just add 3 more pages of content to my document

Naveen Kumar Nagulapalli

Vishal Raj Gunti

Running head: ICS ARCHITECTURE FINAL PAPER 1

ICS ARCHITECTURE FINAL PAPER 2

Table of Contents

Executive Summary 3

Overview 4

Statement of Need 4

Detailed Description 4

ICS Network Architecture 5

Physical and Logical Designs 7

Various charecterstics of water before and after treatment 9

ICS Security Architecture 10

External Security Issues 10

Internal Safety Measures 11

Cyber Security 11

Conclusion 12

References 13

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Water is important in day-to-day life. One cannot live without drinking water for a few days. Rivers are getting contaminated due to the disposals from every industry, houses and communities. In order to protect the rivers from being contaminated, the waste water from the industries, communities and houses must be treated before disposing into the river. Now-a-days waste water treatment is given more importance because of the scarcity of the water. As the population increases, the demand for the water supply increases which directly depends on the wastewater treatment. Major concentration of treatment should be on the waste water coming from the industries which contains harmful chemicals and solids. Waste water must be collected in a treatment plant and there are different phases in the treatment. The waste water samples must be tested at regular intervals at respective steps and they must have particular limits when tested. The reuse of waste water is strictly prohibited in case of agriculture, since they outcome will be in vain if anything goes wrong. In waste water treatment plant every structure has its own importance and maintenance should be done regularly. Lack of maintenance cause the plant to shut down and causes extra burden on the company dealing with the treatment plant. Vadodara Municipal Corporation is one of the major Waste Water Treatment plants in India (Sewage Treatment Plants). It treats waste water from Public Sector Units, Industries and other corporations. The huge mechanical equipment used at every phase made the plant popular.

Waste water treatment is important as many of the harmful things in water gets removed, which prevents the water from polluting. Special care must be taken at regular steps. Water samples in the plant must be tested regularly and the results obtained must be in the permissible limit, if not they must be treated again. Without proper treatment the waste water cannot be disposed directly into the river. Though treatment plant is useful for decreasing the water pollution but the cost of equipment and maintenance and proper treatment of waste water and its security are the major issues of every treatment plant.

Overview:

The scarcity of the water and the river water being polluted with the waste water drives the interest towards the purification of waste water i.e., waste water treatment. In this world where water is the major source for any need and the percentage of pure water available is decreasing day by day, the demand for waste water treatment increased rapidly.

Statement of Need:

There are many problems with the waste water, treatment must be done properly with a standard procedure. If anything goes wrong in the treatment plant, the entire plant needs to be repaired not also that, it causes a huge water contamination if not treated properly. The SCADA and also the security architectures must be properly organized to overcome the problems (SCADA systems in Waste Water Treatment).

Detailed Description:

ICS NETWORK ARCHITECTURE:

Water is the major for agricultural purpose. No human being can grow crops without using water. One can live without having food for few weeks, but once cannot live without drinking water for a few days. Waste water from industries producing chemicals are to be treated separately. In general without treating the waste water if we let it into the river then the river gets contaminated and will cause a huge ecological imbalance. The machinery used in the treatment process are of very high cost. The power supply for the plant must be separate. In case of an emergency, they must be able to operate the treatment plant using secondary power supply.

By using SCADA we can run the whole treatment plant, we can control the water flow, pressures inside the pipe and temperatures in which the treatment process. Automatically developing bar graphs and calculation of results from the data obtained can be easily done by using it. It also supports different applications used for preparing charts like MS-Word or MS-Excel. Log graphs are automatically developed taking the resultant values. Mechanical operation like settling time, coagulation, mixing of materials in a particular stage, aeration process can be automatically designed into the system using the SCADA. The structure is designed in such a way that if the value generated in the treatment plant crosses the permissible limit, it automatically provides a warning sign to the concerned officer. With the resultant values one can easily predict what kind of waste water it is, i.e., whether it is the waste water from Industrial areas or community or houses. Solutions are automatically provided in case of any emergency situation.

Screening:

It is the first and foremost step in waste water treatment. Screens of different sizes are used and the solid wastes present in the water are removed. The size of the holes in the screens are not too small or not too large. If the size of the holes is more then it won’t serve the purpose i.e., all the particles which are supposed to be screened and blocked passes through the screens. If the size is very small, it effects the velocity of the waste water. The screened material obstructs the small holes which causes blockage in the screens. For easy removal of solid wastes. 4 to 5 screens of different sizes, size varies from large to small are placed one after the other in descending order, so that depending on the grit size, the solid are removed (Sewage Treatment, 2014).

Settling Tanks:

The treated water is then sent to the settling tank and if left for some time so that the suspended solids gets settles at the bottom of the tank and as per the design, the bottom will in the given slope with a mechanical scraper so that the solids will be collected at the bottom. They are mechanically operated and consumes more power.

Coagulation:

When alum is added the floating solids, they combine together and form a layer on the top. They are removed either mechanically or manually if needed. Here almost every solid particle present in the water gets removed. But the chemical particles and some left over solids needs to be treated again.

Aeration Basin:

In this basin the Ammonia is removed as it will cause the water more contaminated. Ammonia reacts with the oxygen and forms Nitrates. Gases are released into air and the left over solids are removed mechanically with the help of screens.

U-V Disinfection:

Though water is free from solids, suspended solids, floating bodies and nitrates, but it contains bacteria which can contaminate the purified water. The waste water from the aerated basin are passed through series of pipes in which U.V rays are passed. This kills the bacteria and makes the water pure. After checking the standards, this water is let out into the river/outfall.

At every step we will collect the water samples and calculate whether the water meets the respective standards are not (Sewage Treatment, 2014).

