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Spirit Airlines, Inc., 2013
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Headquartered in Miramar, Florida, Spirit Airlines competes in the ultralow cost carrier (ULCC) airline industry in the USA, Caribbean, and Latin America. Spirit offers some of the lowest fares in the industry, usually up to $100 less than competitors and sometimes as cheap as $9 plus taxes and fees. Spirit targets customers who are paying for their own travel rather than businessclass customers. Spirit charges passengers fees of up to $45 for a carryon and checked bags. Everything on a Spirit flight costs, including water and snacks, selecting a seat, and maybe soon even to get off the plane before others. Spirit charges a fee of $5 to passengers who have their boarding passes printed by the checkin agent. Spirit’s weight limit for checked luggage is 40 pounds per bag, charging $25 for the first 9 extra pounds, and up to $100 for bags approaching 100 pounds. Despite the fees, thousands of customers are loyal to Spirit because of its lowpriced tickets. Spirit has reconfigured all its planes for highdensity seating. For example, their A319 planes seat 145 passengers, 25 more than the same plane being used by United.
Spirit currently has more than 200 flights a day and serves 52 airports with 4 focused airports consisting of Chicago, Dallas Ft. Worth, Detroit, and Las Vegas. Other Spirit hubs are Ft. Lauderdale, Myrtle Beach, and Atlantic City. Spirit has a fleet of 43 Airbus aircraft and employs more than 3,033 fulltime employees, but is rapidly adding flights, planes, employees, and customers. Spirit leases planes rather than buys planes.
Copyright by Fred David Books LLC. (Written by Forest R. David)
History
Spirit Airlines was founded in Michigan as Clipper Trucking Company in 1964, and in 1974, the company changed its name to Ground Air Transfer, Inc. The company operated this way for nine years until 1983 when it became a passenger airline called Charter One. Charter One specialized as a tour operator taking customers to such locations as Atlantic City, Las Vegas, and the Bahamas. In 1990, Charter One received its Air Carrier Certificate from the Federal Aviation Administration allowing air charter operations. In 1992, Charter One changed its name to Spirit Airlines, Inc. and increased its destinations to include such cities as Fort Lauderdale, Detroit, Myrtle Beach, Los Angeles, New York, and many more.
Spirit’s average fleet age is 4.5 years old, the third youngest airline, fleet in the Americas after Virgin America and the Mexican airline, Volaris. Big front seats are available on all Spirit aircraft, although they are sold as an upgrade and not as a distinct class of service. These seats are wider because of its twobytwo configuration, whereas the standard economy seats feature a threebythree configuration.
Spirit added about 50 new destinations in 2012, all at rockbottom fares. Spirit packs 178 seats on its A320 aircraft jets that usually have 150 seats. Most airlines offer at least three more inches of legroom in the aisles of their planes as compared to Spirit. Spirit is financially doing great, but it does have critics, such as Jami Counter, senior director of SeatGuru, which informs travelers about airline cabin features. Jami says “Spirit is as barebones as barebones can be, basically stripping everything from the flight experience and charging for anything they view as an addon. And part of that is cramming as many seats in the plane as possible. The flight experience is probably the worst in the USA.”
Vision and Mission
Spirit’s president and CEO, Ben Baldanza, says: “Our vision is to make sure the customer who can’t afford to pay current airline prices has an option to still travel.” The CEO goes on to say that “Whenever we add a new market or a
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new service, we always try to price that market at lower than the prevailing fares in that market to bring back some people who’ve been priced out.”
Spirit does not have a mission statement, but its company slogan is: “The Ultra Low Cost Airline for the Americas.”
EXHIBIT 1 Spirit Airlines’ Organizational Chart
Source: Based on company documents.
Organizational Structure
Spirit appears to operate from a functional organizational structure as illustrated in Exhibit 1. Note the absence of any women among top management and the absence of any divisions (segments), although the company does provide a revenue breakdown by United States versus Latin America. Perhaps executives not listed in Exhibit 1 report to the chief operations officer (COO) as division heads.
