Read the instruction to understand what to do then do report lab for experiment 3

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2. Abstract

The abstract is a brief summary of the full report. It should include any essential background information (e.g., the purpose of the experiment), a brief description of procedures or testing method used, a concise quantitative statement of results and important conclusions. The purpose of the abstract is to allow the reader to determine whether or not it will be worth the while to read the entire paper. The abstract should be on a separate page (the 2rd of the report). The title of the Abstract should be centered at the top of the page and TYPED IN

BOLD WITH UPPER-CASE LETTERS.

SAMPLE ABSTRACTS

The following is the abstract for the Principal Stresses and Strains Experiment.

ABSTRACT Principal stress refers to the magnitudes of stress that occur on certain planes aligned with a solid body of which they occur. For a rectangular beam, a corner of the beam could be thought of as the origin of this coordinate system with each of the planes parallel to the three touching faces of the beam at that point. In the following experiment, two principal stresses and strains were determined using a rosette, an array of three strain gauges. When a 3.77 lb load was applied to a beam measuring 1" x 0.125" x 11.250" demonstrated a principal strain of 1528 and -463 με longitudinally and laterally (respectively) at 1 inch from the clamp. The stress was therefore calculated to be 15.9 and 0.0 ksi longitudinally and laterally (respectively) at the same position.

The following is the abstract for the Torsion Test Experiment.

ABSTRACT The following experiment outlines the proper procedure for determining the shear modulus for a material. During this exercise, aluminum and brass were both used as samples to demonstrate how materials behave during testing conditions. By measuring the applied torque with respect to the angle of twist, the shear modulus, shear stress at the limit of proportionality, and failure conditions can be found. Ultimately, the shear modulus for Aluminum and brass was determined to be 3078 and 3708 ksi respectively.

Notes:

1- Note how the Abstract begins with a statement of what was done and why. The style of an abstract is formal, with more frequent use of passive voice than you might employ in other sections of the report.

2- Note also the mention of specific results and conclusions.

Points of Weakness:

1- Omits critical findings.

2- Refers reader to figures or tables in the report.

3- Relies on vague language.

4- Write introduction context and detail theoretical background.

5- Omits the experiment summary or brief description.

3. Grading Table

The following is a grading table presents required sections in the lab report related points assigned for each one. This table should be listed after the Abstract and can be used as a check list when finish lab report.

Item	Grade
Overall Organization & Readability – 10%
Technical Writing and Adherence to lab report format - 5%
Abstract - 5%
Introduction - 10%
Theoretical Background - 5%
Procedure - 5%
Results & Discussion - 35%
Post-Lab Assignments - 15%
Conclusions & Recommendation - 10%
Total ( 100 Point)

4. Table of Content

The table of content indicates sections, sub-sections and page numbers. Page numbering should be started from the cover page but no page number should be listed on the title page or Abstract.

5. Introduction & Objective

The "Introduction" identifies the experiment, the physical phenomena that is being investigated, the objectives of the experiment, the importance of the experiment, and overall background for understanding the experiment. The objectives of the experiment are important to state because these objectives are usually analyzed in the conclusion to determine whether the experiment succeeded. The background often includes theoretical predictions for what the results should be.

Points of Weakness:

1- Fails to clearly define the problem and the relevance of the experiment.

6. Theoretical Background

The theory behind the experiment should be clearly explained, including the key components of the theory, equations used in calculations, and any assumptions that are being considered during experimental work. Equations relevant to the experiment should be numbered. All referenced material should be properly footnoted.

7. Materials & Apparatus

All laboratory apparatus used in the investigation, along with a detailed diagram to illustrate the configuration of the apparatus, should be included in this section. The variables to be measured should be clearly pictured.

Points of Weakness:

1- Includes unnecessary detail and makes repeated use of “then.” 2- Fails to use lists or diagrams when those would be helpful.

