3 page paper

Annotated Bibliography

Middleton, D., & Levi, M. (2015). Let sleeping lawyers lie: organized crime, lawyers and the regulation of legal services. British Journal of Criminology, azv001. Retrieved from: http://bjc.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2015/03/09/bjc.azv001.full

The authors provide a detailed analysis on how various criminal activities are executed in cases where the solicitors become the primary offenders on behalf of others or for their own will. The authors also provide a more analysis on how environmental setting help promote organized crime focusing on the United States. The organized criminal activities have really infiltrated the society with the legal system putting in unsatisfactory efforts to combat the situation. The article provides clear reasons why it is necessary to combat crime while the legal services do not seem to get a breakthrough in the sector.

Alesina, A., Piccolo, S., & Pinotti, P. (2016). Organized Crime, Violence, and Politics (No. w22093). National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved from: http://www.csef.it/WP/wp433.pdf

The authors investigate how organized criminal organizations use different means especially violence to ensure that one of their members is elected in order to push forward their agendas without any interference. The author put more efforts on the previous implications of pre-election violence under different electoral systems. Organized criminal gangs usually employ violence to intimidate citizens to vote for their candidates. This strategy has worked in many countries but the authors decided to find out the implications of organized crime in politics in Italy. According to the authors, these criminals usually use a lapse in security system to cause havoc while remaining undetectable to conceal their identity and boost their operations.

Denton, E. (2016). Anatomy of offending: Human trafficking in the United States, 2006–2011. Journal of Human Trafficking, 2(1), 32-62. Retrieved from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/23322705.2016.1136540?journalCode=uhmt20

The author presents a different perception regarding the whole issue on human trafficking in the United States. Human trafficking is one of the common activities done by these groups who work in secret. The research done was able to find out that human trafficking is an inclusive affair involving a series of individuals even the high profile individuals in government. There are heavy human trafficking networks within the United States who the security system has been unable to uncover their operations despite being in operation for so long. Other findings as outlined by the authors are that the individuals involved in these organized crimes have a common bearing or origin. The results go ahead to suggest that there is a high chance of an individual to be trafficked by someone within his or her own community. The article highlights the important role played by social networks and migrants in the commission of the trafficking offense and the inception of the organized criminal activities in human trafficking.

Douglas, J., Burgess, A. W., Burgess, A. G., & Ressler, R. K. (2013). Crime classification manual: A standard system for investigating and classifying violent crime. John Wiley & Sons. Retrieved from: http://www.murders.ru/Classific.pdf

The authors outline a general method that can be used to classify various criminal activities that occur within the United States by involving specific analysis regarding these crimes. All criminal activities in the United States have specific punishment and certain courts that can administer those punishments as outline. The article emphasizes on the steady rise of organized crime within the country although there has been minimal outcome from various security agents undercover operations in order to uncover their operations. Organized criminal activities in most cases are transnational making it very difficult to find the much needed evidence to prosecute.

Kaldor, M. (2013). New and old wars: Organized violence in a global era. John Wiley & Sons.

Retrieved from: http://www.guillaumenicaise.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Kaldor-New-Wars-.pdf

This article presents a historical perspective on how organized violence has reshaped over the years and the various difficult issues involved. The author stresses that the presence of these organized crimes in place for such a long term has had a negative impact on the country’s economy with billions of dollars being wasted away through illegal business and continued organized violence. Thus understanding the implication of organized crimes within the country will enable create the much desired awareness and kick start investigations into various organized criminal gangs in place by the security forces with renewed vigor.

Reiman, J., & Leighton, P. (2015). The rich get richer and the poor get prison: Ideology, class, and criminal justice. Routledge. Retrived from: https://ic.arc.losrios.edu/~hijazin/files/poorgetprison-GrayReiman.pdf

The authors provide various illustrations promoting their assertion that the society is so cruel where only the poor are imprisoned while the rich are acquitted. The study puts into perspective previous research done indicating that boys from low socio-economic class in the United States are 1.5 times likely to be arrested, convicted and sentenced for street crimes than boys from high socio-economic class who perform similar crimes. The author outlines various ways on how the high class individuals in the society are able to get away with white collar crimes in relation to other individuals in the society. This is the main reason why organized crimes strategize themselves and have one of their own in high office mainly for protection purposes.