Internal Issues
Statement of Ethics and Governance
Spirit has a detailed Code of Ethics provided on its website that pertains to all directors, officers, and employees. The code provides all the standards expected of Spirit employees and reveals how to report violations and what to do if an employee is not sure of how to address a particular problem. The code also clearly outlines acceptable conduct with employees, customers, and business suppliers, conflicts of interest, dealings with the government, and considerably more. In addition to the Code of Ethics, Spirit also provides detailed corporate governance guidelines. Issues such as the size of the board, level of independence the board should have, directorselection processes, term limits, responsibilities, compensation, access to senior management, and much more is included in the document. Spirit has standing committees to address issues such as audits, finance, violations of ethics, and compensation.
In April 2012, citing the airline’s strict refund policy, Spirit Airlines would not issue a refund to dying veteran, Jerry Meekins, who chose to purchase a nonrefundable ticket though other options were available. The 76yearold Vietnam veteran and former Marine tried to get his $197 back after learning his esophageal cancer was terminal and being told by his doctor not to fly from Florida to Atlantic City. The decision caused outrage among veterans’ groups and the general public, some of whom threatened to boycott Spirit unless a refund and apology were issued. On May 4, Spirit CEO Ben Baldanza apologized for how the situation was handled and announced that he would personally refund Meekins’ ticket and that the airline would make a $5,000 donation to the Wounded Warrior Project in Meekins’s name.
Segment Data
As indicated in Exhibit 2, Spirit provides revenue data in two categories: Domestic and Latin America. Note the 103 percent growth in the domestic segment from 2009 to 2012 compared to 29 percent growth in the Latin American segment. Spirit’s domestic revenues were 86 percent of all revenue in 2012, up from 80 percent in 2009. No single international market accounted for more than 4 percent of total revenue.
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Current Strategies
Spirit’s low cost leadership strategy, or ULCC as it is referred to in the industry, allows customers to purchase only what items they deem necessary. Spirit markets themselves as offering transparent pricing and does not consider themselves a no frills airline, but rather a frillsforfee airline. Spirit offers the same amenities as higher cost airlines if the customer wishes to purchase the amenities. Spirit’s strategy is analogous somewhat to discount carrier Ryanair’s strategy in Europe.
EXHIBIT 2 Spirit’s Revenues by Category (in thousands)
2012 2011 2010 2009
Domestic $1,135 $900 $635 $558
Latin America $183 171 156 142
Total $1,318 $1,071 $791 $700
Source: Company documents.
By charging for bags, drinks, and food, Spirit is able to keep costs low, generate extra revenue for these items, and reduce weight, which reduces fuel consumption. Charging for bags encourages customers to pack lighter and perhaps get by with less expensive carryon bags as opposed to checked bags. This allows quicker turnaround times at airport gates. In addition to the cost savings, nonticket revenue is an important component of Spirit’s business model because customers, according to Spirit’s research, seem less pricesensitive to drinks, pillows, and even bags than ticket prices. Since 2006, Spirit’s nonticket revenue has increased 800 percent as a result in part to bag and drink fees, but also through the $9 fare club subscription service, Spirit credit card, and the sale of advertising to third parties on Spirit’s website and onboard aircraft.
Spirit’s strategic plan is to aggressively expand geographically (market development) and gain more market share (market penetration) in the United States, Caribbean, and Latin America. Many travel destinations in the Caribbean and Latin America have historically only been served by large carriers charging relatively higher prices. But many costminded flyers visit these areas, so there is substantial room for growth in these markets.
To support Spirit’s expansion strategy, the company has on order 106 Airbus 320 aircraft with delivery ranging from 2012 through 2021 as well as spare and replacement engines that are on order between 2012 through 2018. Spirit expects to take delivery of seven aircraft in each of 2013, and 2014, and then 10 airplanes in 2015, and an additional 75 planes between 2016 and 2021. Spirit’s use of the A320 over the A319 enables the carrier to configure the planes to hold 178 passengers as opposed to 150 on the smaller A319 that rival carrier Jet Blue primarily uses.
Locations
Spirit currently operates more than 200 flights a day to 50 different airports throughout North America, the Caribbean, and Latin America. Approximately 54 percent of all flights are to or from the home base in Fort Lauderdale, and a large percentage of the balance originate from Detroit, Las Vegas, Atlantic City, Chicago, Orlando, and Myrtle Beach. Global operations include service to Canada, Mexico, all of Central America, Colombia, Peru, and much of the Caribbean. However, many of the global flights are seasonal, and even the flights that are year round, many only fly once or twice a week to these locations. Spirit’s single largest airport is Ft. Lauderdale/Hollywood, with over 20 percent of all Spirit flights operating to or from Ft. Lauderdale.
