history essay

National identity in the new

republic (cont’d) B.Indians in the new nation

2. Early national policies

a. Marginalization of Indians in constitution

b. Appropriation of Indian lands under treaty system

c. Ohio Valley conflicts and Treaty of Greenville

i. Indian relinquishment of Ohio and Indiana lands

ii. Establishment of “annuity system”

d. Program to encourage American-style agriculture

Government Policy

• Chippewas, Mohawks, Oneidas, Onodagas move away from treaty and suggest they were not represented at the

treaty talks

• Begin to arrive in Philadelphia to argue for an end to land grab

• U.S. enacts the Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Non-Governmental Actions

• Land Speculators and Frontiersmen squat on land force tribal response

• Frontiersmen then claim they were attacked by a tribe

• Government forces a treaty or threatens to attack

Techniques to Treaty signing

• Bribery

• Alcohol

• Hard-sell Tactics

• Deceit

• Threats

• Mis-identify leadership

Campaign for Ohio

• Settlers push North of the Ohio River and Shawanee and Miami under Little Turtle and Blue Jacket attack

settlements

• October 19, 1790 forces under General Josiah Haramar defeated

• November 4, 1791 another defeat with 623 of original American forces 1,400 dead

Campaign for Ohio

• Send Iroquois to negotiate, attempt rebuffed

• Larger force prepared

• August 20, 1794 defeat of forces of Shawnee, Delaware, Ottowa, Kickapoo

• August 3, 1795 Greenville treaty signed with 2/3 of Ohio given up in exchange for protection of other lands

• Set pattern for Westward Expansion

National identity in the new republic

A. Ethnic vs. civil criteria

B. Indians in the new nation

1. Conflicting approaches of white Americans

a. Exclusion

b. Incorporation

Moving West and South

• Americans believed that by beating British had conquered land and now available for occupation

• By 1790 the land that is now Kentucky had a white population of 74,000; Tennessee 36,000

• Iroquois Confederation, Fort Stanwix Treaty of 1784

Image of Settlers

• This Romantic vision of Daniel Boone leading a group of

settlers into the Cumberland

Gap (through Appalachian

mountains) into Kentucky,

Tennessee

Tecumseh (Shawnee Leader)

• With brother Tenskwatawa (a spiritual leader) led Indian

resistance movement

• United diverse tribes under a singular worldview

Pushmataha (Choctaw Leader)

• Opposed Tecumseh attempts to create a united front

• Believed that survival depended upon co-existence

Outlooks on Survival

• Southern tribes intermarried with British traders

• Primarily traders

• Adopted Western ways as opposed to traditional

• Argued against warfare

• Northern tribes remained separate

• Primarily hunters

• Attempted to maintain traditional ways

• Increasingly for warfare

Conflict Increases

• Tecumseh goes north with allies of different tribes to assist British at beginning of War of 1812

• Tecumseh named leader of Indian - British army

• October 5, 1813 British retreat north leaving Tecumseh forces, battle Americans forces Tecumseh killed

Manifest Destiny (Romantic Rationale)

• God given duty to expand West

• The greatest civilization in history should be spread

• Attraction of Romantic Images of frontier

Manifest Destiny (Practical Reasons)

• Depression in 1818 and 1821 drove many to settle in frontier

• Exhaustion of Good Land

• Panic of 1838 final straw for those attempting to settle in urban areas

• Others (Indians and Mexicans) cannot use develop land as well

The Panic of 1819

• Panic of 1819 - A downturn in the American economy in 1819 that plunged the nation into depression and economic

hardship.

Missouri Compromise of 1820

• By 1819 the majority of Northern States had outlawed slavery

• Missouri petitioned to enter Union as slave state

• Debate in Congress

• Resolution by Henry Clay to admit Maine as a free state; no slavery south of 36 parallel and

balance of free and slave states

The Five Civilized Tribes

• Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole

• By the 1820s pressured by settlers had ceded land but still resided on parts of Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and

Florida

Indian Removal

• Andrew Jackson elected in 1828, key part of platform was removal of Indians west of Mississippi

• 1830 Indian Removal Act (fund allocated for the removal of Indians from Southern areas)

Cherokee Fight Back

• Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831); Worcester v. Georgia (1832) Chief Justice Marshall rules that Cherokee were

domestic dependent nation that could not be forced out

• Cherokee, Choctaw out by 1830

• Creek 1836

• 1838 Trail of Tears