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Running head: CHILD SURVIVORS OF TRAUMATIC STRESS 1

CHILD SURVIVORS OF TRAUMATIC STRESS 2

Annotated Bibliography: Child who are Survivors of Traumatic Stress

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2 July 2016

Annotated Bibliography: Child who are Survivors of Traumatic Stress

Neugebauer, R., Fisher, P. W., Turner, J. B., Yamabe, S., Sarsfield, J. A., & Stehling-Ariza, T. (2009). Post-traumatic stress reactions among Rwandan children and adolescents in the early aftermath of genocide. International journal of epidemiology, 38(4), 1033-1045.

The study surveyed Rwandese children aged between 8 and 19 to measure traumatic exposures using an inventory of possible war time encounters and post-traumatic stress reactions against a checklist of symptoms of PTSD. Those who meet the assessed PTSD diagnosis model are categorized as the cases of probable PTSD. In a sample of 1547, the participants were divided into two. The respondents were exposed to horrific experiences during the war including witnessing killings, rape, sexual mutilation, and in some cases hiding under the corpse. In the two groups of respondents, the study has determined that the rate of probable PTSD was 62% and 54% in the first and second samples respectively. Some of the individuals had the rate that is as high as 100%. Besides, the study found out that the rate of probable PTSD was higher in women than in men. Still, the result indicates that the test on age gave inconsistent.

Wasserman, G. A., McReynolds, L. S., Lucas, C. P., Fisher, P., & Santos, L. (2002). The voice DISC-IV with incarcerated male youths: prevalence of disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(3), 314-321.

The scholars intended to assess the rate of psychiatric disorder amongst the incarcerated youths. Also, they had the objective of examining the feasibility of applying a self administered and comprehensive structured psychiatric evaluation of the incarcerated juveniles. The youths, parents, and staff tolerated well the assessments with 92% of the approached juveniles agreeing. Above the expectable higher levels of substance use and disruptive disorders, the juveniles indicated high levels of mood and anxiety disorders, with above 3% of the youths having suicide attempt in the previous month. The youths who have substance use disorder reported significantly higher chances of being incarcerated compared to the youths with no disorders or have disorders that are not related to substance use.

Bal, A. (2008). Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder in Turkish Child and Adolescent Survivors Three Years after the Marmara Earthquake. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 13(3), 134-139.

The researcher investigated the emergence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children and adolescent survivors in Turkey three years after the Marmara Earthquake in 1999. It considers the exposure, as well as, the age and gender of the survivors. The researcher studied a sample of 293 young survivors of the earthquake in which 141 were male while 152 were female. In the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index for Children, the scores indicated that 3.8% reported very severe, 24.2% severe, while 31.4% moderately severe traumatic stress responses. From the study, the Turkish children and adolescents reported severe long-term post-traumatic stress reactions three years after the Turkish Earthquake of 1999. Also, the gender and level of exposure are strongly linked to the childhood PTSD symptoms. Finally, it identified that the age of the survivor did not affect childhood PTSD symptom severity.

Atilola, O., Omigbodun, O., & Bella-Awusah, T. (2014). Lifetime exposure to traumatic events among adolescents in contact with the Nigerian juvenile justice systems compared with a comparison group of secondary school students. Pediatrics and international child health, 34(2), 92-100.

The scholars offer a detailed data on the lifetime pattern and prevalence rate of traumatic events amongst a group of adolescents in Nigerian juvenile justice system and compare the inmates who are victims and the ones that are the offenders. The study used a quantitative approach in which 408 adolescents were the study participants. It recruited 204 adolescents from two juvenile justice institutions while the other 204 participants were recruited from secondary schools. Physical abuse was determined as the most commonly reported specific lifetime traumatic event. It is reported at the rate of 52.8%. It determined that the prevalence rate of lifetime exposure to traumatic events amongst the young justice lawbreakers was 88.7% compared to 48.5% amongst the victims. However, the research concludes that other than the perpetrators of violence, there is no statistically significant variation in the prevalence and pattern of lifetime exposure to traumatic events between the victims and the offenders. The study offers groundbreaking data about the juveniles and exposure to traumatic event in the Nigerian juvenile justice system. It can be used to inform further studies in the area of juvenile justice practices, as well as, policy decisions. It contributes to the knowledge about the pre-contact adolescent exposure to traumatic events within the country’s juvenile justice system.

Williams, L. (2016). The Value of Alternative Therapies in Mental Health Treatment for Incarcerated Youths. Corrections Today, 24-28.

The article reports that almost 70% of youths in the juvenile justice exhibit mental health disorder and about 30% are suffering from a severe mental illness that impairs their capacity to function as a responsible person. Drawing from several studies, the scholar identifies that many juvenile offenders are suffering from higher rates of anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) than the average youth population. This calls for appropriate mental health intervention programs in the juvenile correctional facilities. In this regards, the author has identified that meditation, yoga, and mindfulness techniques are effective when used in therapeutic ways to achieve mental and physical benefits. The techniques help the juvenile offenders to learn better behavioral control, rational decision making, and emotional regulation. They help in reducing impulsivity and improving the overall psychological status. Consequently, the youths can address their mental health requirements, reduce their risk, improve their motivation and the ability to positively re-enter their communities, and increase their resilience.

Wasserman, G. A., Jensen, P. S., Ko, S. J., Cocozza, J., Trupin, E., Angold, A., ... & Grisso, T. (2003). Mental health assessments in juvenile justice: report on the consensus conference. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(7), 752-761.

The significance of identification and response to the mental health needs of the young people in the juvenile justice system is continuing to gain recognition at the local, state, and national levels. The practitioners and policy makers are struggling to determine ways of addressing the causes and issues that relate to juvenile crime and delinquency. The authors have identified guidelines for mental health assessment that provide unequivocal information on why, how, when, and how to get mental health information on juvenile youths at the various stages in processing. In April 2002, a national team of expert practitioners and scholars convened and derived six recommendations for carrying out mental health assessment within the juvenile justice situations. These include comprehensive health assessment, periodic assessment, and assessment before re-entry into the community. Also, there is screening and assessment of the needs of mental health services, staff training, and screening for emergency risk.

References

Bal, A. (2008). Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder in Turkish Child and Adolescent Survivors Three Years after the Marmara Earthquake. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 13(3), 134-139.

Williams, L. (2016). The Value of Alternative Therapies in Mental Health Treatment for Incarcerated Youths. Corrections Today, 24-28.