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Marketing
Spirit focuses on direct marketing to pricesensitive consumers rather than focusing on higher end business travelers. Spirit actively promotes its lowest fares in the industry business model. Sprit spends a paltry 0.2 to 0.5 percent of total revenues on advertising for customers who pay their own way and spends nothing on corporations, government agencies, or other businessclass travelers. Spirit relies heavily on repeat customers, wordofmouth, and its email distribution systems that consist of more than five million email addresses. In addition, Spirit also heavily markets its $9 club online, in radio and TV advertisements, in airport kiosks, and in flight promotions.
A striking weakness for Spirit is its lack of a marketing alliance within the airline industry. Competitors such as Delta, American, and US Airways all have alliances with other airlines enabling them to share codes, combine frequentflier programs, aid in connections, and much more. Lack of affiliation with an alliance puts Spirit in a competitive disadvantage, particularly on international routes, and may partially explain why this area of the business is not growing as fast as the domestic segment.
Finance
Spirit’s recent income statements and balance sheets are provided in Exhibits 3 and 4 respectively. Note the 13.2 percent operating profit margin in 2012. Note that Spirit’s nonticket revenue increased to 41 percent of revenues in 2012 from 36 percent the prior year.
EXHIBIT 3
Spirit Airlines, Inc. Statements of Operations (In thousands, except per share data)
Year Ended December 31
2012 2011 2010
Operating revenues:
Passenger $ 782,792 $ 689,650 $ 537,969
Nonticket 535,596 381,536 243,296
Total operating revenue 1318,388 1,071,186 781,265
Operating expenses:
Aircraft fuel 471,763 388,046 248,206
Salaries, wages and benefits 218,919 181,742 156,443
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Aircraft rent 143,572 116,485 101,345
Landing fees and other rents 68,368 52,794 48,118
Distribution 56,668 51,349 41,179
Maintenance, materials and repairs 49,460 34,017 27,035
Depreciation and amortization 15,256 7,760 5,620
Other operating 127,886 91,172 83,748
Loss on disposal of assets 956 255 77
Special charges (credits) (8,450) 3,184 621
Total operating expenses 1,144,398 926,804 712,392
Operating income 173,990 144,382 68,873
Other (income) expense:
Interest expense 1,350 24,781 50,313
Capitalized interest (1,350) (2,890) (1,491)
Interest income (925) (575) (328)
Other expense 331 235 194
Total other (income) expense (594) 21,551 48,688
Income before income taxes 174,584 122,831 20,185
Provision for income taxes 66,124 46,383 (52,296)
Net income $ 108,460 $ 76,448 $ 72,481
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Net income per share, basic $ 1.50 $ 1.44 $ 2.77
Net income per share, diluted $ 1.49 $ 1.43 $ 2.72
Source: 2012 Form 10K, p. 60.
Competitors
The airline industry is highly competitive on price, flight schedules, newness and roominess of aircraft, amenities, and frequentflier programs just to name a few. In recent years, many airlines have participated in alliances and mergers; Southwest and AirTran merged in 2011 and United and Continental merged in 2010, allowing them greater liquidity and access to capital that smaller airlines such as Spirit and Jet Blue do not have. Alliances such as OneWorld, SkyTeam, and Star Alliance allow larger and regional airlines to share marketing relationships, increase destinations, access to restrictive markets, and provide the ability to use cheaper air craft to service small markets. Currently, Spirit does not engage any type of alliance, which gives Spirit much more flexibility in pricing, policies, and procedures. Spirit’s single largest overlap in routes is with American Airlines at 60 percent.
Southwest and JetBlue no longer have the lowest airline prices. Spirit, along with Allegiant Air and Frontier, now has the legitimate claim as the industry’s lowestcost flyers. Spirit spokeswoman Misty Pinson says that her airline aims to have a total fare that is at least 25percent lower than any other available ticket price for any route that Spirit serves. Not even a glass of water is free on Spirit, but no carrier in the USA beats Spirit on ticket price.
