soto 1539 – Inland
- Involved in Peru
- 600 men, 9 ships
- Searching for a ‘Peru’ in North America
- Dies in 1542
- His men bury him and bolt
The Search for Other Mexicos
The Search for Other Mexicos
- Francisco Vasquez de Coronado 1540 – Southwest and Great Plains
- 300 Spanish, 1000 Indians, 1500 horses, and a priest
The Search for Other Mexicos
The Search for Other Mexicos
- Juan Rodriguez Careillo 1542 – West coast of California
- Dies on Santa Catalina Island
- Men push on to Oregon
New Spain in the Sixteenth Century
- Spain controled the New World in the 16th Century
- Portugal had Brazil but not interested in colonies
- The Crown allowed them to do what they wanted
- Crown took the “royal fifth”
New Spain in the Sixteenth Century
- New Spain was governed by Encomiendas
- Similar to a Feudal system
- Indians were under the authority of the conquistadors
The Indians did all the labor
The Encomienderos ensured they could become Christians
- This System brought about 2 types of critics
New Spain in the Sixteenth Century
- The first set of critics were the Priests
Fray Bartolome de Las Casas
Did not influence the Encomienderos
Did win friends in Noble Circle at home
- The second set of critics were the Royal bureaucrats
Not concerned with the mistreatment of Indians
Concerned with the autonomy of the encomienderos
New Spain in the Sixteenth Century
- The Crown would try to reform the system
- 1549 repartimiento was an attempt to regulate the forced labor
- Never really had an impact – two reasons
The Royals were still getting rich
The coerced labor was based on racist assumptions
The Toll of Spanish Conquest and Colonization
- By 1560…
- Major centers of Indian civilization had been conquered
- Indian leaders overthrown
- Their religious practices suppressed
- Their people forced into slavery
The Toll of Spanish Conquest and Colonization
- Not only human conquest…
- Disease was conquering them also
- Smallpox, Measles, Respiratory illness
- By 1570, fifty years after Cortes…
- The native population had fallen to 10% of when Columbus arrived.
- Of course this did not escape Spanish notice, something would have to be done…
The Toll of Spanish Conquest and Colonization
- Import slaves from Africa
- By 1550, only 15,000 African slaves
- From 1550 to 1600 this would increase to 36,000
- This would complicate things for the Spanish—very race conscious
Northern Outposts in Florida and New Mexico
- 1493 – Pope gives new world to Spain
- Needed settlements to prove it.
- Needed settlements to protect gold shipments
- Group of French Protestants were in Flordia
Northern Outposts in Florida and New Mexico
- 1565 – Pedro Menendez Aviles
- Create settlements along the Atlantic coast
- He removes the French from St. Augustine
- 1567 St. Elena (Parris Island)
- Sent a group to Chesapeake Bay-bad move
Northern Outposts in Florida and New Mexico
- 1598 – Juan Onate
- Father was silver miner
- Wife was Isabel Tolosa Cortes Montezuma
- Modern Day New Mexico
- The Indians swore an oath to God and King in each pueblo
- San Gabriel (Santa Fe)
- Acoma Pueblo revolted – 800 M-W-C
The New World and Europe
- The Protestant Reformation and the European Order
- New World Treasure and Spanish Ambitions
- Europe and the Spanish Example
The Protestant Reformation and the European Order
- Martin Luther
- Good Catholic Monk
- Wanted to reform from the inside
- The Kings and Princes may have had other plans
New World Treasure and Spanish Ambitions
- Charles V
- Son Philip II
- Spent more than was coming from America
- Taxed the Spanish – not the nobles
- Had to borrow money from banks
Europe and the Spanish Example
- 1534 Cartier- St. Lawrence
- 1564 – Huguenots
- 1576 – Martin Frobisher NW Passage
Europe and the Spanish Example
- Sir Humphrey Gilbert
- 1578 & 1583 attempted colonies in New Foundland
- Lost at sea
- Sir Walter Raleigh
Europe and the Spanish Example
- 1585-First trip left no one
- 1587-Sent back about 100 settlers
- John White leader
- White went back for supplies
- 1590-Everyone Gone
- Croatoan – carved on tree
Conclusion: The Legacy of the Sixteenth Century
- Whole new world
- Columbian Exchange
- European Monarchs found…
Resources to exploit
Land to expand Empire
Wealth beyond their dreams…
- Some of these dreams would turn to nightmares