Lee, M. (Ed.). (2013). Human trafficking. Routledge. Retrieved from: http://childrenatrisk.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/82nd-HT-Legislative-Summary.pdf

The author outlines human trafficking as a form of organized crime, where children are at a high risk of being victims. The vulnerability and the risk involved has led to the passage of anti- human trafficking laws in numerous states across the united states which tries to curb the increase of this illegal trade. The major challenge is that organized criminal organizations do not operate openly meaning that it requires additional effort from security and investigation agents to work extra in trying to uncover their operations.

Bagley, B. (2012). Drug Trafficking and Organized Crime in the Americas. Woodrow Wilson Center Update of the Americas. Retrieved from : http://www.as.miami.edu/media/college-of-arts-and-sciences/content-assets/international-studies/documents/publications/Bagley%20Drugs,%20Crime%20and%20Democracy%20in%20Latin%20America%20and%20the%20Caribbean%20Dec%202011.pdf

The author tries to determine the major trends that have characterized the historical evolution of illicit drug trafficking and organized crime in the united states over the last quarter century. This historical perspective of organized crime traces back to the mafia dominated times to current periods when the operations have become more sophisticated making it even difficult to uncover these secret operations. The article highlights eight trends that typify the ongoing transformation in the operations of organized crimes.

Outline

Introduction

This section will provide initial remarks and outline of the thesis statement which will be the basis of the research.

Historical perspective

The paper will include the various stages that organized crime has been able to undergo putting in mind the history of organized crime in the United States. United States has had incidences of organized criminal activities for a very longtime even though the security agents have made considerable efforts over that period; the evolution of the crime has made it even more difficult to uncover their operations.

Characteristics

The research paper will also put into perspective the various characteristics exhibited by members of these gangs making it difficult for security system to penetrate through their activities and halt their progress.

Impact

The study will involve the various impact that the organize crimes has been able to cause over that long period of time within the United States.

Economic impact

In this section, the research will extensively provide analysis into economic implications of the organized crime in the United States.

Political impact

This will include various ways that organized crimes have been able to influence the outcome of various political positions.

Social impact

In this section, the study will take into account how the daily relation between citizens has been affected by the presence of these organized criminal organizations.

Control measures

The research will incorporate various actions that have been put in place federal bureau of investigation (FBI), central intelligence agency (CIA) and other security forces to ensure that these criminal activities brought about by these illegal groups are well dealt with. Although there has been no eradication of organized crimes, progress has been made.

Recommendations

This section will outline the various factors that can be incorporated into security operations in order to improve or be in a position to uncover these organized criminal activities within the United States.

Conclusion

This section will include the general overview and final assessment into the organized crime in general.

References

Alesina, A., Piccolo, S., & Pinotti, P. (2016). Organized Crime, Violence, and Politics (No. w22093). National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved from: http://www.csef.it/WP/wp433.pdf

Bagley, B. (2012). Drug Trafficking and Organized Crime in the Americas. Woodrow Wilson Center Update of the Americas. Retrieved from : http://www.as.miami.edu/media/college-of-arts-and-sciences/content-assets/international-studies/documents/publications/Bagley%20Drugs,%20Crime%20and%20Democracy%20in%20Latin%20America%20and%20the%20Caribbean%20Dec%202011.pdf

Denton, E. (2016). Anatomy of offending: Human trafficking in the United States, 2006–2011. Journal of Human Trafficking, 2(1), 32-62. Retrieved from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/23322705.2016.1136540?journalCode=uhmt20

Douglas, J., Burgess, A. W., Burgess, A. G., & Ressler, R. K. (2013). Crime classification manual: A standard system for investigating and classifying violent crime. John Wiley & Sons. Retrieved from: http://www.murders.ru/Classific.pdf

Kaldor, M. (2013). New and old wars: Organized violence in a global era. John Wiley & Sons.

Lee, M. (Ed.). (2013). Human trafficking. Routledge. Retrieved from: http://childrenatrisk.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/82nd-HT-Legislative-Summary.pdf

Middleton, D., & Levi, M. (2015). Let sleeping lawyers lie: organized crime, lawyers and the regulation of legal services. British Journal of Criminology, azv001. Retrieved from: http://bjc.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2015/03/09/bjc.azv001.full

Reiman, J., & Leighton, P. (2015). The rich get richer and the poor get prison: Ideology, class, and criminal justice. Routledge. Retrived from: https://ic.arc.losrios.edu/~hijazin/files/poorgetprison-GrayReiman.pdf Retrieved from: http://www.guillaumenicaise.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Kaldor-New-Wars-.pdf