EXHIBIT 4 Spirit’s Balance Sheets
Spirit Airlines, Inc. Balance Sheets (In thousands, except share data)
December31, 2012 December 31, 2011
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents $ 416,816 $ 343,328
Accounts receivable, net 22,740 15,425
Deferred income taxes 12,591 20,738
Other current assets 95,210 63,217
Total current assets 547,357 442,708
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Property and equipment:
Flight equipment 2,648 4,182
Ground and other equipment 43,580 46,608
Less accumulated depreciation (17,825) (27,580)
28,403 23,210
Deposits on flight equipment purchase contracts 96,692 91,450
Aircraft maintenance deposits 122,379 120,615
Deferred heavy maintenance and other longterm assets 125,053 67,830
Total assets $ 919,884 $ 745,813
Liabilities and shareholders’ equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable $ 24,166 $ 15,928
Air traffic liability 131,414 112,280
Other current liabilities 121,314 98,856
Total current liabilities 276,894 227,064
Longterm deferred income taxes 33,216 12,108
Deferred credits and other longterm liabilities 27,239 39,935
Shareholders’ equity:
Common stock: Common stock, $.0001 par value, 240,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively; 70,861,822 and 61,954,576 issued and 70,801,782 6 6
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and 61,946,361 outstanding as of December 31,2012 and 2011, respectively
Common stock: NonVoting common stock: $.0001 par value, 50,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively; 1,669,205 and 10,576,180 issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively
1 1
Additional paidincapital 504,527 496,136
Treasury stock, at cost: 60,040 and 8,215 as of December 31, 2012 and 2011, respectively (1,151) (129)
Retained earnings (deficit) 79,152 (29,308)
Total shareholders’ equity 582,535 466,706
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity $ 919,884 $ 745,813
Source: 2012 Form 10K, p. 61.
The airline industry is somewhat easy to enter as airlines such as Spirit lease some or all of its aircraft. Even a restaurant company such as Hooters was able to lease planes, hire pilots, staff, and make a go at the industry. Of course, in the end, Hooters was forced to divest its airline business and stick to its niche of serving chicken wings, beer and sports.
EXHIBIT 5 A Financial Comparison of Spirit with American and JetBlue
Spirit American JetBlue
Market Capitalization ($) 1.61B 174M 1.6B
Number of Employees 3.1K 80.1K 11.9K
Revenue 1.14B 25.5B 4.7B
Gross Margin 0.28 0.20 0.28
Net Income 92.0M (3.2B) 113M
EPS Ratio 1.41 (9.55) 0.35
P/E Ratio 15.71 N/A 16.15
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Note: EPS is earnings per share; P/E, pricetoearnings ratio.
Perhaps the most competitive aspect in the airline industry is ticket price because many carriers use the same airports and customers generally have options regarding which carrier to fly with. Anyone can search various travel sites such as Orbitz and Priceline.com to easily determine the most attractive prices and routes. Despite airlines’ efforts to conserve fuel by charging for bags, thus reducing weight, airlines readily admit, albeit twofaced, that carrying extra passengers as opposed to having an empty seat does little to impact the overall fuel cost of the trip. The incremental extra cost of selling unused seats can be drastically offset by selling the seats even at a perceived steal for the customer. Spirit has its “red light sales” in which the company provides many flights for as cheap as $9 and many others for less than $50 oneway. Selling the seats even at these discounted fares can add tremendously to net profit at the end of the year as opposed to letting the seat remain vacant.
The three principle competitors for Spirit on domestic routes are American Airlines, Delta Airlines, and JetBlue Airways. Approximately 60 percent of Spirit destinations also are serviced by American and Delta; American and JetBlue are the main competitors in the Caribbean and Latin America. Note in Exhibit 5 that Spirit has fewer employees and revenue than either American or JetBlue, but Spirit has the highest earnings per share (EPS).
