Human Trafficing

Fall 2014

This manuscript has been read and

accepted for the Department of Criminal Justice

in partial satisfaction of the requirements for

the degree of Bachelor of Science degree in Criminal Justice

Members of the Defense Committee:

___________________________________________________

Research Chairperson/Professor Date

___________________________________________________

Academic Advisor Date

___________________________________________________

Defense Committee Member Date

___________________________________________________

Defense Committee Member Date

___________________________________________________

Chair, Department of Criminal Justice Date

Abstract

Illegal dogfighting and illegal gambling has been provocative from its beginning until now and this insidious act is an issue that needs to be talked about and shared with people of the United States. Dogfighting rapidly turned into a popular spectator and betting sport in the U.S. and parts of Europe, Asia and Latin America (Villavicencio, 2007). Dogfighting is illegal in all 50 states, and have serious consequences for participating in the act. The problem identified in this research is that dogfighting develops a widespread of criminal activity. The criminal activity associated with dog fighting involves illegal gambling, drug, alcohol and weapons violations as well as probation violations, charges of assault and even homicide, conspiracy, corruption of minors, and money laundering. This topic relates to social problem within the criminal justice system because dogfighting is banned in all fifty states and it’s a serious offense, it also develops a widespread of criminal activity.

The researcher used a quantitative research method to observe surveys collected using numerical data. The researcher passed out and emailed surveys to gain the perspective of students on the issue of illegal dogfighting. This study used an ordinal-level measurement to measure the results. The researcher examined the data collected by finding the mode and linking it with the results of the survey. The researcher analyzed the statistical data with using survey monkey. The researcher hypothesizes that students was not aware of the illegal dogfighting until Michael Vick brought dogfighting to the forefront of the nation in 2007. The researcher hypothesis was rejected due to the fact that students were aware of illegal dogfighting before Michael Vick brought dogfighting to the forefront of the nation in 2007.

The knowledge of dogfighting was a factor in this study to help reveal the awareness of dogfighting among college students. The target of this literature is to inform the reader of the animal cruelty and explain what makes it a felony. It will also explain the connection to other criminal activities, involved in a dogfighting operation or breeding dogs for fighting.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Introduction 6

Statement of the Problem 7

Background and Justification 8

Purpose of Study 10

Chapter 2: Literature Review 11

Dogfighting 11

Illegal Crime Associated 12

Breeding & Training 13

Animal Fighting Spectator Prohibition Act 14

The Contest 15

Strengths and Weaknesses 16

Significance of the Study 16

Chapter 3: Methodology 17

Hypothesis 17 Audience 18

Participants 18

Measurements and Variables 19

Instruments 19

Procedures 20

Research Questions 20

Data Analysis 21

Limitations 21

Ethical Considerations 22

Chapter 4: Discussion 23

Results 24

Analysis of Data 26

Research Questions Addressed 27

Chapter 5: Conclusion 31

Civic Engagement 33

Recommendations 33

References 47

Appendices

A Survey 35

B Survey Pie Charts…........................................................................................38

C Survey Results………………………………………………………………...44

Introduction

In 2007, Atlanta Falcons quarterback Michael Vick brought dogfighting to the forefront of the nation. Michael Vick was indicted by a “federal grand jury and charged with violating federal law 18 U.S.C. § 371 Conspiracy to Travel in Interstate Commerce in Aid of Unlawful Activities and to Sponsor a Dog in an Animal Fighting Venture” (Boyd,2009). Vick and his companions ran “Bad Newz Kennels,” which contained and trained over 50 pit bull dogs, performed dog fights, killed dogs, and ran a high stakes gambling ring with winnings up to $26,000. According to Reake, 2008 dogfighting is an atrocious battle in which two dogs specially bred, conditioned, and trained to fight. Dogfighting is separated into different categories which are organized dogfighting and street dogfighting (Reake, 2008). In organized dogfighting two dogs are place inside a pit to fight until one dog can’t fight no more, while street dogfighting the dogs are pitted against each other in various locations such as parks, backyard, and car garages (Boyd, 2009). Dogfighting is illegal in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. This cruel sport of dogfighting primarily consist of American Pit-bull Terrier fighting each other (Reake,2008).The definition of a pitbull is class of dogs including the American Pit bull terrier, American Staffordshire terrier, Staffordshire bull terrier, American bulldog, and other pure bred bull terrier (Reake, 2008). Pitbulls weight and size will vary amongst any bred. Some of these dogs weigh up from 40-100 pounds (Boyd, 2009). A regular dog fight last up to about one hour, but it can last longer than that (Reake, 2008). Dog fighters are violent criminals that participate in exterior criminal activities. These criminals are involved in organized crime, such as racketeering, drug transactions, or gangs (Gibson, 2005). They organize the fights as a scene for gambling and drug trafficking. Stated by Gibson, 2005 the last decade, progressive law enforcement agencies and government officials have become more aware of the underground culture of dog-fighting and its interconnection with other crimes and community violence.

Villavicencio (2007) said that dogfighting started as a sport that can be traced to ancient civilizations , when the Romans invaded Britain in 43 A.D. Fighting dogs were imported to the United States shortly before the Civil War. The dogs were crossbred in expectations of creating an ultimate violent breed (Villavicencio, 2007). Dogfighting rapidly turned into a popular spectator and betting sport in the U.S. and parts of Europe, Asia and Latin America (Villavicencio, 2007). Dogfighting grew, by the 1860, and it flourished over into the 20th century, with general support from the general public and police officials. Dogs are faced with serve injuries and wound from participating in the sport. Some of the injuries inflicted are deep puncture wounds, broken bones, and sometimes death (Reake, 2008). The dogs used in the fights die from blood loss, shock, and dehydration, exhaustion, or infection days after the fight.