Logical and Physical Design:

While designing the Waste Water Treatment plants some standards must be followed for the design. Settling Tanks must be designed in such a way that the settling time of the solids must be equal to the time for which the water is allowed in the settling tank. If the settling time of solids is more than the time for which the water is allowed in the tank, then the solids cannot settle at the bottom, and if the settling time is less, then the settled particles gets lifted up by the velocity of water which is of no use.

The sewerage pipes and the pipes in the treatment plant must be designed in such a way that in case of heavy floods, the waste water must freely flow through the pipes without causing any damage to the pipes.

At every 10 to 15 meters of distance there must be valve used to operate the flow through the sewerage pipes. In case of any leaking of water through the pipes, with the help of the operating valve, the foreman must be able to divert the waste water to other pipes letting this damaged pipe for repair.

Flume must be designed in such a way that it can serve two purposes, one is to measure the speed of the water flowing and the other is the measure the amount of gas present in the waste water after removing the suspended solids.

In case of flocculation the water must be allowed freely so that the top collected flock of solids gets removed automatically with the water flow.

In physical design the documents, drawings and other specifications are provided so that the process is carried in a systematic order. Temperatures in the treatment plant must be constantly checked. Increase in temperature decreases the efficiency of aeration process and decrease in temperature causes the bacteria to develop. It also includes any doubtful information that is exists in the parameters. In case of any power loss during the treatment process, a secondary power supply source must be provided so that the plant keeps running all the time. During maintenance time and in case of any emergency i.e., during floods and heavy rainfall secondary treatment plant must be chosen for the waste water treatment. Fixed constant value that are used in the calculations are incorporated directly into the system, so that if we give the input, the computer automatically calculates the value using the formulae and constant values provided and gives out correct output.

Typical Waste Water Treatment Plant Diagram:

Various Characteristics of Water before and after treatment:

Security Architecture:

Security must allotted at critical stages of treatment. In case of U.V. disinfection stage proper care must be taken so that no damage happens to the pipe or no over load gets into the pipe. Though Ultra-Violet rays acts as a disinfectant for the water but they are very harmful for the human body and also to the machinery, as because of the high intensity, it can damage the entire U-V disinfection block. Security sensors must be placed. When a person passes through the security sensor, they must be able to detect if any harmful weapons are being carried with him. Spot lights must also be placed so that whoever enters the plant can be watched under the light. If there are major fluctuations in the readings noted in the treatment process, a warning signal must be sent to the concerned operator regarding this fluctuations and detailed note must be prepared in concern to these fluctuations.

External Security Issues:

In the recent years if we observe, terrorists are concentrating mainly on the public sectors units like bridges, dams, power plants, treatment plant and other structural works. They always try to damage these public sectors because if they got damaged in one way or the other it will definitely affect the public’s health. In case of a water treatment plant, they may leave some cyanides into the water will cause death to people living on the river water. It will also kill the fishes and other aquatic animals which causes ecological imbalances in the system. If any industries waste water is tested poisonous because of extra chemicals from the industry, then those waste water must be diverted into a separate treatment plant or secondary treatment plant where proper treatment can be given based on the chemicals present. If all the treatment is done in the same plant without any secondary treatment plant, though the results might be efficient but the cost-benefit ratio will be very high and also it takes double the time to treat waste water. External fencing with electricity must be placed all around the plant, so that no unauthorized person enters the treatment plant. Some terrorist might plan for blasting of pipes carrying waste water, in case of any blast, the sewerage pipes must be able to divert the water to other pipes without passing through the damaged pipe which in case causes a havoc situation.

Internal Safety Measures:

The critical parts in the water treatment plant must be regularly checked. There must be a secondary treatment plant which can be operated in case of any danger or emergency. The waste water samples before entering the treatment, during the treatment process and before leaving the treatment plant must be tested regularly and the values must be checked whether they are in the permissible limit or not. The entire treatment plant runs on the power supply from a particular unit. An alternative source must also be chosen because in case of any breakdown of the power supply, the secondary source can act as a backup for the treatment plant. Compressor house and U-V disinfection blocks are one of the most critical parts of the treatment plant, security must be properly placed and regular inspection must be done at these places as these are the heart of the treatment plant and costs very high to replace them if damaged. Fire extinguishers must be provided inside the treatment plant as in case of any fire outbreak, it can be suppressed to some extent.

Cyber Security:

The computers used in the treatment plant must be interconnected and must be free from internet. If one system is connected to internet, then the chances of the hacker entering into other systems will be very high. Since the gate operations, chemical composition and U-V operation are done using computers, proper security must be provided to the systems. If once it is hacked, since all the systems are interconnected, the hacker will have the access to all the computers and can cause a lot of damage. Though systems are interconnected, we must make sure that the administration department will be able to provide proper security to the computers. No external pen drives or hard drives found on the floor of the lab must not be inserted into the computer drive. It is the tactic of the hacker to introduce virus into the system.

Conclusion:

Waste water treatment is has become predominant in the current years. As the scarcity of water and the growth in population brings the need for the treatment of waste water. Waste water after treatment can be used for agricultural purpose in many a ways. Though it is beneficial in many but there are some problems associated with it. If treatment plant is not properly operated and if the water sample data is not collected at every stage and the resultant water is disposed directly into the river, it causes water contamination which in turn causes ecological imbalances. This brings the security issues for maintaining the critical infrastructure. In this modern world we can find different forms of security available depending on the seriousness of the problem like security through CC Cameras, guard security, watch towers, sensor detector and alarms.

References:

SCADA systems in Waste Water Treatment. (n.d.). In S. J. Sosik. Retrieved from http://www.process-logic.com/content/images/SCADA.pdf