American
AMR Corporation, headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas, in conjunction with AMR Eagle Holding Corporation, operates about 3,400 daily flights to more than 250 cities and 50 different countries around the world. Once the largest airline in the world, AMR now trails both Delta and United Continental in total U.S. market share. As a result of declining market share from lack of an effective strategic response to changing market conditions, AMR entered a voluntary reorganization under Chapter 11 bankruptcy in November of 2011. Interestingly enough, US Airways stock tripled the same day AMR formally declared Chapter 11, signaling that investors thought US Airways may now acquire AMR cheaply. As of July 2013, AMR and US Airways were still two separate companies, but a pending merger is still expected by many investors and analysts. If a successful merger takes place as expected in late 2013, the new company, American Airlines Group, will be the largest airline in the world, even larger than Delta and United Continental in U.S. market share.
JetBlue Airways
Headquartered in Long Island City, New York, JetBlue operates approximately 700 daily flights to 22 different states, Mexico, the Caribbean, and Latin America. Starting in November 2012, the airline also began serving Grand Cayman Island, bringing the total different Caribbean destinations served to 23. The company operates several aircraft including 120 of the same Airbus A320s that Spirit operates, but in addition JetBlue also uses 49 Brazilianmade Embraer 190 aircraft. In addition to providing some of the best rates in the industry, JetBlue also provides some of the best inflight entertainment in the industry with its voice communication, satellite television and radio, wireless data links, and more.
As part of its environmentally friendly policies, JetBlue discontinued disposable headphones in 2008 and encourages customers to bring their own. Furthering its sustainability strategy, JetBlue also markets the following: (a) using only one engine to taxi, (b) using ground power instead of engines at the gate for airconditioning, (c) using the latest GPS technology to develop more efficient routes, (d) using lighter seats and LED lighting, (e) not offering inflight magazines to save paper, and many more ecofriendly options. Critics suggest the true intent of these moves by JetBlue is to cut costs similar to other airlines.
Delta Airlines Headquartered and founded in 1924 in Atlanta, Georgia, Delta provides service to 342 destinations in 61 different countries via a mainline fleet of approximately 700 aircraft. In addition to its Atlanta hub, Delta also operates hubs in Amsterdam, Cincinnati, Detroit, Memphis, New York–JFK, Paris, and Tokyo.
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In 2011, Delta was named the world’s most admired airline company by Fortune magazine and the “Top Tech Friendly USA Airline” by PCWorld magazine. In addition to these accolades, Delta has an industryleading global network with the markets it serves. As the founding member of SkyTeam global alliance, Delta furthers is presence around the globe and has joint ventures with Air France–KLM and Alitalia Airlines in Italy. Delta’s SkyMiles program is the largest frequentflier program in the world and is supplemented with BusinessElite and more than 50 Sky Clubs in airports worldwide.
External Issues
Oil Prices
One of the largest absorbers of revenue in the airline industry is the cost of fuel. About 26 percent of all aircarrier revenue is used to pay the fuel bill. Back in 2008, a whopping 36 percent of revenues went toward fuel when oil hit an all time high of $147 a barrel and jet fuel was $4.32 gallon. Jet fuel today is much lower as oil prices have dropped significantly from its highs a few years ago.
One possible way to counter volatile fuel prices is to purchase futures contracts to hedge against rising prices by accepting a price at what the firm hopes is lower than the price will be at the time the fuel is needed. During the economic downturn, many airlines stopped hedging because it expected fuel prices to decline, and most benefited tremendously from this strategy. However, as the market rebounded and oil again resumed its uptrend, many airlines started to participate in hedging once again and for most the results were disastrous.
Labor
Labor is either the largest or secondlargest expense for the airlines depending on the current price of oil. Labor accounts for a fairly consistent 20 to 25 percent of total revenue each year and is divided into several areas: flight crews (pilots and engineers), flight attendants, ground service, maintenance, customer service, and dispatchers. Most employees belong to one of a dozen major unions that plague the airline industry. A few examples are the Association of Flight Attendants, Air Line Pilots Association, and the Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers. It is not uncommon for the airline to be in discussion with several unions at one particular time and negotiations can extend upward of two years. However, strikes are not that common because the law in the USA requires labor disputes to be submitted to the National Mediation Board and a “cooling off period” must pass before the strike can be enacted.
Spirit currently has 54 percent of its total workforce represented by labor unions, up from 52 percent the prior year. This is problematic for Spirit because the cost of labor could increase drastically based on labor decisions with other airlines, and there is also the risk a large percent of the 46 percent of employees not represented by unions may join a union. Spirit has reduced its labor costs as a percent of total operating costs to 19.1 in 2012, down from 19.6 and 22.0 the prior years. Spirit now has 3,033 employees, including 680 pilots.