Problem Statement

Day by day animals are being mistreated and deprived from their nutrients. According to Culture and Society (2011) dogs is one of the top ranked animals that suffer from inhumane treatment due to dogfighting. Inhumane treatment is defined as cruel or without compassion for misery or suffering. Dogfighting is a felony according to the animal fighting prohibition enforcement act. Based on its connection to other crimes dogfighting is illegal (Silverman, 2014). Dogfighting is where two dogs are put into a pit to fight until one dies according to (Boyd, 2009). The problem identified in this research is that dogfighting develops a widespread of criminal activity. The criminal activity associated with dog fighting involves illegal gambling, drug, alcohol and weapons violations as well as probation violations, charges of assault and even homicide, conspiracy, corruption of minors, and money laundering. As stated by (Boyd, 2009) crime that is associated with dogfighting is illegal gambling. Statistics shows in Alabama, Georgia, and Mississippi that 367 pit bulls were seized alone with $500,000 in cash by federal and state officer’s (CrimeSider, 2013). Animal Cruelty Facts and Statistics (2011) Testified abuse against pit bull dogs appears to be on the rise in the years 2000–2001, “ pit bull-type dogs were involved in 13% of reported dog-abuse cases; in 2007, they were involved in 25% of reported dog-abuse cases”. According to (Animal Cruelty Facts and Statistics, 2011) in 2007 1,880 cruelty cases was reported 64.5% (1,212) involved dogs. Dogfighting involves a lot of inhumane treatment as well. Not providing an animal with the supplies to live is at all times illegal. For instant, Randolph, (2014) stated that not to furnish "food, water, protection from the elements, or other care normal, usual and accepted for an animal's health and well-being. According to Randolph, (2014) hoarding dogs is a sort of inhumane treatment; normally local newspaper reports a house where animal control authorities have discovered large numbers of severely neglected dogs. People who live in country areas, or on the outskirts of town, recognizes that dog owners who gets tired of their dogs from time to time drop the dog off on an abandoned road Randolph (2014). Many breeders of various kinds of dogs cut off part of the ears and tails this is illegal because of the pain the dog receive without proper care Randolph (2014). When dogs go the humane society after being ceased from by authorities dogs are put down and not adopted. Sometimes breeds are looked down on upon adoption because of the bad temperament.

Background and Justification

The dog was brought to America in 1817 and dogfighting became part of American culture Gibson (2005). The exercise of pitting dogs against other animals, bulls and bears, continued through medieval times in England until it was outlawed in 1835 by the Parliament in the Humane Act of 1835 Gibson (2005) In the 1930’s and 1940’s, the blood sport had been taken further underground as high profile organization. These organizations are known such as the United Kennel Club. Dogfighting was outlawed in all the states by 1976, it did not begin to receive serious law enforcement attention until recent years (Gibson, 2005). Fighting dogs were crossbred with other breeds to create a wild, swift and vicious dog skilled to fight for hours at a time (Gibson, 2005). Fighting dogs are trained at an early age to progress what dog men speak of as “gameness” (Gibson, 2005). Training methods may vary depending on the experience of the dog fighter. Some of the training techniques dog fighter’s uses are treadmill, catmill/jenny, Spring pole/Jump pole, Flirtpole, Chains, Weights, Bait, and drugs (Boyd, 2009). According to (Gibson, 2005) dogs are trained against each other and, more experienced dogs. Early stages of training, the dogs are provoked to plunge at each other without touching and engage in quick, organized fights (Gibson, 2005). As stated by The Humane Society of the United States say that there are about 40,000 dogfighters in Americas (Boyd, 2009). Statistics shows in Alabama, Georgia, and Mississippi that 367 pit bulls were seized alone with $500,000 in cash by federal and state officer’s (CrimeSider, 2013). Animal Cruelty Facts and Statistics (2011) Testified abuse against pit bull dogs appears to be on the rise in the years 2000–2001, “ pit bull-type dogs were involved in 13% of reported dog-abuse cases; in 2007, they were involved in 25% of reported dog-abuse cases”. Dog-fighting displays the betrayal of the relationship between humans and dogs. Influencing a dog’s desire to fight to please its owner is the most awful form of animal abuse (Anonymous, 2014). American’s across the world should view dogfighting more than just a crime, but as a bad mark on our character. Recent studies show that in Apoka, FL, 26 individual was charged with felonies due to dogfighting raid in May (Orlando News, 2014).

Purpose of Study

Illegal gambling and dogfighting in the US is a culture. The purpose of this study is to raise the awareness of dogfighting and gambling among Americans. The study will provide awareness of what dogfighting and gambling is along with the affects that it has on society. The study will also show a student’s perspective of dogfighting and gambling and determine whether the students feel that it is a major issue or crime in the US.

Literature Review

This research review will explain the history of dogfighting as well as the features of the crime. Addition to detailing the laws that directly ban dogfighting, an examination of the exterior criminal activity and laws that can be used to directly restrain dogfighting and its secondary effects are discussed. Many individuals are unaware of the animal cruelty dogs go through in the fighting process. The target of this literature review is to inform the reader of the animal cruelty and explain what makes it a felony. It will also explain the connection to other criminal activities, involved in a dogfighting operation or breeding dogs for fighting.

