brief answer a history question

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C O N T E N T S

DOCUMENTS xv

MAPS xix

FEATURES xxi

PREFACE xxiii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxix

· THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST: THE FIRST

CIVILIZATIONS 1

The First Humans 2

The Emergence of Homo sapiens 2

The Hunter-Gatherers of the Old Stone Age 3 The Neolithic Revolution (c. 10,000–4000 B.C.E.) 3

The Emergence of Civilization	5
Civilization in Mesopotamia	6
The City-States of Ancient Mesopotamia	7
Empires in Ancient Mesopotamia	9
The Code of Hammurabi	10
The Culture of Mesopotamia 11
Egyptian Civilization: ‘‘The Gift of the Nile’’ 15
The Impact of Geography	15
O P P O S I N G V I E W P O I N T S
THE GREAT FLOOD: TWO VERSIONS 16
The Old and Middle Kingdoms	18
Society and Economy in Ancient Egypt	19
The Culture of Egypt 19
Disorder and a New Order: The New Kingdom 22
Daily Life in Ancient Egypt	25

On the Fringes of Civilization 26

The Impact of the Indo-Europeans 27

I M A G E S O F E V E R Y D A Y L I F E

THE EGYPTIAN DIET	28
The Hittite Empire	29

CHAPTER SUMMARY • CHAPTER TIMELINE • CHAPTER

REVIEW • SUGGESTED READING 29

· THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST: PEOPLES

AND EMPIRES 32

The Hebrews: ‘‘The Children of Israel’’ 33

Was There a United Kingdom of Israel? 33 The Kingdoms of Israel and Judah 34

The Spiritual Dimensions of Israel	35
The Social Structure of the Hebrews	38

The Neighbors of the Israelites		39
The Assyrian Empire	40
Organization of the Empire	41
The Assyrian Military Machine	41
Assyrian Society and Culture	42
O P P O S I N G V I E W P O I N T S
THE GOVERNING OF EMPIRES: TWO
APPROACHES	43
The Neo-Babylonian Empire	44
The Persian Empire		45
Cyrus the Great		45
Expanding the Empire	46
Governing the Empire	47
The Great King		48
Persian Religion		49
CHAPTER SUMMARY • CHAPTER TIMELINE • CHAPTER
REVIEW • SUGGESTED READING	51
3 THE CIVILIZATION OF THE GREEKS 53
Early Greece	54
Minoan Crete	54
The First Greek State: Mycenae 55
The Greeks in a Dark Age (c. 1100–c. 750 B.C.E.)	56
Homer and Homeric Greece	57
Homer’s Enduring Importance	58
The World of the Greek City-States
(c. 750–c. 500 B.C.E.)	59
The Polis 59
Colonization and the Growth of Trade	59
Tyranny in the Greek Polis	61
Sparta	62
Athens	64
Greek Culture in the Archaic Age	64
The High Point of Greek Civilization: Classical Greece 66
The Challenge of Persia	66
F I L M & H I S T O R Y
300 (2007)	69
The Growth of an Athenian Empire	69
The Great Peloponnesian War (431–404 B.C.E.)	72
The Decline of the Greek States (404–338 B.C.E.)	73

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Culture and Society of Classical Greece	74
The Writing of History	74
Greek Drama	75
The Arts: The Classical Ideal	76
The Greek Love of Wisdom	78
Greek Religion	81
Life in Classical Athens	81
I M A G E S O F E V E R Y D A Y L I F E
ACTIVITIES OF ATHENIAN WOMEN	83
O P P O S I N G V I E W P O I N T S
WOMEN IN ATHENS AND SPARTA	84
CHAPTER SUMMARY • CHAPTER TIMELINE • CHAPTER
REVIEW • SUGGESTED READING	85

4 THE HELLENISTIC WORLD 87

Macedonia and the Conquests of Alexander 88

Philip and the Conquest of Greece 88

O P P O S I N G V I E W P O I N T S

DEMOSTHENES AND ISOCRATES ADDRESS

PHILIP OF MACEDONIA 89

Alexander the Great 90

F I L M & H I S T O R Y

ALEXANDER (2004) 93

The World of the Hellenistic Kingdoms 94

Hellenistic Monarchies 94 The Threat from the Celts 96

Political and Military Institutions 96

Hellenistic Cities 97

Economic Trends in the Hellenistic World 98

Hellenistic Society 99
New Opportunities for Women	99
The Role of Slavery 100
The Transformation of Education	100

Culture in the Hellenistic World	101
New Directions in Literature	102
Hellenistic Art 103
A Golden Age of Science and Medicine	103
Philosophy: New Schools of Thought	105

Religion in the Hellenistic World 107

Mystery Religions 107

The Jews in the Hellenistic World 107

CHAPTER SUMMARY • CHAPTER TIMELINE • CHAPTER

REVIEW • SUGGESTED READING 108

5 THE ROMAN REPUBLIC	111
The Emergence of Rome 112
Geography of the Italian Peninsula	112
The Greeks	112
The Etruscans	112
Early Rome: Impact of the Etruscans	114
The Roman Republic (c. 509–264 B.C.E.)	114

x n Contents

The Roman State 115

The Roman Conquest of Italy 117

The Roman Conquest of the Mediterranean

(264–133 B.C.E.) 119

The Struggle with Carthage 120

The Eastern Mediterranean 121

The Nature of Roman Imperialism 122

Evolution of the Roman Army 123

Society and Culture in the Roman Republic	124
Roman Religion	124
Education: The Importance of Rhetoric	126
The Growth of Slavery		127
The Roman Family 127
F I L M & H I S T O R Y
SPARTACUS (1960)	128
The Evolution of Roman Law	130
The Development of Literature	130
Roman Art	131
Values and Attitudes	132
The Decline and Fall of the Roman Republic
(133–31 B.C.E.)	132
Background: Social, Economic, and Political Problems 132
The Reforms of Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus	133
Marius and the New Roman Army	133
The Role of Sulla	134
The Death of the Republic 134
O P P O S I N G V I E W P O I N T S
THE END OF THE REPUBLIC: THREE VIEWS	137
Literature in the Late Republic	139
CHAPTER SUMMARY • CHAPTER TIMELINE • CHAPTER
REVIEW • SUGGESTED READING	142
6 THE ROMAN EMPIRE		144
The Age of Augustus (31 B.C.E.–14 C.E.)	145
The New Order	145
The Army	146
Roman Provinces and Frontiers	147
Augustan Society	148
A Golden Age of Latin Literature	148
Significance of the Augustan Age		150
The Early Empire (14–180)	150
The Julio-Claudians (14–68)	150
The Flavians (69–96)	151
The Five ‘‘Good Emperors’’ (96–180)	151
The Roman Empire at Its Height: Frontiers and
Provinces	152
Prosperity in the Early Empire	154
Roman Culture and Society in the Early Empire	157
The Silver Age of Latin Literature	157
Art in the Early Empire	157
Imperial Rome	158
The Gladiatorial Shows	159
Disaster in Southern Italy	160