Ancillary Fees
Although Spirit views its frillsforfee strategy as customer friendly, many customers disagree and get irate. However, Spirit is by no means the only airline to implement these ancillary fees and it appears these fees are here to stay. In 2010 the U.S. airline industry collected $8 billion in baggage, drink, food, and other fees not associated with the price of a ticket, up 47 percent from 2008. Although many customers are not happy with the fees, most are willing to pay the extra and airlines who have attempted to differentiate as a highend, high frills airline have experienced little growth in customer loyalty from this approach. The only exception is for business class travelers who purchase higher priced seats and are more profitable on balance for the airline. But the number of businessclass travelers is declining. Some airlines wave all extra fees for businessclass travelers.
Increased Taxes
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As governments look to increase their own revenues, airlines have been targeted as potential revenue streams. The USA has put new taxes into place that are embedded into all airplane ticket prices at the time of purchase. Spirit and others airlines have fought for disclosure of these taxes and are now able to separate the taxes and fare prices, but the tax often exceeds the actual ticket price at Spirit.
The Barack Obama administration has recently proposed two new taxes on the airline industry. The first addition would be a $100 departure tax to all flights leaving a U.S.based airport. The second proposed tax is to increase the “passenger security tax” from $2.50 per passenger to $5 and then triple the current tax to $7.50 by 2017. The taxes are expected to impose a $36 billion burden on flights in the USA over the next 10 years. Interestingly, in the previous 10 years, the best year ever for domestic airlines, the airlines posted a profit of $3.6 billion, which is the exact amount of the annual tax burden purposed by the Obama administration.
Environmental Issues
Airlines face increasing pressure to be more proactive in combating greenhouse gasses and noise pollution. Some organizations such as the European Union have even imposed further penalties and restrictions on carbon emissions. To combat this concern, airlines to their credit have invested in more fuelefficient designs of planes and engines and have marketed these changes to their customers. Critics suggest airlines are only undertaking these measures as a means to cut their own fuel burden and have little regard for the environment as a whole.
One interesting aspect on this front is the increased usage of biofuels (cooking oil) in conjunction with jet fuel. United Airlines has experimented using 40 percent biofuel and many other airlines have experimented using 20percent biofuel blended with jet fuel. Biofuel can perform as good or better than 100percent jet fuel and can drastically reduce emissions and possibly increase fuel economy. However, biofuels remain much more expensive and full implementation of supplementing with biofuels is still several years away.
Stranded Passengers
The Department of Transportation (DOT) in the USA has a rule that provides protection for passengers stuck on the tarmac for domestic flights. The rule is that airlines must not force passengers to remain on the aircraft for more than three hours. Exceptions are when it would be too disruptive to return to the gate or for security or safety reasons. The rule was established after several flights forced passengers to endure sitting on the tarmac with no toilets, food, or drink for extended periods of time. In 2011, American Eagle was fined $900,000 ($27,500 per passenger) for several lengthy tarmac delays. The rules have had one apparently unintended but yet easily foreseeable consequence of increased flight cancelations if there is a risk of a threehour delay. In 2012, a domestic flight from the east to the west coast could expect to generate revenues upward of $100,000, assuming 250 passengers. However a $27,500 fine per customer for a delay would impose a penalty of $6.9 million. It is this risktoreward ratio being out of balance that sometimes causes airlines to cancel fights (which there is no penalty for) and ultimately force what would be a three hour delay into a much longer delay for the passengers.
Future Spirit has committed to ordering many new planes so the primary strategic decision for the company is what cities and countries to add to its destination list. How many flights per day should be offered to various cities from various other cities? Should Spirit expand to more Latin American and South American countries and which ones would be best when? To go along with expansion, the company needs both a marketing plan and a human resources plan to support growth. Spirit is actually doing so well financially that the firm could, if desired, seek to acquire another airline, perhaps an airline based in Mexico or Brazil. And there is no reason why Spirit could not penetrate Canada and even the USA with more flights to more cities.
Prepare a threeyear strategic plan for Spirit given its existing commitments to purchase or lease additional planes annually for the next five years.