Professional Strategies/WK2

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Chapter 3

Review of the Related Literature

Practical Research

11th edition

Paul D. Leedy & Jeanne Ellis Ormrod

Practical Research: Planning and Design, 11/e

Leedy & Ormrod

Benefits of Conducting a Literature Review

Discover if someone has already answered your research question.

Find new ideas, perspectives, and approaches.

Learn about other researchers who conduct work in the same area.

Identify controversial issues and gaps in understanding that have not yet been resolved.

Practical Research: Planning and Design, 11/e

Leedy & Ormrod

Benefits of Conducting a Literature Review

Learn how others have handled methodological and design issues in studies similar to your own.

Uncover sources of data that you may not have known existed

Discover established measurement tools

Interpret and make sense of your findings and tie your results to the work of those who have preceded you

Practical Research: Planning and Design, 11/e

Leedy & Ormrod

Benefits of Conducting a Literature Review

Bolster your confidence that your topic is one worth studying

The more you know about investigations and perspectives related to your topic, the more effectively you can tackle your own research problem

Practical Research: Planning and Design, 11/e

Leedy & Ormrod

Locating Related Literature

Identify one or more keywords and then:

Use the library catalog and browse the holdings

Use indexes, abstracts, and other general references

Use online databases

PsycINFO

ERIC

Google ScholarTM

Practical Research: Planning and Design, 11/e

Leedy & Ormrod

Locating Related Literature

Consult with reference librarians

Surf the Internet using a search engine

Examine citations and reference lists from published work

Practical Research: Planning and Design, 11/e

Leedy & Ormrod

Planning a Literature Search

Write down the problem (on paper, the computer, brainstorming software)

Write each subproblem

Identify important words and phrases

Translate these words and phrases into specific topics (your agenda)

Seek out resources related to your agenda

Read

Practical Research: Planning and Design, 11/e

Leedy & Ormrod

Use Your Library Time Efficiently

Set up your own database or spreadsheet in advance

Consider bibliographic software

Go to the library armed with data-gathering tools

Notebook, laptop

Practical Research: Planning and Design, 11/e

Leedy & Ormrod

Use Your Library Time Efficiently

Identify the materials you want to read, then determine if they are available in your library

Keep records of each search

Take advantage of computer technology

Practical Research: Planning and Design, 11/e

Leedy & Ormrod

Use Your Library Time Efficiently

Develop & implement a plan to find the sources you’ve identified, including those not immediately available

Search in the library

Hold or recall books that are checked out

Use Interlibrary Loan

Use an online document delivery service

Order your own copies of books

Read and take careful notes

Practical Research: Planning and Design, 11/e

Leedy & Ormrod

Evaluate, Organize, Synthesize

Determine for yourself whether the conclusions are justified based on the data.

Organize the ideas to address the problem.

Practical Research: Planning and Design, 11/e

Leedy & Ormrod

Evaluate, Organize, Synthesize

Synthesize what you’ve learned

Identify common themes

Show how approaches to the topic have changed over time

Compare and contrast theoretical positions

Describe general trends

Identify and explain discrepant or contradictory findings

Practical Research: Planning and Design, 11/e

Leedy & Ormrod

Writing a Clear and Cohesive Literature Review

Get the proper psychological orientation

Know what you want to do

Develop an organizational plan or outline

Emphasize relatedness

how the literature is related to the problem

Use logical transitions

Practical Research: Planning and Design, 11/e

Leedy & Ormrod

Writing a Clear and Cohesive Literature Review

Use appropriate paraphrases and citations

Changing a just few words is still plagiarizing

Credit people whose ideas you are using

Use direct quotations only when necessary

Summarize what you’ve said

Plan to revise

Ask others for advice and feedback

Practical Research: Planning and Design, 11/e

Leedy & Ormrod