DUE IN 16 HOURS ENGR 202 LAB

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ENGR 202 Evaluation and Presentation of Experimental Data II Summer 2016

Bi-Weekly Laboratory 3.

LabVIEW – Part I: Wait Function, Registers, and Loops

Supplement

A video providing more background on the material covered will be provided in lecture.

Materials

To do this lab you need only a copy of LabVIEW (8.6 or above) and the tutorial file “Tutorial: Timing, Shift Registers, and Case Structures” posted on our BbLearn site. The source of the tutorial is http://zone.ni.com/devzone/cda/tut/p/id/7592.

Learning Outcomes

• Develop an awareness and basic skills with the following functions of LabVIEW • Timing Functions - introduce a delay • Shift Registers - pass data between iterations of a loop • Case Structures - similar to “if” statements in other programming languages

Instructions

The activities in this lab cover material designed by National Instruments to develop skills using the following capabilities of LabVIEW: Wait Function, Shift Registers and Case Structures. These capabilities are often encountered in LabVIEW programs and will help you develop the data acquisition VIs needed in ENGR 201 and 202.

The lab consists of performing a set of LabVIEW tutorials and a LabVIEW exercise described below. Start with the tutorial on page 3, the lab concludes with having you implement a loop timing LabVIEW VI (Page 13) designed to count the time from the start of the VI until the STOP button is pressed. The purpose of doing these exercises, and those that follow in the upcoming weeks, is to get you familiar with the design and structure of LabVIEW programs that can be used in acquiring, processing, and saving experimental data.

National Instruments has rated each of these exercises as requiring 40 minutes to complete, but we find that Drexel engineering students can do all three in our 110 minute block if groups are kept small and everyone stays on task. The maximum group size should be three students. While the tutorial does not call for it, we expect you to follow good programming practices and add some text documentation on the block diagram describing what is being done in each major section. In future laboratories that require full laboratory reports this “commentary/documentation” will be required for total credit. Remember to keep copies of all VIʼs produced for use at a later time.

Since this activity is a tutorial rather than a typical lab, there will be no laboratory report for this week. To get credit for having completed the lab you must demonstrate to your TA that your VI’s work as

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advertised and include documentation (verification sheet is provided on the last page):

• Documentation of your operating Vis must include:

– Names of all lab team members on both the front panel and block diagram of each of the 4 VIs

– “Real” data in your controls and indicators showing that your function are correct. The control panel must not come up blank when started

– Comments within the block diagram to explain what is happening in the VI

Please save your vi’s as they will be necessary for future laboratories.

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Tutorial: Timing, Shift Registers, and Case Structures Publish Date: Oct 13, 2015

Overview

In this tutorial you will learn to expand the potential of your VIs with timing functions, iterative data transfer, and case selectors. After you complete this tutorial, you will be able to time for and while loops, pass data between iterations of a loop, and programmatically select which sections of your code to run.

Table of Contents

Loop Timing in LabVIEW

Normally when a loop, such as a while loop, finishes executing one iteration, it immediately begins running the next. It is often beneficial to control how often a loop executes, or its frequency. For example, if you wanted to acquire data in a loop, you would need a method to control the frequency of the data acquisition. Timing a loop also allows the processor time to complete other tasks such as updating and responding to the user interface. In the following figures, the processor usage for a simple VI with a while loop running untimed and timed are shown. Timing a loop can drastically increase performance.

Untimed Loop

Wait Functions Timed Loop Executing at 1000 Times a Second

After you create a loop, you can place a wait VI inside of the loop to control how long it waits before performing the next iteration. There are two basic wait functions in LabVIEW: Wait (ms) and Wait Until Next ms Multiple.

The Wait (ms) function forces the loop to wait for a user-specified amount of time, in milliseconds, before running the next iteration. The Wait Until Next ms Multiple function watches the millisecond counter and waits for it to reach a multiple of the user-specified time, in milliseconds, before running the next iteration of the loop. You can use this VI to synchronize different activities. For example, you can configure multiple loops to execute at each multiple of 200 ms. Tutorial: Implementing a Wait Function in a Loop Consider using one of the wait functions in a while loop. Using the information from previous tutorials, create a blank VI in LabVIEW.

