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DEPT.SSC.SAFEASSIGN. SSC TUTORING SAFEASSIGN SU2016
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DB&DP
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1 Another student's paper
2 Another student's paper
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5 http://www.dbazine.com/ofinterest/oiarticles/edba12/
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1 DB&DP
2
Database Backup & Disaster Planning SUSHMITHA KOTHAPALLI WILMINGTON
UNIVERSITY Introduction Planning is a crucial component in every aspect of business
operations. Database backup and Disaster planning allow a business to protect itself from
any disasters and incidents that could range from cyber attacks to natural disasters.
Organizations should possess clear guidelines that prepare it for survival in the
eventuality that such an incident occurs. An organization can go beyond just a response to
a disaster; planning allows it to have guidelines on what processes are to be followed so as
to facilitate the resumption of operations (Wong et al., 1994). After the creation of a
database or an application goes online, every operation is new and fresh and running as
intended. 1 HOWEVER, THIS CHANGES OVER TIME AS NEW SOFTWARE
AND HARDWARE IF ADDED, TOGETHER WITH MORE DATA, MORE
USERS, MORE REQUIREMENTS, ETC. The result more often than not is a gradual
wearing down of systems as more service is required from them on a daily basis. 1 AN
ORGANIZATION SHOULD BE PREPARED FOR A SITUATION WHERE
FAILURE WILL IMPACT THE USABILITY, AVAILABILITY, OR THE
INTEGRITY OF A DATABASE; THIS ABILITY TO REACT EFFECTIVELY
RELIES ON HAVING A WELLPLANNED APPROACH TO DATABASE
BACKUP AND DISASTER PLANNING.
Database Backup Database backup involves the making of a copy of the data in a
database. The critical sections of database or in its entirety are copied into a secondary
storage location for the purposes of performance or recovery. The database backups are
usually intended to provide a safeguard against system failure, errors and the unexpected
loss of data. In the event that these events occur, the original data might be lost, and the
backup data can be used to reconstruct the database (Gorman, 2014)
Database failures that necessitate recovery can be categorized into three groups; instance
failures that are as a result of an operating system failure or software related database
failure, Application failures that are a result of scripts or programs being run at the wrong
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time, in the wrong order, or using the wrong input and media failure that involves damage
to disk storage devices, tape damage or degradation, file system failures, and deleted data
files. Organizations now rely heavily on data to carry out their operations. Therefore, it is
important that a plan is put in place to counteract system failures. A sound database
backup can act as an insurance policy for an organization's data (Ward & Dafoulas, 2011).
Image copy backups The fundamental component of database backups is the creation of
backup copies of data. 2 IF AN ERROR HAPPENS THAT RESULTS IN THE
DAMAGE TO THE INTEGRITY OF A DATABASE, THEN A BACKUP COPY OF
THAT DATA IS USED AS A BASIS TO RESTORE OR RECOVER THE
DATABASE. 3 THE PROCESS OF BACKING UP DATABASES INCLUDES
THE MAKING OF CONSISTENT COPIES OF DATA, USUALLY IN THE FORM
OF IMAGE COPIES, THAT ARE THE OUTPUT OF A COPY UTILITY. The two
types of image copy backups include: a full image copy backup, which is a complete copy
of all the data in a database object at the time that the copy was run and an incremental
image copy backup, also known as a differential backup, which includes only data that
changed since the last incremental of full copy was made.
The incremental backup method has an advantage over the full backup method since it
can be made in a short period, and needs less storage space. However, its recovery can
take longer since, sometimes, a row can be updated several times before any previous
changes are restored.
Backup consistency It is critical that an organization develops a backup plan that creates a
recovery point for the database object that is consistent. So as to ensure the consistency of
a backup, there is a need to be aware of the relationships between the objects that are
being backed up and the other database objects. These include referential constraints,
applicationenforced relationships, and triggers. 4 IF A COPY IS USED TO
RECOVER A DATABASE OBJECT TO A SPECIFIC POINT IN TIME, THEN
THERE IS A NEED TO RECOVER ALL THE RELATED DATABASE OBJECTS
TO THAT SPECIFIC POINT IN TIME OR THE RESULT WILL BE
INCONSISTENT DATA (WARD & DAFOULAS, 2011).
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Disaster Planning Disaster recovery is an area of security planning which involves the
protection of an organization from the adverse effects of a significant negative event. The
significant negative events, in this context, involves events that can put the operations of
an organization at risk; equipment failures and cyber attacks, for instance, as well as,
earthquakes, volcanoes, and other natural disasters.
Disaster planning acts as a form of insurance, with insurance, regular premiums are paid
so as to cover loss due to an accident. 5 A DISASTER RECOVERY PLAN ACTS IN
A SIMILAR MANNER SINCE AN ORGANIZATION WILL BE REQUIRED TO
PAY FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A DISASTER PLAN BY ALLOWING
THE DESIGNATION OF A DISASTER RECOVERY SITE, THE SHIPPING OF
BACKUP COPIES FROM THE DATA OFFSITE, THE PREPARATION OF
RECOVERY TASKS, AND THE CARRYING OUT OF ROUTINE PRACTICE OF
RECOVERY PROCEDURES.
The selection of a location plays a critical role in disaster planning; a company that
operates in an area that is prone to natural disasters such as hurricanes and tornadoes
near a coast should set it plans in line with such disasters in mind. However, some types
of disasters, such as sabotage, heating failures, or vandalism, are not location specific and
can occur anywhere on the planet. Therefore, an organization should possess a
comprehensive and tried disaster plan that explains the process of how to survive and
resume operations in the event of a disaster (Snedaker & Rima 2014).