Dogfighting

There are several breeds of fighting dogs in America but the majority of the American fighting dogs are mentioned to be “pit bulls”. American Pit Bull Terrier, American Staffordshire Bull Terrier and American Bulldog are pure bred dogs that are mainly fought. Pitbulls are perhaps to be one of the most loyal and most abused dogs in American Gibson (2005). Pitbulls as well as dogfighting migrated to America when settlers found the new land (Pitbull FAQ, 2010) Fighting dogs were crossbred with other breeds to create a wild, swift and vicious dog skilled to fight for hours at a time (Gibson, 2005). According to Pitbull FAQ (2010) when a pitbull attack something the injury received from the bite maybe terrible. The powerful dogs are genetically inclined to inflict maximum damage on an opponent and once provoked do not respond to the natural signals to stop fighting. According to the Pitbull FAQ (2010), “pit bulls inflict more serious wounds than other breeds. They tend to attack the deep muscles, to hold on, to shake, and to cause ripping of tissues. Pit bull attacks were compared to shark attacks." Stated pitbull dogs were bred for fighting purposes, they also were loyal and trustworthy to humans. Word of (Marien-de-Luca, 2003), the dog’s owner trained the dog in the way not to attack the owner because the owner was in the pit with the dog as it fight. Pitbulls are bred as fighting dogs for their skill to bout to the death (Reake, 2008). Dogs with their ears cropped makes it hard to read the dog’s mood and intent through body language signs dogs use to evade aggressive meets. Generally, pit bulls are remarkably gentle and are fiercely loyal toward humans. According to Sayres (2012), dogfighting is not just an inner-city problem rather dogfighting is well-known factor, happening in country areas and city in the US. Sayres, (2012) said that we will not see it or know about it because professional dogfighters are savvy, meaning they know how to keep the fights hidden out of sight of law officials.

Illegal Crime Associated with Dogfighting

The criminal activity associated with dog fighting involves illegal gambling, drug, alcohol and weapons violations as well as probation violations, charges of assault and even homicide, conspiracy, corruption of minors, and money laundering. As stated by Boyd (2009) crime that is associated with dogfighting is illegal gambling. According to Ortiz (2010) wagers made are normally amongst owners and spectators. Major dogfight raids have resulted in seizures of more than $500,000, and it is not unusual for $20,000 – $30,000 to change hands in a single fight. Illegal gambling is important to dogfights. Ortiz (2010) stated that each dogfighter invest half of the winnings for the fight, the dogfighter of the winning dog gets when the fight is over. According to Boyd (2009) thousands even hundreds of thousands of dollars might be gambled on a single fight. Words of Ortiz (2010) gambling, is closely linked to dogfighting, because the hobbyist and professional stages really makes betting serious. According to Ortiz, (2010) every state in the US has gambling laws, which lets officers track down participants founded in a gambling activity, with charges falling under statutory money laundering or for conspiracy might also be appropriate

Breeding & Training

Fighting dogs are trained at an early age to progress what dog men speak of as “gameness” (Gibson, 2005). Training methods may vary depending on the experience of the dog fighter. Some of the training techniques dog fighters uses are treadmill, catmill/jenny, spring pole/Jump pole, Flirtpole, Chains, Weights, Bait, and drugs (Boyd, 2009). Words of (Gibson, 2005) a treadmill is used for the dogs to run on to build up endurance. Gibson (2005) also stated that the Catmill/Jenny is where dogs are chained to one beam and another small animal like a cat, small dog, or rabbit, is harnessed to or hung from another beam. While under the Catmill/Jenny the dogs run in circles, chasing the bait the dogs are usually rewarded with the bait they had been pursuing was exercise is completed (Boyd, 2009). According to Silverman (2007) a Springpole/Jumppole is a pole where dogs jump to and hang for a long period to make stronger jaw muscles and legs. Gibson (2005) stated that there are varieties of the springpole methods used one is the hanging cage, where bait animals are positioned and the dogs constantly thrust at the cage for the bait. The flirtpole training method is a handheld rod with bait attached to it and the training dogs chase the prey around Silverman (2007). Heavy chains wrapped around the dog necks, in replacement of collars; help shape and build the neck and chest power by the weight of the chain Gibson (2005). Weights are often attached to the heavy chains and hanged from the dogs’ necks to aid the chain to build the neck and chest strength. Nevertheless, the trainers run the dogs with their weights attached to build overall body mass (Dog Fighting FAQ). Some dog owners use Drugs/Vitamins/Supplements according to (Dog Fighting FAQ), these normally utilized vitamins, supplements, and drugs include “iron/liver extract; vitamin B-12; Provim; Magnum supplement; hormones, testosterone, Propionate, Repotest, Probolic Oil, weight-gain supplements; creatine monohydrate; speed; steroids winstrol V, Dinabol, equipoise, and cocaine”. Words of (Gibson, 2005) dogs are trained against each other and, more experienced dogs. Early stages of training, the dogs are provoked to plunge at each other without touching and engage in quick, organized fights (Gibson, 2005). When training a fighting dog it must be must be kept secluded from other dogs, they spend majority of their time on logging chains (Dog Fighting FAQ). As stated before the training of a fighting dog a range of legal and illegal drugs, with anabolic steroids to improve muscle mass and boost ferociousness. As stated by (Dog Fighting FAQ) sedative drugs are used to rise the dogs' aggression, increase reactivity and mask pain. A method used in the training process some fighters use stolen pets as "bait dogs," or sparring partners (Gibson, 2005). According to (Dog Fighting FAQ) unprofessional fighters commonly take little time in training their dog, they depend on harsh treatment to make the dogs to fight. Owners have their dogs ears cropped and tails docked to limit areas on the body that another dog can grab onto during the fight (Let’s Talk about Illegal Dogfighting).

Animal Fighting Spectator Prohibition Act

Animal Fighting Spectator Prohibition Act, was involved in the final 2014 Farm Bill, makes it a federal felony to bring a minor to a dogfight or cockfight. Research shows that it is punishable up to three years in prison and a $250,000 fine. Being a spectator is federal misdemeanor and however the punishments are up to one year imprisonment, and $100,000 fine HSUS (2014). Under this federal law animal fighting arrest goes to all the participants that are involved in this criminal act are able to be arrested and prosecuted HSUS (2014). The passing of this bill will protect our communities from the cruelty and violence of animal fighting Animal Fighting Spectator Prohibition Act (2014).