8. Procedure

This is where the experimental methods are described in details. A very detailed description of procedures Include the information necessary to allow someone to repeat what you did. This section should identify and name all experimental variables and briefly describe how the independent variables are controlled. Someone who was not present during the lab should be able to understand how the experiment was performed by reading your procedure.

Points of Weakness:

1- Includes unnecessary detail and makes repeated use of “then.”

9. Experimental Date

Data consists only of those values measured directly from the experimental apparatus/ or dimensions of the specimens. No values obtained by way of mathematical manipulations or interpretations of any kind may be included in this section of the report. Data should consist of as many trials as judgment would indicate necessary. The units for physical measurements (kg, m, s, etc.) in a data table should be specified also. Graphs given or developed in lab should be included in this section. Present data collected in clear, properly constructed tables and graphs. States results in clear language and in past tense.

10. Calculations & Evaluation of Data

This section should include all graphs, analysis of graphs, and post laboratory calculations (hand calculations) . State each formula, and if necessary, identify the symbols used in the formula. Be certain that your final calculated values are expressed to the correct number of significant figures. A description of the mathematical methods used to analyze the data is required.

Points of Weakness:

1- Fails to summarize overall results.

2- Fails to present data in formats that reveal critical relationships (trends, cause/effect, etc.)

3- Fails to identify units of measurement.

11. Results and Discussion

In discussing the results, you should not only analyze the results, but also discuss the implications of those results . Moreover, pay attention to the errors that existed in the experiment, both where they originated and what their significance is for interpreting the reliability of conclusions. One important way to present numerical results is to show them in graphs.

POST-LAB QUESTIONS:

Post-lab questions are assigned with each experiment and intended to give an idea about the minimum issues or experiment aspects need to be discussed in the “Results and Discussions” section. The questions should be answered within the context of the experiment discussion in a paragraph writing style and not as a short answer format. In another word, do not limit the discussion to the post-lab questions only, discuss and analyze the experiment beyond the postlab questions and based on the of materials taught in the course of Mechanics of Materials.

12. Conclusion

In longer laboratory reports, a "Conclusion" section often appears. Whereas the "Results and Discussion" section has discussed the results individually, the "Conclusion" section discusses the results in the context of the entire experiment. Usually, the objectives mentioned in the "Introduction" are examined to determine whether the experiment succeeded. If the objectives were not met, you should analyze why the results were not as predicted. Note that in shorter reports or in reports where "Discussion" is a separate section from "Results," you often do not have a "Conclusion" section.

13. Important Notes

1- Avoid using personal pronouns (e.g. I, we, our, you, me, my…etc) in lab report.

2- Make sure to write clearly. Ask when you read it loud to yourself or a friend, does it make sense? Don't forget to use the spell-checker in your word processor.

3- Check to be sure you addressed all the questions included in the lab exercise.

4- Do not use reports from previous semesters. Lab materials will be improved each semester.

5- Past tense should be used to describe what you did in lab. Present tense should be used for statements of fact and chemical properties. For example: "The melting point of unknown 3319801 was measured to be 109ºC. The melting point of acetanilide is 114ºC."

6- Avoid using the first person and any statements of how you "felt" about an experiment, whether it was "easy," or the supposition that you "learned a lot" from the lab.

14. Laboratory Report Grading Criteria

The Lab Reports will be graded using the following guidelines:

1- Overall Organization & Readability – 10%

2- Technical writing and adherence to lab report format– 5%

3- Abstract – 5%

4- Introduction – 10%

5- Theoretical Background 5%

6- Procedures – 5%

7- Results & Discussion – 50% (30% on communication, 20% on technical merit).

8- Conclusions & Recommendations – 10% (7% on communication, 3% on technical merit).

15. References

Citations in the text should be in brackets and contain author(s) and year, e.g.: [Smith 2002], [Jobes and Mayton 2006], [Mayton et al. 2005]. The References section should list the references in alphabetical order by author.

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