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1. Place a knob numeric control on the front panel by right-clicking on the front panel and navigating to Controls»Modern»Numeric»Knob.

2. Change the knob’s limits to 1 and 1000 by double-clicking on the knob’s current limits and entering the new values. You will use the knob to control a while loop’s wait time.

3. Place a numeric indicator on the front panel by right-clicking on the front panel and navigating to Controls»Modern»Numeric»Numeric Indicator.

4. This indicator displays the while loop iterations.

5. Change the Representation of the numeric indicator to I-32 (long integer) by right-clicking on the indicator and selecting Representation. Click on I32.

6. Place a Stop Boolean control on the front panel. You can find this at Controls»Modern»Boolean»Stop Button. Use this Stop button to stop the while loop.

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7. Double-click the name of the knob and change its name to “Wait Time (ms).”

8. Double-click the name of the numeric indicator and change its name to “Iteration.”

9. View the block diagram by selecting Window»Show Block Diagram or pressing <ctr-E>.

10. On the block diagram, drag a while loop around the front panel controls and indicator. Find the while loop at Functions»Programming»Structures»While loop.

After selecting the while loop, drag it around the three icons. If you miss one icon, just click and drag it into the loop.

11. Wire the Stop control to the while loop’s stop conditional terminal. Click on the right terminal of the Stop button’s icon, drag to the left input terminal of the stop conditional terminal, and click to complete the wire.

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12. Wire the numeric indicator to the while loop iteration terminal.

13. Right-click on the block diagram to open the Functions palette and then navigate to and open the Timing palette, which is located at Functions»Programming»Timing.

14. Place the Wait (ms) function, located in the Timing palette, inside the while loop.

15. Wire the knob control Wait Time (ms) to the input of the Wait (ms) function. The knob value specifies how long, in milliseconds, the loop waits before running the next iteration.

16. View the block diagram by selecting Window»Show Front Panel or pressing <ctr-E>. 17. Run the VI.

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18. As the VI runs, change the knob value by clicking and dragging the knob; note that the speed of the loop, as shown by the iteration indicator, changes accordingly.

19. Stop the VI using the Stop Boolean control.

Iterative Data Transfer

When programming with loops, sometimes you need to call data from previous iterations of the loop. In LabVIEW, you can use shift registers, which are similar to static variables in text-based programming languages, to pass values from one loop iteration to the next.

Data enters the right shift register and is passed to the left shift register on the next iteration of the loop.

Tutorial: Using Shift Registers The next section of this tutorial guides you through creating and using shift registers in a simple LabVIEW VI. 1. Create a new LabVIEW VI by navigating to File»New VI. 2. Place a numeric control on the front panel and change its value to 2. 3. Double-click on the control’s name and change it to “Initial.”

4. Place a numeric indicator on the front panel and name it “Result.”

5. View the block diagram by selecting Window»Show Block Diagram or pressing <ctr-E>.

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6. Place a for loop on the block diagram between the numeric control and indicator. The for loop is located at Functions»Programming»Structures»For Loop.

7. Right-click on the input of the count terminal of the for loop and select Create Constant. Change the value of this constant to 2.

8. Wire the output of the Initial control to the right edge of the for loop to create a tunnel. 9. Right-click on the tunnel that you just created and select Replace with Shift Register.

10. Wire the output of the right shift register to the Result indicator. 11. Place a multiply function in the for loop. 12. Place a numeric constant in the for loop, assign it a value of 3, and connect it to one of the input terminals of the multiply function. 13. Wire the left shift register to the remaining input of the multiply function, and wire the output of the function to the right shift register.

14. View the block diagram by selecting Window»Show Front Panel or pressing <ctr-E>. 15. Run the VI. The VI changes the value of the Result indicator to 18.

Explanation Shift registers are integral to this VI. To understand how the VI works, you can step through the code.

