DUE in 3H

INTERNATIONAL INTEGRATION CHAPTER OVERVIEW This chapter explores yet another trend in International Relations that has the potential to undermine sovereignty as it has been traditionally understood: integration. The various factors impelling integration have triggered a struggle between the contradictory forces of nationalism and supranationalism. The chapter begins with an overview of the integration theories of functionalism and neofunctionalism and the linked concepts of spillover and security community. It also explores briefly the potential costs of integration along with the wave of disintegration, beginning with decolonization and continuing through the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe and to the present day. A closer examination of the process of integration within the European Union (EU) follows, including a short history and description of the present structure of the EU. The differences among the various levels of economic integration are defined, namely free trade area, customs union, common market, and economic and monetary union. The current efforts to bring the EU to the level of an economic and monetary union, as manifested in the passage and implementation of the Single European Act and the Maastricht Treaty, are explored. Finally, issues related to expansion of the EU are discussed. This is followed by a discussion of a broader force impelling international interdependence: the power of information. The varieties of media available for information dissemination are identified and their power to communicate effectively discussed. The ways in which information can be used as a tool of government power— because of the latter’s enhanced access to information and ability to spread disinformation—is examined. The ways in which information can be used as a tool against governments are also discussed, with several examples of this phenomenon provided. The notion of a global culture and the concept of cultural imperialism are introduced and explained. Finally, the concept of transnational communities and their proliferation is briefly noted and several such communities identified. LEARNING OBJECTIVES Upon completion of this chapter, students will be able to:

1. Define supranationalism and explain how it contradicts state sovereignty. 2. Compare and contrast functionalism, neofunctionalism, and a sense of community

as theories of integration. 3. Explain the development of the European Union from the Schuman Plan and the

Treaty of Rome to the Single European Act and the Maastricht Treaty.

4. Describe the stages of economic integration – free trade area, customs union, common market, and economic union.

5. Distinguish among the institutions of the European Union and explain its “democratic deficit.”

6. Explain the rationale for monetary union and the process followed by the European Union.

7. Explain the contradiction between deepening and widening in the European Union.

8. Explain the effects of the telecommunications revolution in information dissemination.

9. Explain how information can be a tool used by governments and a tool used against governments.

10. Explain the positive and negative impacts of the nascent global culture, including the concept of cultural imperialism.

Realism v. Liberalism Nationalism v. Supranationalism Integration T Defined

Recall the differences between R and L What does R say about the S? MOST IMPORTANT ACTOR, S are SOVEREIGN, SEEK SURVIVAL at minimum and POWER L rejects and COUNTERS with INTEGRATION T Realists would emphasize NATIONALISM (a reassertion of state sovereignty NOT nec the same as patriotism) Liberals would emphasize SUPRANATIONALISM (a trend towards combining Ss into a larger unit with a separate governance and set of rules and regs) INTEGRATION T Result of the two WW, scholars and policymakers believed that the world would become more and more unified over time. INTEGRATION meaning the process by which supranational units replace national units, the process by which state sovereignty is transferred upward from the state to regional and or global units BEST EG – European Union Integration

forms Functionalism Neofunctionalism examples of

Functionalism The theory that technological and economic advancements will lead to increased supranational units (institutions and regimes) that seek to fulfill certain functions, such as coordinating policy about use of common rivers and waterways or delivering mail across borders; to measure integration, levels of mail flow and other communications are used; as these levels increase  stronger intl economic structures Neofunctionalism Modifies functionalism by stating that new economic coordination among states leads to political coordination; technological and economic changes spillover and lead to changes in the political sphere; also can lead to the sense of how community or “we” feeling that these processes lead to; one example of this was achieved was the post WWII book project to change history books read across Europe– instead of each country glorifying their past and demonizing others – there was a uniform view of history that was balanced  security community OR low expectations of interstate violence among member states as in NATO or EU E.g. of INTEGRATION, UN; NAFTA & WTO; Olympic Games Free-trade areas/zones like the EFTA, NAFTA, Mercurso; where tariffs and trade restrictions are lifted Custom unions- set of economic agreements and trade rules agreed by countries on goods coming from outside into a free trade area; Treaty of Rome 1969 Common markets- includes a custom union and rules on the flow of capital, labor and goods among members

History 1950 - Schuman Plan 1952 – European Coal and Steel Community 1957 – Treaty of Rome 1967 – European Community 1985 – Single European Act, to create Europe 1992 1991 – Maastricht Treaty – EC becomes EU Euro and Justice and Home Affairs Political and Military Integration Qualifying

Just 50 years ago, the European states were at each others’ throats. Nationalism was rampant. Talk of pure races etc. 500 year of warfare, two world wars, then began this process of integration and it started between the two worst enemies: Germany and France to limit trade barriers and create a security community 1950 - Schuman Plan – Jean Monnet and Robert Schuman, developed the idea that through economic cooperation one could build political cooperation; focus was on combining the steel and coal production capabilities of France and Germany and THUS

1952 – European Coal and Steel Community – Italy and the Benelux countries joined FR and GR; mainly a group of technorats (technical experts in these industries and labor and other sectors involved) political and military cooperation did not come about as easily 1957 – Treaty of Rome – same states created Euratom (nuclear energy) and the EEC, lowered tariffs and created a free trade area and customs union; worked on CAP or common agri policy to regulate subsidies 1967 – European Community 1985 – Single European Act, to create Europe 1992, major revision of Treaty of Rome focused on NTBs, what is chocolate? Belgium vs. UK and others over cocoa butter vs. veg oils in Cholcolate!! Belgians lost their competitive advantage Standardizing licensing., European Central Bank 1991 – Maastricht Treaty – EC becomes EU; 2 sets of changes 1) monetary union (eliminating exchange rate issues by making the currency the same) and 2) justice and home affairs (policing the flows of people THIRD goal political-military integration very difficult

Collective goods Free-Riders

Reexplain; hard to achieve monetary union when there is not central taxation on member states; so the richer countries must provide more $ to carry along the free-riders (the “poor four” : Greece Spain, Portugal, Ireland)

Technological advances From radio, TV, Shortwave, Cable, Internet, Satellite Information as a tool of government Information as a tool against government Consequences

Information as a tool of government

• Baker’s trip in 1992 to the CIS especially CA where every CA minister asked when can we get CNN

• Embedded reporters • Sanitized warfare • Disinformation (nazis, etc) • VOA and Radio Deuetcheville Radio Israel the BBC • Al-Jazeera • Radio

Information as a tool against government • Information can be used against govt • Vietnam war, chechen war, now the gulf war • Revolution via audio cassette • Organizing global opposition to globalization via internet and cell phones

Consequences

SECURITY DILEMMA IS LESS SEVERE. WHY? RISK OF SURPRISE decreasing in IR; states do not have to arm against perceived threats but now can focus on known threats COLLECTIVE ACTION PROBLEMS ARE REDUCED? WHY? Can ID Cheaters and Free riders and verify cooperation and or defection

The McDonaldization of the World Regional reactions Islam vs. the West The West vs. the Rest