On word of Animal Fighting Spectator Prohibition Act (2014) the government has improved on handling consequences for animal fighting activities under the Animal Welfare Act, but lacking in one area which is this punishment for the spectator. Under the Animal Fighting Spectator Prohibition Act a spectator is not innocent, because of their admission fees to the fight and wagers they place makes them active contributors of this cruel criminal act and should be dealt with accordingly by officials Animal Fighting Spectator Prohibition Act (2014). This law makes knowingly attending an animal fight punishable by fines and up to a year in prison.

The Contest

Dogfights can take place in several of locations; these locations can be presumed as rural areas, the outdoors, or in a barn Silverman, (2007). The urban area fighting locations are garages and warehouses. Dogs fight each other in a pit or ring. Professional dogfight has a judge or referee to oversee the match. According to Silverman, (2007) dog owners weigh the dogs before they fight. Some instances, Gibson, (2005) said that owners wash the dogs to confirm the dog coats is not covered with substances or poison. A referee signals for the fight to start, owners can shout at the dog but not interact with the dog or the match will be over Silverman, (2007) . A dog fights runs as long till one of the fighting dog can no longer fight when a dog jump out of the ring, or a serious injury or death occurs from remarks of Silverman, (2007) . During a match, the referee will call a “turn” when a dog turns away from his opponent the fight cease for a while the dogs go to their handlers. When the owners get their dogs they are taken to the scratch lines then the fight resumes. Gibson, (2005) stated that dogmen kill dogs if they lose or are brutally injured from a fight. Words of Silverman, (2007) losing dogs that was used on NFL quarterback Michael Vick’s property was killed after a fight the killing, consist of “drowning, electrocution, hanging, shooting, burning or beating a dog against the ground”.

Strengths and Weakness

Some strength to dogfighting is the animal spectator prohibition act it gives punishment to the spectator as well as the people actually fighting the dog Animal Fighting Spectator Prohibition Act (2014). An additional strength to dogfighting is that the fighting dog will never attack is rightful owner. Some advantages to dogfighting according to Gibson (2005) are that the dog serve as guard dogs for the owner house and protects its family. On the other hand some weakness tied to dogfighting is that children are introduced to dogfighting inherent causing animal cruelty to be normal entertainment. The routine exposure of the children to animal abuse and neglect is an influence in their expression of social abnormality.

Significance of the Study

The significance of the study is to build a student’s perspective upon the illegal acts of dogfighting and to determine if this is causing a widespread of criminal activity in the communities. The criminal activity associated with dog fighting involves illegal gambling, drug, alcohol and weapons violations as well as probation violations, charges of assault and even homicide, conspiracy, corruption of minors, and money laundering. The significances of the study is that students aren’t aware of how gambling and animal cruelty plays a tremendous role in dogfighting .The reason this study should be continued is because dogfighting is a gateway crime and it leads to other illegal activity.

Methodology

This research will be organized using the quantitative method. The researcher will explore students’ awareness of the raise of dogfighting and gambling among Americans. According to Babbie (2010), a quantitative method highlights the quantities and statistics gathered from censuses and surveys. The quantitative method is suitable for this research since the researcher will gather data through surveys in order to determine students’ awareness on the impact of dogfighting into a numerical based value. The researcher wants to discover a social problem about dogfighting and how it is a gateway to other illegal activity. The researcher will survey students in order to cultivate data on their awareness on the impact of dogfighting and the negative effects it has. The researcher will be using the phenomenology design. This method will pin point an individuals’ experience regarding a phenomenon and its relationship to their understandings and experience within society. In addition, phenomenology design is appropriate for this research because the researcher will be discovering and using field research to determine the level of awareness on the illegal acts of dogfighting and it’s widespread of criminal activity in the communities. The researcher will give surveys that will consist of 10 questions, and will also look up info on the web, library, and any other valid source to get the info for the study.

Hypothesis

The researcher hypothesizes that students was not aware of the illegal dogfighting until Michael Vick brought dogfighting to the forefront of the nation in 2007. According to Animal Legal Defense Fund (2011) , Bad Newz Kennels was exposed it notified the nation to the inhumanity of dogfighting that is normal in many communities regardless of the fact that dogfighting is illegal in every state. Animal Legal Defense Fund (2011) stated that Vick and his companions ran a fighting kennel named “Bad Newz Kennels,” which boarded and trained over 50 pit bull dogs, performed dog fights, killed dogs, and ran a high stakes gambling ring with prizes up to $26,000. According to the level of study, the researcher will provide and assure the audience that college students are not aware of illegal dogfighting and the widespread of the criminal activity associated with it.

Audience

The research targets students who don’t understand the illegal act of dogfighting. This audience is appropriate because they will get the opportunity to gain valid information and clear understanding on what makes dogfighting illegal. This study will help students be aware of it. Scientific development will include the awareness of illegal dogfighting. The assessment instrument can be used on campus for future core curricular attachment. With the predictable findings of students’ awareness on illegal dogfighting, students will excel within the areas of partnership and spreading information to build the awareness of dogfighting.

Participants

The participants in this research will be students who live on Bethune –Cookman University campus. The university is located between predominantly white middle class communities. The age of the participants in this research will be males and females with age range from 18-25. The student taking the survey will be a mixture of freshman, sophomores, juniors, and seniors, all striving to attain a bachelor’s degree in their own field of choice. The racial background of the student of the institution of higher learning shows a mixture of diverse undergraduates. Students are most appropriate for this study because it is an attempt to let students know how dogfighting is a gateway to other illegal crimes.

Measurement and Variables

The ordinal level of measurement will be used to measure the results. Ordinal level of measurement is appropriate because it allows the researcher to point out the change in the different categories. In this research the researcher will use the ordinal level measurement to organize the data gathered in numerical value. This allows the researcher to gather data and translate it where the audience can comprehend what the data means. The independent variable in this research is dogfighting. The dependent variable is the illegal crime associated with dogfighting. The researcher will assess the limitations, measures, and/or procedures to may come with the research study. Assessments will be via emailed to the students in the criminal justice department. The survey will let the researcher determine what students make think the effective components within the study, the raw data will be arranged, gathered, categorized, and examined. The students who finish the survey will be contacted.

