Respond to discussion Homework

Respond to discussion 150 words minimum

Protocols are essential when operating a computer. Without them, computers, devices and even software “speak different languages”. International agreements determine how these protocols are structured. This ensures a universal “language” so that computers all over the globe can communicate with one another (Zhou 1997).

In the early 1980s the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model was created. There are seven “layers” to this model; which define clear portions of the communication chain between computers. Each of these layers is well defined and, again, is controlled by an international standard (Zhou 1997).

The lowest two layers of the model (physical and data-link layers) have standards that were created by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE).  This is referred to IEEE 802. There are various 802 standards that fall under this category. One significant concept that this standard covers is MAC addresses (Zhou 1997)!

One of the most popular protocols talked about is TCP/IP. TCP/IP essentially means TCP over IP. TCP in this sense also includes the UDP protocol. Let’s start from the bottom, so to speak, to explain this protocol.  IP (Internet Protocol) runs over the third layer of the OSI model, the network layer. There are many functions that run over this layer such as: ARP and ICMP; which we will not be going into detail over in detail (Zhou 1997). TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UCP (User Datagram Protocol) both work on the fourth layer of the OSI model, the transport layer. These protocols determine how information is “packaged” as it travels over the Internet. Every thing you do from accessing the internet, checking your email to pulling files your computer from an online server has a different way to be packaged. This is handled by TCP and UDP. Why are there two clearly different packaging labels? TCP provides for a more reliable connection, meaning that it ensures that individual packages aka packets do not go astray between nodes. UDP, however, does not care if a user receiver gets all packets and is considered less reliable. You would use UDP when streaming videos to have less buffering time (Laurie 2016).

Refrences:

Laurie, Victor (2016). Computer Protocols- TCP/IP, POP, SMTP, HTTP, FTP and More. Internet Tips and Tricks. Retrieved on 3 August from http://vlaurie.com/computers2/Articles/protocol.htm

Zhou, Tao (1997). ISO/OSI, IEEE 802.2 and TCP/IP. IT Pro Windows. Retrieved on 3 August from http://windowsitpro.com/networking/isoosi-ieee-8022-and-tcpip

-Jordan

Respond to discussion 150 words minimum

The OSI is a standard that was introduced by the ISO (International Organization for Standardization) to develop international computer network protocols. The standard was published in 1983 and specifies a layered, step by step approach to network communication. The purpose of the OSI model was to give developers a more manageable approach to moving data between multiple computers or nodes. The OSI reference model is important because it allows manufactures on different operating systems to interconnect in a standardized way. The OSI/RM also allows the integration between hardware and software to ensure protocols are met throughout the world. The IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee develops and maintains networking standards and recommended practices for local, metropolitan, and other area networks, using an open and accredited process, and advocates them on a global basis (D'Ambrosia, 2016). The different categories of the 802 standard allows the Network Interface Card (NIC) to interrelate with the network so that data can be transferred over the physical layer of the OSI and TCP/IP models. Each IEEE 802 standard also relates layers of the OSI model and network topologies. TCP/IP was also developed during the 1960s as part of the Department of Defense’s (DoD) Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) effort to build a nationwide packet data network (Frenzel, 2013). The main difference in the TCP/IP versus the OSI/RM is the TCP/IP does not use all of the OSI layer.

Work Cited

D'Ambrosia, J. (2016, July 22). IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee. Retrieved from IEEE 802: http://www.ieee802.org/

Frenzel, L. (2013, Oct 2). Electronic Design. Retrieved from What’s The Difference Between The OSI Seven-Layer Network Model And TCP/IP?: http://electronicdesign.com/what-s-difference-between/what-s-difference-between-osi-seven-layer-network-model-and-tcpip

-Nathan