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Because the for loop’s counter terminal is wired to a constant of 2, it runs twice. On the first iteration of the for loop, the value of Initial, 2, is multiplied by 3. The result is 6, and this value is passed to the right shift register. On the second iteration of the for loop, the left shift register receives the value that was sent to the right shift register on the previous iteration, 6. The value of 6 is multiplied by 3, for a result of 18. Because the for loop completed all of its iterations, it stops running and the value of 18 is sent to the Result indicator on the front panel. The mathematical formula for this simple VI looks like this: Result = ( ( Initial * 3 ) * 3 ) If you changed the value of the for loop’s count terminal to 4, the mathematical formula looks like this: Result = ( ( ( ( Initial * 3 ) * 3 ) * 3 ) * 3 ) Case Structures

When programming in LabVIEW, you may want to choose between multiple sections of code based on an input. Based on the input it receives on the case selector terminal, the case structure chooses which “case,” or section of code, to execute. The case selector terminal appears as a small question mark (?) on the left side of the case structure.

If you change the input to the case selector terminal, the section of code that is executed changes. In the figures below, the case structure executes different code for the input strings “True” and “False.”

Selector Terminal

The case selector terminal can receive multiple data types. You can use the following data types as inputs to the case selector terminal: • Integers • Boolean values • Strings • Enumerated type values (Enums) A case structure with a Boolean wired to its selector terminal has a maximum of two cases; all other data types allow two or more cases. Tutorial: Programming with a Case Structure The following tutorial demonstrates how you can use a case structure to choose between multiple sections of code. 1. Create a new LabVIEW VI by navigating to File»New VI. 2. Place two numeric controls and a numeric indicator on the front panel. Name the numeric controls “Input A” and “Input B.” Name the indicator “Result.”

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3. Place an Enum control on the front panel. This control is located in Controls»Modern»Ring & Enum. Rename the control “Operation.”

4. Right-click on the Enum and select Edit Items… to open the Enum Properties.

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5. Click the Insert button and add the following Items: Add, Subtract, Multiply, and Divide.

6. Click the OK button at the bottom of the Enum Properties box to close it.

Your front panel should look similar to the following figure.

7. View the block diagram by selecting Window»Show Block Diagram or pressing <Ctrl-E>. 8. Place a case structure on the block diagram, between your controls and indicator. Find the case structure at Functions»Programming»Structures.

9. Wire the Operation Enum control to the case structure’s selector terminal, located on the left side of the case structure.

10. Right-click on the border of the case structure and select Add Case for Every Value. The case structure now has a case for every value of the Enum that is wired to the case selector terminal. This tutorial demonstrates four cases: Add, Subtract, Multiply, and Divide.

11. Switch to the “Add” case of the case selector terminal by clicking the right or left arrows at the top of the case structure, or by placing your mouse inside the case structure and pressing <ctr> while scrolling with the mouse.

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12. Place the add function in the Case Statement when the “Add” case is selected. 13. Wire the controls Input A and Input B to the inputs of the add function. Wire the output of the add function to the Result indicator. You can wire through the case structure, which acts much like a loop and creates tunnels automatically.

14. Switch to the “Subtract” case of the case selector terminal by clicking the right or left arrows at the top of the case structure, or by placing your mouse inside the case structure and pressing <ctr> while scrolling with the mouse. 15. Add the subtract function to the “Subtract” case. Wire the function to the controls and indicators in the same way you wired the add function. 16. Add the multiply function to the “Multiply” case and the divide function to the “Divide” case. Wire these functions to the controls and indicators in the same way you wired the add and subtract functions. Your case structure should now contain four cases similar to the following:

17. When you have successfully wired all the outputs, the tunnel to the Result indicator changes from a hollow square to a filled square, as shown in the following figures.

18. View the block diagram by selecting Window»Show Front Panel or pressing <Ctrl-E>. 19. Change the value of Input A to 1 and the value of Input B to 2. 20. Change the value of the Operation Enum to “Add.” 21. Run the VI, which changes the value of the Result indicator to 3.

22. Experiment with different values of the Operation Enum and run the VI again.

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Figure 1: LabVIEW VI for Loop Timing exercise

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ENGR 202 – Bi-Weekly Laboratory 3 – Evaluation Sheet

To be collected by TA

Lab Section: Date: Team Members:

Name 1) 2) 3) 4)

Completed VI’s Accepted / Not accepted

Wait Function Shift Registers Case Structure Loop Timing TA Signature:

Accepted means:

• Vis are documented per page 2 • Do not come up blank when first executed • Operate correctly