Instruments

The researcher will use previous research as well as current surveys to gain understanding and raise awareness on dogfighting. The researcher will use a survey that consist of 10 questions rational, ordinal, and likert questions. The researcher survey will only take 3 minutes to complete. This survey will be open for 2 weeks for participants to take. The purpose of this study is to raise the awareness of dogfighting and gambling among Americans Participants will access the assessments electronically however the identity of the individual will not be enclosed with the surveys given. An observation letter including a link to the survey will be emailed to them. Participants will then follow the link if they choose to partake in the study. To raise participant’s discretion, the researcher will apply his personal email to email possible partakers, by doing so none of the email addresses of partakers will be linked to their answers.

Procedures

The questions will be handed out and some emailed a participation letter via list serve enclosing a report of the study. If they participate in the study a link to the survey will be provided at the end of the observation letter, once they click on the link participants will be agreeing to be a part of the study and will be directed to complete the survey. There are no direct benefits for agreeing to be in the study. There will be no payment for participating in this study nor will it cost anything, as participation is voluntary. All the information attained in this study is strictly confidential unless law requires release of it. Any participants can withdraw from the study at any time they chose, each participant have the right to refuse to participate without penalty.

Research Questions

As a result, the researcher’s goal is to better understand and answer the following questions:

1. What will the literature reveal about dogfighting and illegal crime associated with it and its affect upon the urban communities?

2. Do the age, gender, and race affect the perception of students’ views on dogfighting and the illegal crime associated with it?

3. Is the survey statistically vital influencing the awareness of dogfighting and illegal crime associated with it and its affect upon the urban communities?

The first question is to find out what the literature tells us on the background and the origins of dogfighting and the illegal crime associated with it and how it affect the communities. The second question is see rather age, gender, and race affects the students’ views on dogfighting and the illegal crime associated with it. This question is required to answer whether age, race, gender, affects the outcome of students perspective on dogfighting and the crimes tied with it. The third question in this research is designed to identify if this survey is statistically vital influencing the awareness of dogfighting and illegal crime associated with it and its affect upon the urban communities. It addresses the issue of whether people are aware of dogfighting and have supporting statistics to help build awareness.

Data analysis

The researcher will use one measure of central tendency and compared different categories. The mode is the average representing the most frequently observed value or attributed (Babbie, 2010). The mode displayed to the researcher what students understand about dogfighting and its illegal crimes involved with it. Comparing different categories showed how students feel on the subject of dogfighting. The researcher compared different categories in order to show if age or gender made a difference. The researcher will use survey monkey to analyze and calculate the statistical data. When this research is conducted the researcher wants to know ways to prevent dogfighting from happening in our communities

Limitations

This study focused on gaining students perspective on dogfighting. The study is limited because the researcher is unable to conduct the study in a larger setting to get a better feedback from society. The study was limited because of the time span the study is conducted. The study is limited because not a lot of students would want to do this survey because they was busy doing other school related work. The researcher’s time is limited due to other responsibilities such as taking care of his pitbull. The researcher was limited with the methodology part of the research being due because the researcher was completing his other class assignment so it didn’t give him time to make corrections on his paper like he should. Another limitation is survey monkey only lets the researcher create 10 questions while using the free version of survey monkey.

Ethical consideration and confidentiality

The researcher stated to every participant to not put any personal information on the surveys, assuring that the participants are mindful that the surveys are voluntary and nameless. The data collected did not have any identifying information in it. The names of the participants will not be used when broadcasting the information in journals or the defense presentation. All info found during this study is completely private unless law required release. On the researcher survey he will not include name or location on the survey. The survey will only include gender and classification and age. The researcher will keep it confidential by explaining the method of this research paper, and explaining that all info gathered is being kept confidential.

Discussion

The world had a hard time figuring out how to recognize and stop illegal dogfighting in America. According to Gibson, 2005, the Humane Society of the United States guesses that at least 40,000 dogfighters in America, even though this number seems to misjudge the widespread of street fighting in urban areas. Fighting dogs were crossbred with other breeds to create a wild, swift and vicious dog skilled to fight for hours at a time (Gibson, 2005). Dogfights can take place in several locations; these locations can be presumed as rural areas, the outdoors, or in a barn Silverman (2007). Fighting dogs are trained at an early age to progress what dog men speak of as “gameness” (Gibson, 2005). Criminal activity linked with dog fighting involves illegal gambling, drug, alcohol and weapons violations as well as probation violations, charges of assault and even homicide, conspiracy, corruption of minors, and money laundering. Not only were the dogs affected by the cruel fights, but the individuals who choose to partake in this act suffer from law enforcement punishments. The problem identified in this research is that dogfighting develops a widespread of criminal activity. In this study the researcher was able to conduct the study on a student’s awareness on dogfighting and the illegal crimes associated with it. The researcher gathered info for his study and contrasted it with other studies that were conducted before his. The results of this study shows that students was aware of illegal dogfighting before Michael Vick brought dogfighting to the forefront of the nation in 2007.The researcher used surveys as an instrument to gain the student perception on dogfighting. The survey lets the researcher know how much students are aware of dogfighting and the illegal crimes associated with dogfighting. This study was held at Bethune-Cookman University in Daytona Beach Florida. The students were asked to complete a survey that would take 3 minutes of their time. Some students was emailed the link to the researcher surveys so they could complete it, some students was handed surveys to complete as well. The students were asked to complete the survey and return it as soon as they finished the survey. The examiner used the emails provided to him from the students to contact them so they could complete his survey. The survey was emailed to 4 random students and in which 2 students responded to email ASAP with completion of survey. The data was organized, collected, and evaluated. The examiner organized the race, age, sex, and classification of the partakers. The researcher analyzed the data from the survey to find the mode or ordinal of each survey.