5 A DISASTER RECOVERY PLAN SHOULD BE ABLE TO HANDLE ISSUES
LIKE THE SELECTION OF ALTERNATE LOCATIONS THAT THE
ORGANIZATION CAN CONDUCT ITS BUSINESS OPERATIONS, THE
COMMUNICATION METHODS THAT WILL INFORM THE EMPLOYEES OF
THE ALTERNATE LOCATIONS AND THE PROCEDURE, AND ANY
PUBLICITY MEASURES THAT WILL INFORM THE ORGANIZATION'S
CUSTOMERS OF THE NEW WAY TO CONDUCT TRANSACTIONS WITH THE
ORGANIZATION POSTDISASTER. THE PLAN SHOULD ALSO CONTAIN A
COMPONENT THAT COVERS THE OVERALL PLAN OF THE RESUMPTION
OF IT OPERATIONS AND DATA PROCESSING.
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A major component of a disaster plan is the initializing of the resumption of data
processing operations. 5 IT IS CRITICAL THAT THE OPERATIONS ARE
RESTARTABLE AT A REMOTE LOCATION AND THAT THE CRITICAL
DATABASES ARE ALL ACCOUNTED FOR IN THE DISASTER RECOVERY
PLAN. The key to this is to pursue integration at two levels: 5 THE RECOVERY
PLANNING LEVEL AND THE DAY TO DAY BACKUP AND THE DISASTER
RECOVERY PLANNING LEVEL. THE BACKUP COPIES OF THE DATABASE
ARE REQUIRED BOTH OFFSITE FOR RECOVERY PURPOSES AND ONSITE
FOR THE REGULAR RECOVERIES. AN ORGANIZATION SHOULD
INCORPORATE BOTH LEVELS OF RECOVERY PLANNING INTO ITS
REGULAR BACKUP PROCESSES THAT ARE DEPLOYED FROM ITS
DATABASES (LAM, 2002).
ANOTHER GOAL IF DISASTER RECOVERY PLANNING IS THE
MINIMIZATION OF THE COSTS THAT RESULT FROM THE LOSSES OF, OR
DAMAGE TO, THE CAPABILITIES OR RESOURCES OF AN
ORGANIZATION'S IT FACILITIES. An effective plan should be able to assess the
risks that are associated with data loss. 5 THERE EXISTS THREE DIFFERENT
TYPES OF RISKS THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE LOSS OF DATA:
BUSINESS SERVICE INTERRUPTION, FINANCIAL LOSS, AND THE
RESULTANT LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS. Therefore, it is important to ascertain
how each application and data will impact the company if it not accessible. 5 A
DISASTER PLAN FACTORS ALL THE TYPES OF RISK SO AS TO BE ABLE TO
DETERMINE WHICH DATABASE OBJECTS AND APPLICATIONS ARE MOST
CRITICAL (SNEDAKER & RIMA 2014).
BUSINESS NEEDS SHOULD DICTATE THE PRIORITIES OF A DISASTER
RECOVERY PLAN, NOT THE TECHNICAL ISSUES AND NEEDS. A plan should
rank the organization's applications into groups so as to determine which have the biggest
impact if unavailable; this will allow for the recovery and immediate availability of the
more critical data in the event a disaster affects the organization.
6 DATABASE BACKUP AND DISASTER RECOVERY: Integration The key to an
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effective disaster recovery effort is the pursuit of the integration of an organization's
database backup and disaster recovery planning efforts. The integration can be pursued at
two levels: 5 THE RECOVERY PLANNING LEVEL AND THE DAY TO DAY
BACKUP AND THE DISASTER RECOVERY PLANNING LEVEL. THE
BACKUP COPIES OF THE DATABASE ARE REQUIRED BOTH OFFSITE FOR
RECOVERY PURPOSES AND ONSITE FOR THE REGULAR RECOVERIES.
AN ORGANIZATION SHOULD INCORPORATE BOTH LEVELS OF
RECOVERY PLANNING INTO ITS REGULAR BACKUP PROCESSES THAT
ARE DEPLOYED FROM ITS DATABASES.
A challenge that most organizations face if the identifying the necessity of incorporating
disaster recovery planning with the larger strategy of business recovery. There should be
an understanding of all the processes, requirements and the interdependencies that are
associated with the institution's primary operations. The organization's disaster recovery
should consider the bigger picture, accounting for all the organization's needs.
If an organization fails to integrate effectively and execute its database backup and
disaster recovery, then this will have a negative impact on its recovery efforts. An
ineffective database backup procedure would mean eventual loss of critical data and a
possibility of an inefficient recovery process for the organization in the event of a disaster.
Proper database backup procedures that are followed by ineffective disaster recovery
procedures will mean that in the event a disaster occurs, there will be a lack of clearly
defined disaster recovery responsibilities, roles and a proper chain of command. The
disorganization and stress that usually surround a disaster usually leave most
organizations incapable of executing recovery procedures, more so if they are ineffective.
References
Gorman, M. M. (2014). 7 DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS. Butterworth
Heinemann.
Lam, W. (2002). 8 ENSURING BUSINESS CONTINUITY. IT Professional
Magazine, 4(3)
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9 SNEDAKER, S., & RIMA, C. (2014). 7 BUSINESS CONTINUITY AND
DISASTER RECOVERY PLANNING FOR IT PROFESSIONALS. Waltham, MA:
Syngress.
7 WARD, P., & DAFOULAS, G. (2011). 7 DATABASE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS. Cengage Learning.
Wong, B. K., Monaco, J. A., & Sellaro, C. L. (1994). 10 DISASTER RECOVERY
PLANNING: Suggestions to
top management and information systems managers. Journal of Systems
Management, 45(5).