CHEM 121 - General Chemistry I
CHEM 121 Exam 4 Study Guide page 1 of 2
CHEM 121: Exam 4 Study Guide
Chapter 8: Quantities in Chemical Reactions Stoichiometry: Use mole‐to‐mole ratios to relate and calculate amounts of reactants and/or products in a chemical reaction
• Calculate the mass or volume at STP of a reactant or product given the balanced chemical equation and the amount of another reactant or product present or produced.
Yields of Reactions • theoretical yield: amount of product predicted using the balanced equation (can be calculated)
• actual yield: amount of product one actually obtains (generally given in the problem)
Percent yield = 100% yieldltheoretica
yieldactual ×
Mass Percentage Problems • Use stoichiometry to calculate the mass or mass percentage of a compound in a mixture.
Chapter 11: Gases • Know the properties of gases. • Know definitions: vacuum, gas pressure,
atmospheric pressure, compressibility • Recognize that atmospheric pressure
decreases with altitude. Gas pressure and Atmospheric pressure • Be able to convert between units of pressure: 1 atm ≡ 760 torr ≡ 760 mmHg = 14.7 psi • Know how changes in volume, temperature,
and number of particles affect gas pressure. • Given 2 sets of conditions, solve problems
using 2
22
1
11
T VP
T VP
= , including canceling
variables that stay the same to simplify. Recognize the temperatures (T’s) must be in Kelvins.
Solve for a variety of problems involving gases • Use ideal gas law (PV=nRT) to solve for P, V, n, or
T (in Kelvins). R= Kmol atmL 0.0821
⋅ ⋅
will be given.
Standard Temperature & Pressure (STP): T= 0˚C and P=1.00 atm • Molar volume of a gas at STP = 22.4L/mol • Solve for gas density or molar mass at STP. • Identify an unknown gas using its gas density or
at STP. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure: • Use Dalton’s Law (Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3 + …) to solve for total pressure or the partial pressure of
one gas in a mixture • Recognize that when a gas is collected over
water, the total pressure is due to water vapor and the gas
CHEM 121 Exam 4 Study Guide page 2 of 3
Chapter 13: Solutions
• solution: uniform mixture of two or more substances as atoms, ions, or molecules – a solute dissolved in solvent
• Recognize what occurs at the molecular level when a solute dissolves in water.
• Recognize what can be done to increase the rate of dissolving: heating solution, stirring solution, grinding solute into smaller particles
• Know the definitions for unsaturated, saturated, and supersaturated.
• Use “Like dissolves like” Rule and the Solubility Rules to predict what substances are soluble/insoluble in or miscible/immiscible with water or other solvent
• x100% solutionof mass soluteof mass
= (M/M%) ionconcentrat percent Mass
• solutionof (L) liters soluteof moles
=Molarity (units of M=molar)
• x100% solutionof mL soluteof mass
= m/v) (% Percent eMass/Volum or w/v) (% Percent umeWeight/Vol
• Determine the molarity, mass percent concentration, or weight/volume percent of a solution given the amount of solute and solvent present.
• Solve problems involving molarity and mass percent concentration using unit analysis.
• Use the Dilution Equation: M1 V1 = M2 V2
• Know definitions for: diffusion, semi‐permeable membrane, osmosis, isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic, and osmotic pressure
• Know why one cannot “learn by osmosis”.
Chapter 15: Chemical Equilibrium
• Distinguish between spontaneous and nonspontaneous processes.
• Know the definitions for reaction rate, activation energy (Eact), heat of reaction (ΔH), and catalyst.
• Know Collision Theory and the activation energy and collision geometry requirements for a chemical reaction.
• Be able to name and explain the three factors that increase the rate of chemical reactions.
• Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions – Know endothermic reactions absorb heat → surroundings feel colder after reaction – Know exothermic reactions release heat → surroundings feel hotter after reaction – Know the stronger the bonds, the lower the energy for reactants and products.
→ When a reaction occurs, energy is released or absorbed based on the relative strength of the bonds broken and the bonds formed.
CHEM 121 Exam 4 Study Guide page 3 of 3
Chapter 15: Chemical Equilibrium
• Given a reaction energy diagram, be able to: – Determine if the reaction is endothermic or exothermic, and show heat as a reactant or product in the chemical equation. – Indicate the activation energy for the forward and reverse reactions. – Indicate the effect of a catalyst on the reaction rate. – Indicate the heat of a reaction (ΔH).
• Know a catalyst can speed up a chemical reaction by providing an alternative pathway that decreases the activation energy of a reaction. – Explain how enzymes acts as biological catalysts.
• Recognize that chemical reactions do not always proceed to completion.
• At equilibrium, – The rates of forward and reverse reactions are equal. – The concentrations of reactants & products are constant (not changing), but they do not have to be equal to one another
Le Châtelier's Principle – A system at equilibrium will shift to minimize any stress (change in concentration, temperature, etc.) imposed. – Predict equilibrium shifts (left to form reactants or right to form products) given specific changes in concentration or temperature. – Determine if a reaction is exothermic or endothermic given data (e.g. color changes).
– Reactions that go to completion are product‐favored (e.g. acid‐base neutralization reactions) – Reactions that mostly remain as reactants are reactant‐favored (e.g. an eggshell/CaCO3 doesn’t
decompose at room temperature) Chapter 16: Oxidation and Reduction (Redox)
• Be able to determine oxidation numbers for all the elements/atoms/ions in a chemical equation. • Use oxidation numbers whether or not a reaction is a redox reaction. • Use oxidation numbers to determine which reactant was oxidized (served as the reducing agent) and which reactant was reduced (served as the oxidizing agent) • Write half‐reactions to determine the number of electrons transferred.
Be able to solve problems that combine concepts from various chapters!
You will be given a copy of the CHEM 121 Periodic Table and the list of strong acids and strong bases to use during the exam.