Results

The first question in the survey asked the participant what is your age. Of the 51 participants surveyed zero participants marked age 17 and younger (0%). Eight of the 51 participants surveyed marked age 18-20 (15.69%). Forty-two of the 51 participants surveyed marked age 21-29 (82.35%). One of the 51 participants surveyed marked aged 30-39 (1.96%). Between the ages of 40 and older I have zero participants. Question number two asked participants what is your classification. Out of the 51 participants surveyed 50 responses were collected. Of the 50 responses collected zero freshmen’s took this survey (0.00%). Out of the 50 participants that took this survey six sophomores took this survey (12%). Then out of the 50 participants that responded to this survey ten juniors took this survey (20%). Of the 50 participants that responded to this question eight seniors responded to this survey (16%). Finally for graduating seniors the results collected were twenty-six of 50 (52%). Of the 51 participants in this survey three participants skipped question number three are you a male or female. Out of the 48 responses collected twenty-five males completed this survey (52.08%). Of the 48 responses collected twenty-three females completed this survey (47.92%). Question number four asked participants what is your race. Of the 51 participants surveyed four participants marked white for their race (7.84%). Forty-three of the 51 participants surveyed marked African-American for their race (84.31%). Out of the 51 surveyed one participant marked American-Indian (1.96%). Lastly, three of the 51 participants marked multiple races (3.58%). Question number five asked participants what type of community do they live in. Out of 51 participants thirty-two participants marked city/urban area (62.75%). Of the 51 participants surveyed eleven participants marked Suburban area (21.57%). Seven of the 51 participants marked rural area (13.73%). Lastly, one out of 51 participants marked other area (1.96%). Question number six states did they know dogfighting was illegal in all 50 states in the US? Out of 51 thirty-six of the surveyed participants said Yes (70.59%). Of the 51 participants surveyed fifteen participants said No they didn’t know dogfighting was illegal in all 50 states in the US (29.41%). Question number seven asked if they believe that people who use their dogs to fight should face federal charges. Out of the 51 participants, fourteen participants (27.45%) agreed, twelve participants (23.53%) strongly agree, ten participants (19.61%) disagreed, and three participants (5.88%) strongly disagree, twelve participants marked neither disagree nor agree (23.53%). Question number eight asked the participants did they know about dogfighting and its insidious act before the Michael Vick incident brought dogfighting to the forefront of the nation? Out of the 51 participants, twenty-two participants (43.14%) agreed, eleven participants (21.57%) strongly agree, seven participants (13.73%) disagreed, and nine participants (17.65%) strongly disagree, two participants marked neither disagree nor agree (3.92%). Question number nine asked participants do they think that every 60-90 days owners should have their pitbulls checked by local veterinarian to ensure proper care is being displayed? Out of the 50 participants, twenty participants (40%) agreed, fourteen participants (28%) strongly agree, three participants (6%) disagreed, and five participants (2%) strongly disagree. Eight participants marked neither disagree nor agree (16%). Question number ten asked participants asked do they believe that people with pitbulls should be required to register their animal with the local Humane Society? Out of the 51 participants, seventeen participants (33.33%) agreed, thirteen participants (25.49%) strongly agree, four participants (7.84%) disagreed, and four participants (7.84%) strongly disagree. Thirteen participants marked neither disagree nor agree (25.49%).

Analysis of Results

After analyzing the data collected, the researcher found that more college students agreed to know that dogfighting is illegal in all 50 states. With 70.59% of students stating Yes and 24.91% saying No. The researcher found that more college student believed that people who use their dogs to fight should face federal charges. With 27.45% agreed, 23.53% strongly agree, while 19.61% disagreed, 5.88% strongly disagree, 23.53% neither disagree nor agree. The researcher found that more college students had knowledge about dogfighting an its insidious act before the Michael Vick incident brought dogfighting to the forefront of the nation? With 43.14% agreed, 21.57% strongly agree, 13.73% disagreed, and 17.65% strongly disagree, 3.92% neither disagree nor agree. The researcher found that more college students believed that every 60-90 days owners should have their pitbulls checked by local veterinarian to ensure proper care is being displayed. With 40% agreed, 28% strongly agree, 6% disagreed, and 2% strongly disagree, 16% neither disagree nor agree. Finally the researcher found that more college students believe that people with pitbulls should be required to register their animal with the local Humane Society. With 33.33% agreed, 25.49% strongly agree, 7.84% disagreed, and 7.84% strongly disagree, 25.49% neither disagree nor agree.

After analyzing the data of the research, this study shows that college students know that dogfighting is illegal in all 50 states. The researcher concluded that many students know about dogfighting and illegal crimes associated with it, 27% of the researcher participates believed that people should not be faced with federal charges for dogfighting. The end result of this study overruled the researcher’s theory that most college students were not aware of the illegal dogfighting until Michael Vick brought dogfighting to the forefront of the nation in 2007.

Research Questions Addressed

1. What will the literature reveal about dogfighting and illegal crime associated with it and its affect upon the urban communities?

The first question is to find out what the literature tells us on the background and the origins of dogfighting and the illegal crime associated with it and how it affect the communities. The researcher asked participants did they know dogfighting is illegal in all 50 states in the US. When the researcher asked the students if they know dogfighting is illegal in all 50 states in the US 36 participants of the 51 answered yes (70.59%). While, 15 participants of the 51 answered no to having knowing that dogfighting is illegal in all 50 states in the US (29.41%). Boyd (2009) stated that crime that is associated with dogfighting is illegal gambling. Major dogfight raids have resulted in seizures of more than $500,000, and it is not unusual for $20,000 – $30,000 to change hands in a single fight. According to (Dog Fighting FAQ) a person who dogfights often face added charges associated to drug, alcohol, weapons violations as well as probation violations. Words of Dog Fighting FAQ, dog fights have arguments that sometime result in charges of assault and even homicide for the fighters, as well as charges of conspiracy, corruption of minors, and money laundering. Then the students were asked what type of community they live in. Of the 51 participants 32 participants marked city/urban area (62.75%). Of the 51 participants surveyed 11 participants marked Suburban area (21.57%). 7 of the 51 participants marked Rural area (13.73%). However, 1 out of 51 participants marked other area (1.96%). After conducting this research, the researcher learns that more people are aware that dogfighting is illegal in all 50 states. The result of this study shows that society has more awareness of illegal dogfighting and the illegal crime associated with it.

