FOR A-PLUS WRITER

Haggi I

Abdullah Haggi

ENGLISH 2O1O

Shannon Branfield

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resource .rffi,ce? The ambiguous "-#*r:" "

$TgX::;:.- dependence on violent conrlicd rournat of Peace no*,"@,7s7-776,

This article is relevant to my argument because it offers part of a solution to both the

rentier peace and resource curse theories, particularly for the oil-producing countries. Hence,

the maior argument in this reference is that both resource dependence and resource wealth per

capita should be considered. In essence, these two concepts should be taken into account

because only the availability of the extremely high per capita revenues mainly from oil

enables governments to attain internal stability. Notably, the empirical analysis of this

reference supports this hypothesis effectively. The research findings of this article state that

oil-wealthy nations ostensibly manage to maintain their political stability through an

amalgamation of protection by outsiders, high expenditure on the security apparatus, and

large-scale distribution. In comparison to the oil-poor nations and inconsistency to the rentier

theory, the reference states that oil-wealthy countries' institutions seem not to be particularly

characterized through clientelism and patronage.

Benes, J., Chauvet, M., Kamenikr 0., Kumhof, M., Laxton, D., Mursula, S., &Selody, J.

,ri- , Th. future of oil: Geology versus technolog,v.lnternational Journal of Forecasting,,{31(l)" L"',_

j:,

207-22{,2015. Print

Haggr 2

Most importantly, this ret'erence is also relevant to my argument since it reconciles

and discusses two diametrically opposed perspectives about rvorld's oil production future and

prices. The article notes that the geological perspective expects that physical constraints shall

dictate the future evolution of prices and oil output. This perspective is supported by the

statistics that pofiray that rvorld oil production has deciined significantly since 2005 despite

the historically high prices. Additionally, spare capacity has also reduced to near historic

lows. On the other hand, the technological perspective of oil expects that higher oil prices

should eventually lead to a decisive eff-ect specitically on oil output through encouraging

technological solutions. Tl"ris perspective is supported by the fact that high prices since 2003

resulted in escalated revisions in production forecasts lbunded on a purel-v geological

perspective. "-,i'

ir\- r l;

Bromley, S. The United States and the control of world oil'. Government antl Oppositio{,', ,'''"

tt'

: 40Q1.225-255. 2005. Print. I :'

This informative relerence is appropriate for my argument because it expounds oa the

drive to correct the world's oil, which is the fundamental driving torce that is trehind the

American foreign policy. Hence, the reference argues that instead of perceiving the American

foreign poliey as being driven by the US oil companies' expansionary forces that seek new-

markets and reserves, it is integral to analysis the American geopolitics nature. it is also

important to analysis how this American geopolitics nature shapes various policies tolvards

internationai oil. According to the article, the U.S. indeed attempts to exercise a certain

degree of influence specifically over the world oil. However, the kind of this influence is

extremely different and arnbiguous from the types of control that Arnerica applies to raw

materials that are traditionaily linked w'ith irnperial pow'ers. T;.

Fasano, U., &Iqbal, Z. GCC countries: from oil dependence to diversilication.

International Monetary Fund, 2003. Print.

Haggi 3

This reference is relevant to my argument because

it notes that Gcc nations irave

evidently come fiom far a{ter combined effor-ts at economic

transtbrmation were started over

tlvodecadesago.TheseGCCcountries'livingstandardshavecontinuedtoescalate

regardlessofheaq,-relianceonvolatileoilrevenues,aswellasfastpopulationgrouth.

Additionarly. these Gcc nations ha'e also played an integral

function in helping .ther

deveroping nations in the region especially through

maintaining liberal trade and exchange

systems,empioymentopportunities.andfinancialsupport'Nonetheless'newchallengeshave

evidentlybeguntoemerge.Hence,theswiftiyescalatingdomesticlaborforcehas

necessitated the ,eed tbr a sustained increment

in institutionar reforms. human capital

investment,andnon-oilgrornth.Nevertheless,theauthoritiesaresearchingfora

\ Thiseducativeret-erenceisrelevantformyargumentsinceitnotesthatAmerica,s

heavy oil dependence threatens the cou,try,s environment,

econonry' and national securiry' It

;;;.r;".{merica consumes nearlv 25% of the total

oil production in the u'or1d

aitherugh it only has 3yo of its reserves. The nation

also spends huge billions of dollars

annuarly for o* importation, particularly from the world's

unstable regions' Thus' this costly

behaviorendangerstlrelrealthcrfitscitizensthroughpollutiorrfromthecourrtry,sbuses'

trucks. and cars, which account for 2'o/oof America's

grobal rvarming po*ution' This also

includessmogandsootthatdamagetheirlungs'Inessence.Anrericashouldhastenits

..aggressive plan to developing cellulosic biofuels between now and

2015.', This will greatly

comprehensive reform strategy to address these

challenges'

assist the courrtry to reduce its heavy dependence

on oil and pollution'

Haggi4

-^ ., t" \\w\ Holdren, J. P.'The enerry innovation imperative: addressing oil dependence,

climate change, and other 2lst centurT energy challengtii{- innovafio$tr97,3-23,2006. \*' !- \*'

Print.

