history 162 project outline and final paper

Outline Example：

The Development and Impact of Ptolemy’s Almagest

Written by: STUDENT NAME

HIST 280-940

DATE

Introduction:             The sky and the stars have played an incredible role in human history.  Since the dawn of time, humans have looked to the sky for navigation, agriculture, religious guidance and story telling.  The cosmos have always served practical and divine purposes, yet it has always been something shrouded in mystery and obscurity.  The quest to understand the cosmos has fueled scientific development for millennia.   The evolution of the study of astronomy, as well as our understanding of ancient scientific thought, has been made significantly better thanks to Claudius Ptolemy and his groundbreaking treatise the Almagest.  Ptolemy was a Greco-Egyptian mathematician, astronomer and geographer from the city of Alexandria. The Almagest is one of the only surviving treatises on ancient astronomy, making the ideals and methodologies within it vital to the study of ancient science.  On a scientific level the ideas and mathematics were unprecedented, and severed as the authoritative concepts for nearly twelve centuries after the Almagest was published.  The mathematics and geometry presented in the treatise is valuable even today, and its development is something that holds great importance to study of Astronomy.  On a historical level, Ptolemy’s treatise documents the work of Hipparchus, whose work has been lost, and pulls from theories of Babylonian mathematical astronomy.  Ptolemy also attempted to use math and data to support his theories and ideals, something that became to define scientific method and thought.  The Almagest does attract some critics, especially in it’s failure to answer what caused planetary motion, and Nicolaus Copernicus famously disproved it during the Renaissance, but its impact to the study of science cannot be denied.  Overall, the science and mathematics behind the Almagest forever changed the way we look at the cosmos and its impact, both positive and negative, continues to shape the study of astronomy. 

Part 1: An Introduction to the Almagest

Sources that will be sited in this part:  The Almagest, Mathematical Methods in Ancient Astronomy by Otto Neugebauer, The Beginning’s of Western Science by David C. Lindberg

            Point 1: Brief discussion on Ptolemy’s background and life

            Point 2: Discuss the work of Hipparchus, Babylonian Mathematical Astrology, and others before Ptolemy

            Point 3: Intro to Almagest – when and where it was written, structure of treatise, language it was written in, etc.

Part 2: An analysis of the science and mathematics in the Almagest

Sources that will be sited in this part:  The Almagest, Mathematical Methods in Ancient Astronomy by Otto Neugebauer, The Beginning’s of Western Science by David C. Lindberg

            Point 1: Intro Ptolemy’s Planetary Model

            Point 2: Discuss the spherical trigonometry of Ptolemy’s cosmos and the significance of perfect spheres in the treatise

            Point 3: Talk about the geocentric geometry of the cosmos

            Point 4: Discuss the motion of the planets and the determination of the latitude

            Point 5: Talk about the calculation done to determine the length of the year  also discuss Hipparchus’ discovery of the precession of the equinoxes

Part 3: A discussion on the positive and negative impacts of the Almagest

Sources that will be sited in this part: The Beginning’s of Western Science by David C. Lindberg, Journal of Near Eastern Studies by Otto Neugebauer, The Almagest, Ptolemy’s first Commentator by Alexander Jones, Mathematical Methods in Ancient Astronomy by Otto Neugebauer,

            Point 1: Describe how the math behind the Almagest is an important example of Greek trigonometry, and how not many other examples exist

            Point 2: Tie in Hipparchus and how the Almagest is one of the only surviving example of his work

            Point 3: Discuss disproval and the heliocentric model of the cosmos proposed by Copernicus

            Point 4: Discuss criticisms from Otto Neugebauer  including “Ptolemy’s model is not too complicated but too simple because it represents only the longitudes correctly at the expense of the distances” (Neugebauer 1020, Mathematical Methods in Ancient Astronomy)

Conclusion: Will summarize the points made above and end of the thought that despite some criticism from modern scholars, the Almagest was groundbreaking and helped to make the mystery behind the cosmos a little clearer.

Bibliography:

Primary Sources:

Ptolemy, R. Catesby Taliaferro, Charles Glenn Wallis, Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, and Johannes Kepler. The Almagest. Chicago, 1955.

Secondary Sources:

Jones, Alexander. “Ptolemy’s First Commentator.” The American Philosophical Society 80 (2009): 1-61.

Neugebauer, Otto. “The History of Ancient Astronomy Problems and Methods.” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 4 (1945): 1-38.

Neugebauer, Otto. Mathematical Methods in Ancient Astronomy. American Mathematical Society, 1948.