2. Do the age, gender, and race affect the perception of students’ views on dogfighting and the illegal crime associated with it?

The second question is see rather age, gender, and race affects the students’ views on dogfighting and the illegal crime associated with it. The participants were directly asked whether age, race, gender, affects the outcome of students perspective on dogfighting and the crimes tied with it. Of the 51 participants surveyed zero participants marked age 17 and younger (0%). Eight of the 51 participants surveyed marked age 18-20 (15.69%). Forty-two of the 51 participants surveyed marked age 21-29 (82.35%). 1 of the 51 participants surveyed marked aged 30-39 (1.96%). Between the ages of 40 and older I have zero participants. The participants were then asked what their gender was. Of the 51 participants in this survey 3 participants skipped question number three. That left the researcher with 48 responses collected in which 25 males completed this survey (52.08%). Of the 48 responses collected 23 females completed this survey (47.92%). The participants were then asked what your race is. Of the 51 participants surveyed 4 participants marked white for their race (7.84%). 43 of the 51 participants surveyed marked African-American for their race (84.31%). Out of the 51 surveyed 1 participant marked American-Indian (1.96%). Lastly, 3 of the 51 participants marked multiple races (3.58%). After conducting this research, the researcher learns that the average age of the participants ranges from ages 21-29 to have higher awareness on illegal dogfighting. The researcher also learned that the average participant gender is male; with the average participants’ race being African- Americans having higher awareness on illegal dogfighting. This lets the researcher know that age, gender, race affect the perception of students’ views on dogfighting and the illegal crime associated with it.

3. Is the survey statistically vital influencing the awareness of dogfighting and illegal crime associated with it and its affect upon the urban communities?

The third question in this research is designed to identify if this survey is statistically vital influencing the awareness of dogfighting and illegal crime associated with it and its affect upon the urban communities. It addresses the issue of whether people are aware of dogfighting and have supporting statistics to help build awareness. The researcher learned from the statistic that the average age of the participants ranges from ages 21-29 to have higher awareness on illegal dogfighting (82.35%). The researcher also learned from the survey that the average participant gender is male (52.08%); with the average participants’ race being African- Americans having higher awareness on illegal dogfighting (84.31%). The researcher learned from the survey that the average participant classification is Graduating senior having higher awareness on illegal dogfighting (52%). The researcher found out that the average participant that live in city/urban area have higher awareness of illegal dogfighting (62.75%). The researcher was able to find that the average participants did have knowledge that dogfighting was illegal in all 50 states (70.59%). The researcher found statistically that the average participant believes that people who use their dogs to fight should face federal charges (27.45%). The researcher found that the average participants did have prior knowledge about knowledge about dogfighting an its insidious act before the Michael Vick incident brought dogfighting to the forefront of the nation (43.14%). The researcher found statistically that the average participant believes that every 60-90 days owners should have their Pitbulls checked by local veterinarian to ensure proper care is being displayed (40%). Lastly, the researcher found from the survey that the average participants believe that people with Pitbulls should be required to register their animal with the local Humane Society (33.33%). This lets the researcher know that this survey statistically vital influencing the awareness of dogfighting and illegal crime associated with it and its affect upon the urban communities.

Conclusion

In conclusion this study provided information on a current issue. This research focused on college student’s awareness of illegal dogfighting and its illegal crime associated with it. The purpose of this study is to raise the awareness of dogfighting and gambling among Americans. The researcher used a quantitative research method to observe surveys collected using numerical data. The researcher passed out and emailed surveys to gain the perspective of students on the issue of illegal dogfighting. The literature in this research reviews: History of Dogfighting, the Illegal crimes associated with Dogfighting, Breeding & Training of Dogs, the Animal Fighting Spectator Prohibition Act, and the Contest. Potential reader should be able to comprehend the maltreatment of the Pitbulls and the cruel punishment they go through while dogfighting because, the data collected supports that college students are aware of illegal dogfighting.

Pitbulls as well as dogfighting migrated to America when settlers found the new land (Pitbull FAQ, 2010) Fighting dogs were crossbred with other breeds to create a wild, swift and vicious dog skilled to fight for hours at a time (Gibson, 2005).According to the Pitbull FAQ (2010), “pit bulls inflict more serious wounds than other breeds. They tend to attack the deep muscles, to hold on, to shake, and to cause ripping of tissues. Words of Ortiz, (2010) gambling, is closely linked to dogfighting, because the hobbyist and professional stages really makes betting serious. Fighting dogs are trained at an early age to progress what dog men speak of as “gameness” (Gibson, 2005). Training methods may vary depending on the experience of the dog fighter. Under this federal law animal fighting arrest goes to all the participants that are involved in this criminal act are able to be arrested and prosecuted HSUS (2014). Research shows that it is punishable up to three years in prison and a $250,000 fine. Being a spectator is federal misdemeanor and however the punishments are up to one year imprisonment, and $100,000 fine HSUS (2014). A dog fights runs as long till one of the fighting dog can no longer fight when a dog jump out of the ring, or a serious injury or death occurs from remarks of Silverman, (2007).Dogfights can take place in a several of locations, these locations can be presumed as rural areas, the outdoors, or in a barn Silverman (2007).

