Assignment 1: Biology Article
voncolio
ch_3_-_cell_structure.pptxelectron microscopes
small molecules
molecules of life
viruses
mitochondria, chloroplasts
most bacteria
lipids
DNA
proteins
carbohydrates
0.1 nm
1 nm
10 nm
100 nm
1 µm
FiguRe 3.4 Relative sizes. Below, the diameter of most cells is between 1 and 100
micrometers. Table 3.2 (left) shows conversions among units of length; also see Units
of Measure, Appendix V.
1
human eye (no microscope)
small animals
largest organisms
frog eggs
100 µm
1 mm
1 cm
10 cm
1 m
10 m
100 m
FiguRe 3.4 Relative sizes. Below, the diameter of most cells is between 1 and 100
micrometers. Table 3.2 (left) shows conversions among units of length; also see Units
of Measure, Appendix V.
2
cell
Eukaryotic cell: complex
internal structure
Prokaryotic cell: simple
internal structure
flagella
Types of Cells
Prokaryote Cell
Figure 3.2 Animated! Cells. Archaea are similar to bacteria in
overall structure; both are generally much smaller than eukaryotic cells.
If the two cells depicted here had been drawn to the same scale, the
bacterium would be about this big:
4
nucleus
cytoplasm
DNA
plasma membrane
Eukaryote Cell (Plant)
Figure 3.2 Animated! Cells. Archaea are similar to bacteria in
overall structure; both are generally much smaller than eukaryotic cells.
If the two cells depicted here had been drawn to the same scale, the
bacterium would be about this big:
5
phosphate group
hydrophilic head
two hydrophobic tails
Plasma Membrane
Figure 3.6 Animated! Cell membrane structure. A–C Organization
of lipids in cell membranes. D–G Examples of membrane proteins.
6
one layer
of lipids
one layer
of lipids
Plasma Membrane
Figure 3.6 Animated! Cell membrane structure. A–C Organization
of lipids in cell membranes. D–G Examples of membrane proteins.
7
Recognition proteins
Receptor proteins
Transport proteins
Extracellular Fluid
Lipid Bilayer
Cytoplasm
Plasma Membrane
Figure 3.6 Animated! Cell membrane structure. A–C Organization
of lipids in cell membranes. D–G Examples of membrane proteins.
8
cytoplasm,
with ribosomes
DNA in nucleoid
plasma membrane
cell wall
capsule
pilus
flagellum
Prokaryote Cell
Figure 3.8 Generalized
body plan of a “prokaryote”
(a bacterium or archaeon).
1 cytoplasm,
with ribosomes
2 DNA in nucleoid
3 plasma membrane
4 cell wall
5 capsule
6 pilus
7 flagellum
9
bacteria
Figure 3.9 A biofilm: Oral bacteria in dental
plaque. Three species of bacteria (tan, green) and a
yeast (red) stick to one another and to teeth via a
gluelike mass of shared, secreted polysaccharides
(pink). Other secretions of these organisms cause
cavities and periodontal disease.
10
bacteria
Figure 3.9 A biofilm: Oral bacteria in dental
plaque. Three species of bacteria (tan, green) and a
yeast (red) stick to one another and to teeth via a
gluelike mass of shared, secreted polysaccharides
(pink). Other secretions of these organisms cause
cavities and periodontal disease.
11
archaea
Figure 3.7 Examples of bacteria
(this page) and archaea (facing page).
12
Eukaryote Cell
Plasma membrane
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth ER
Vesicles
Golgi body
Mitochondrion (-ia)
Cytoskeleton
Centrioles
Figure 3.10 Animated!
Common components of eukaryotic
cells. This is an animal cell.
1 A plasma membrane controls the
kinds and amounts of substances
that move into and out of a cell.
2 The nucleus contains, protects,
and controls access to DNA.
3 Ribosomes attached to rough
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) assemble
polypeptides that thread into
the ER’s interior.
4 Enzymes inside smooth ER make
lipids and break down toxins, fatty
acids, and carbohydrates.
5 Vesicles transport, store, or
digest substances.
6 Golgi bodies finish, sort, and
ship lipids and proteins.
7 Mitochondria make ATP.
8 Cytoskeletal elements provide
structural support; move cell parts
or the whole cell.
9 Centrioles produce and organize
microtubul
13
outer membrane
outer compartment
inner compartment
inner membrane
Figure 3.12 Animated! Bacteria-like organelles.
14
two outer membranes
stroma
inner membrane
Figure 3.12 Animated! Bacteria-like organelles.
15
tubulin subunit
Microtubules
Figure 3.13 Animated! Cytoskeletal elements.
16
Microfilaments
actin subunit
Figure 3.13 Animated! Cytoskeletal elements.
17
Flagella
18
Cilia
Pseudopoda
20
Surface Specialization
Figure 3.15 A plant ECM. Section through a
plant leaf showing cuticle, a protective covering of
deposits secreted by living cells.
21
tight junctions
gap junction
basement membrane
adhering junction
Cell Junctions
Figure 3.16 Animated! Cell junctions.
Top, cell junctions common in animal tissues: tight
junctions, gap junctions, and adhering junctions.
Bottom, the micrograph shows how a profusion of
tight junctions (green) seals abutting surfaces of
kidney cell membranes to form a waterproof tissue.
The DNA in each cell nucleus appears red.
22
p59
23
