CHEM 121 - General Chemistry I
CHEM121 Exam 3 Study Guide F2012 page 1 of 2
CHEM 121: Exam 3 Study Guide Chapter 6: Chemical Composition
Avogadro's number = 6.022x1023 Molar Mass ‐ Be able to get molar masses (in g/mol) for atoms and compounds Standard temperature & pressure (STP): T=0°C and P=1.00 atm Molar volume: 1 mole of any gas at STP occupies 22.4 L Mole calculations using ‐ Avogadro's Number (N): 6.022 x 1023 ‐ Molar masses of atoms and compounds (add the molar masses of constituent atoms) ‐ Molar volume at STP: 22.4L/mole for a gas
Examples of Mole calculations: ‐ Find # moles given mass ‐ Find # atoms or molecules given mass ‐ Find # particles given volume of a gas at STP ‐ Find mass of gas at STP given volume ‐ Find volume of gas at STP given mass Percentage composition: ‐ Find percent composition of all elements in a compound given its formula or name. ‐ Use the formula or name of compound and its
percent composition to determine the mass of one or more elements in a sample of the compound.
Chapter 7: Chemical Reactions
Balancing Equations Change coefficients, NEVER subscripts to get same # on both sides in the following order: 1. Balance metals. 2. Balance polyatomic ions – Keep as one unit. 3. Balance hydrogen atoms.
4. Balance carbon atoms. 5. Balance oxygen atoms. 6. Balance all other atoms.
Classify reaction types and balance equations for the following: ‐ Combination/Synthesis (C) ‐ Decomposition (D) ‐ Single‐replacement/Displacement (SR)
‐ Double‐replacement/Precipitation (P) ‐ Double‐replacement/Acid‐Base Neutralization (N) ‐ Combustion Reactions (B)
REACTION TYPES – Combination/Synthesis reaction: – metal + nonmetal → ionic compound (s) – Decomposition reaction: AZ → A + Z – Single‐replacement reactions – Activity Series, list of Active Metals, and Solubility Rules, where reactants are: – solid metal + metal solution/acid – solid metal + H2O(l) – Combustion reaction – CxHy + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(g) – CxHyOz + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(g)
CHEM121 Exam 3 Study Guide page 2 of 2
Chapter 7: Chemical Reactions (Continued) REACTION TYPES – Double‐Displacement/Precipitation Reactions – precipitate (ppt): insoluble ionic compound – Identify the precipitate in a Precipitation
reaction, and classify the reaction as a Precipitation reaction
– Acid‐Base Neutralization Reactions – HX + MOH → water + salt
– HX + MHCO3 → water + CO2 + salt – HX + MCO3 → water + CO2 + salt
Given the Solubility Rules and the Activity Series, be able TO PREDICT PRODUCTS (including physical states) given a set of reactants for the following types of reactions:
o Combustion Reactions o Single‐Replacement/Displacement Reactions o Acid‐Base Neutralization (including those
producing CO2 gas) Strong, Weak and Non‐Electrolytes – strong electrolyte: breaks up completely → many ions present to conduct electricity – e.g. strong acids & bases, aqueous salts – weak electrolyte: breaks up to small degree → only few ions present to conduct electricity – e.g. weak acids & bases, insoluble salts – nonelectrolyte: a molecular compound that forms molecules in water
→ no ions → does not conduct electricity Acids and Bases as electrolytes – The list strong acids and strong bases will be provided.
– Know that all other acids and bases are weak
Be able to draw the major species (ions or compounds) present given a chemical formula or chemical equation.
Representing Strong and Weak Electrolytes – Use the list of strong acids and the Solubility Rules to classify a compound as a strong, weak, or nonelectrolyte.
– Show soluble ionic compounds and strong acids are broken up into ions with a physical state of aqueous, (aq).
– All solids, liquids, gases, and weak acids are shown as compounds.
Molecular Equations and (Net) Ionic Equations – Molecular Equation: compounds shown intact – Complete/Total Ionic Equation: – shows strong electrolytes as separated ions – Spectator Ions: ions that remain unchanged during a reaction – Net Ionic Equation: Shows what substances change in a chemical reaction Guidelines for writing Net Ionic Equations: 1. Complete and balance molecular/chemical
equation. 2. Leave solids, liquids, gases, weak electrolytes
as compounds; break up strong electrolytes 3. Cancel spectator ions. 4. Simplify coefficients if possible.
You will be given a copy of the CHEM 121 Periodic Table.
Be able to solve problems combining a variety of topics from previous chapters, as well as those in Chapters 6 and 7.