This reference is also relevant to my argument because it expounds that the society

faces numerous energy challenges particularly in this century although the reduction of

energy resources in an absolute or global sense is none of them. Thus, the world is running

out of reliably deliverable and extractable natural gas and conventional oil, and there is the

need to address this issue further. Ideally. other energy sources such as solar energy should be

harnessed not mitigate this issue amicably. Additionally, the reference provides various

solutions on w'hat should be done to deal with this situation. Among these solutions includes

financing and promoting early deployment of promising options from the RD&D process.

The other solution involves providing the coordination, continuity, and scale of effort in

demonstration, development, and energy research' ---, {* Hughes, L., & Rudolph, J. g0l1).'Future world oil production: growth, plateau, or

:t - - --^ .ito*' peak?"Currenr Opinion in Environmental Sustainabiliffi),225-23412011. Print.

Importantly, this reference is relevant to my argument in the sense that it provides

vital infolnation on the future of world production. Hence. it notes, "w-ith the exception of

the two oil shocks in the 1970s, world oil production experienced steady growth throughout

the 20th century, from about 400,000 barrels a day in 1900 to over 74 million by 1999." It

also states that conservative projections that are derived from IEA (International Energy

Agency) for 2035 portray that oil production will escalate to nearly 96 million barels daily.

Nonetheless, majority of the oil products that human beings consume are derived rnainly

from various sources. which are non-renewable. The article considers the period that world

Haggi 5

oil production will continue to grow' peak or plateau, and eventually clecline' It denotes that

societies must be ready fbr a world that has less oil' ",,"* ' . ..,;$;'''' ".-i{-" }, - "/"" '- -.^- .'t

LaherrBre, JiFuture of oil supplies.Energy exploration & exploitofon' 2l{3)'P27267'

\-- \*-""-

2003. Print.

This article is important and relevant to m.v argument since it expounds on the oil

supplies future. It states that oil is paramount to the world' which has made publishing

production, and reserve data has gradually turned into a political act' Hence' majority of the

disputes between the economists (optimists) and retired geologists (pessimists) is because the

use varied information sources and different definitions when 'liscussing

the oil supplies

future. ldeally, the optimists utilize the published political data wiereas the pessimists utilize

cont-idential technical data. This phenomenon has also afl'ected the OPEC quotas w-hereby its

reserves quantities were increased from 1986 to 1990 although the real atnournt r'vas less'

Accor<ling to this reference, the major reason for this is that politics and confidentiality make

it harcl to obtain valid data, which creates uncertainly about the future of oil supplies'

1 \-..

Lefton, R, & weis s,D. oil dependent is a dangerous habit'center for American

;1$.ogr"rr, Jxn*f3, 20 10, Print'

tx'L

'1 This article is also relevant to my argument because it

provides insightful information

about the dangers of depending heavily on oil since it is a dangerous habit' Moreover' the u's

is spending close to $1 billion daily overseas on oil imporls rather than investing the funds in

the country since its economy needs such an amount of money for other developments'

Furthermore, burning oil that increases global warming also poses severe threats to the

country's national securitv, as well as the global security' It notes' "For these reasons' we

need to kick the oil addiction by investing in clean-energy refonn to reduce oil demand' while

taking steps to curb global warming'' ,.-'-,""'-' ''. \ \*.- ,, {

tl Ross. M. L. Does oil hinder democrac_v ?.hltorkt potilicb{53(03), 325-36I,

2001- Print'

Haggi 6

Notably. this reference is indeed relevant to my argument since it notes that some scholars

have suggested that the oil rvealth in the Middle East assists in explaining its failure to

democratize. This article is also informative trecause it examines three fundamental concepts

of this "oil impedes democracy" claim. The author has utilized combined time-series cross-

national data mainly from l 13 nations between 1971 and 1997 to portray that oil exports are

associated strongly with the authoritarian rule. This is not evident only in the Middles East

countries but in other countries that have other kinds of mineral exports. They also "have a

similar antidemocratic effect, while other types of commodity exports do not."

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