Recent studies show that in Apopka, FL, 26 individual was charged with felonies due to dogfighting raid in May (Orlando News, 2014). In this research the researcher found that animal cruelty is out there and is a crime committed in many ways. The researcher found that neglect, ignorance of the animal and improper care is a part of animal cruelty as well as, hitting, striking, killing, forcing an animal to fight, and also chaining and tethering.

After the researcher collected all the data, the researcher was unaware that a vast majority of college student’s knew that dogfighting is illegal in all 50 states 70.59% being aware of its illegal act. The researcher was unaware from the data collected that more college student believed that people who use their dogs to fight should face federal charges, with 27.45% of the participants surveyed agreeing. The researcher was astound to find that more college students had knowledge about dogfighting an its insidious act before the Michael Vick incident brought dogfighting to the forefront of the nation, with 43.14% agreeing to have knowledge of it. The researcher was shocked to found that more college students believed that every 60-90 days owners should have their pitbulls checked to ensure proper care is being displayed. With 40% agreed. Finally the researcher found that more college students believe that people with pitbulls should be required to register their animal with the local Humane Society. With 33.33% agreed.

Civic Engagement

This research consisted of statistics that brought awareness to the illegal act of dogfighting. This study informed and brought awareness to college students. Gaining a student’s perspective on the illegal acts of dogfighting is important because, they will never know when they can be a victim in an illegal dogfighting operation. It is important that illegal dogfighting is acted upon because, so many innocent animals lives are at risk and they have no voice. Community leaders should cultivate new methods to repair this social problem that occur in their communities. The community should have discussions panels and awareness events to help spread the word about illegal dogfighting.

Recommendations

This research was conducted in order to bring awareness to a hidden issue; it is to shed limelight to a crime that is not popular like major crime offenses. This study was limited to Bethune-Cookman University students in Florida and it will not reveal were the population as a whole level of awareness is at. It was preferred that an upcoming researcher conduct a related researcher within a larger range. The researcher recommended having a prevention program for students who was exposed to dogfighting. The researcher recommended that we enforce laws prohibiting dogfighting. The researcher also recommended that state officials should raise the penalty for dogfighting. The researcher recommends future examiner to make the view of the issue different by studying areas of dogfighting and relating the findings for their selves instead of depending on recent study. The researcher recommends that Pitbulls are given some recognition on National Pitbull Awareness day October 25. Illegal dogfighting and its illegal crime associated with it is more than just a college student’s perspective, but a population. It would help if the study be taken to city and state officials so that they can spread awareness about illegal dogfighting.

Appendix A

Survey Questions

Examination of Dogfighting

 1. What is your age?

2. Whats your classification?

3. Are you male or female?

4. Are you White, Black or African-American, American Indian or Alaskan Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific islander, or some other race?

5. In what type of community do you live?

6. Do you know dogfighting is illegal in all 50 states in the US?

7. Do you think that people who use their dogs to fight should face federal charges?

8. Did you know about dogfighting an its insidious act before the Michael Vick incident brought dogfighting to the forefront of the nation?

9. Every 60-90 days owners should have there pitbulls checked by local veterinarian to ensure proper care is being displayed?

10. Do you think people with pitbulls should be required to register their animal with the local Humane Society?

Appendix B Pie Charts

Appendix C Table of Results

References

367 dogs rescued in multi-state dog fighting, gambling bust (2013, August 26). In 48 CrimeSider. Retrieved August 29, 2014, from

Dogfighting. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved August 29, 2014, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/dogfighting

Boyd, C. (2009, February). Animal Fighting Facts. In Animal Legal Defense Fund. Retrieved August 29, 2014, from http://aldf.org/resources/laws-cases/animal-fighting-facts/

Gibson, H. (2005). Animal Legal and Historical Center. In Detailed Discussion of Dog Fighting . Retrieved August 29, 2014, from https://www.animallaw.info/article/detailed-discussiondog-fighting.

Marien-de-Luca, C. (2003). American Pit Bull Terrier (Pitbull). American Pit Bull Terrier (Pitbull). Retrieved September 18, 2014, from http://www.bulldoginformation.com/american-pit-bull-terrier.html

Ortiz, F. (2010, April 1). Making the Dogman Heel: Recommendations for Improving the Effectiveness of Dogfighting Laws. Retrieved November 14, 2014, from https://journals.law.stanford.edu/sites/default/files

Villavicencio, M. (2007, July 19). A History of Dogfighting. In NPR. Retrieved September 2, 2014, from http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=12108421

Animal Cruelty Facts and Statistics. (2011, July 21). In The Humane Society of the United States. Retrieved September 3, 2014, from http://www.humanesociety.org/issues/abuse_neglect/facts/animal_cruelty_facts_statistic. html?credit=web_id98058733#Most_Common_Victims

Randolph, M. (n.d.). Cruelty laws punish everything from abandoning a dog to intentionally harming it. Animal Cruelty and Neglect. Retrieved September 8, 2014, from http://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/free-books/dog-book/chapter13-3.html

Silverman, J. (2007, July 27). How Dogfighting Works. In How Stuff Works? Retrieved September 9, 2014, from http://people.howstuffworks.com/dogfighting.htm

Sayres, E. (2012, June 26). ASPCA Helps Seize 50 Dogs From Dog Fighting Dungeon. Retrieved October 2, 2014.

Why we can't forget Michael Vick's dog-fighting past. (March 26,2014). New York Post Why we can’t forget Michael Vicks dogfightingpast. Retrieved September 12, 2014, from http://nypost.com/2014/03/26/why-we-cant-forget-michael-vicks-dog-fighting-past/

26 arrested in Apopka dog fighting ring bust. (May 28,2014.). Orlando News. Retrieved September 12, 2014, from http://www.mynews13.com/content/news/cfnews13/news/article.html/content/news/articles/cfn/2014/5/28/apopka_dog_fighting_.html?hpt=ju_bn1

Animal Fighting Case Study: Michael Vick - Animal Legal Defense Fund. (2011). Retrieved October 18, 2014.