HUMAN BEV. Discussion: Parenting and Substance Abuse
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ashford_ppt_ch2cl.pptx©2010, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishing
The Biophysical Dimension HBSE-I, Ch. 2
Human Behavior in the Social Environment:
A Multidimensional Perspective
Jose’ B. Ashford
Craig W. LeCroy
Power points created by: Luis E. Zayas, PhD
Arizona State University
School of Social Work
©2010, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishing
Key Biological Theories
Evolutionary theory
Variation
Natural selection
Adaptive functions
©2010, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishing
Key Biological Theories
Evolutionary psychology
Psychological mechanisms as key adaptive functions
The fallacy of Lamarckism
Behavioral patterns naturally selected to solve specific adaptive problems
Social ethology
effects of group structures on asymmetries in relationships and in attachment patterns.
Sociobiology
Similarities between human & animal behavior
Social Darwinism – ascribes domination of a human group over another to natural selection
Social neuroscience
—brain mechanisms underlying aggression, attachment, empathy, cooperation, etc.
©2010, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishing
Biophysical Growth & Development
Growth
Hyperplastic growth
Hypertrophic growth
Development
Canalization
Cells, tissues, organs, systems
Cell nucleus contains genetic information in the form of nucleic acids located in chromosomes
©2010, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishing
Genetics & Human Behavior
Nucleic acids
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Location of DNA in the human cell
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Location of RNA in the cell ribosomes
Ribosomes are responsible for production of protein for cells
©2010, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishing
Key Cellular Processes
Mitosis: cellular process in which a body cell reproduces itself by dividing and producing two new daughter cells, each with 46 chromosomes
Meiosis: cell division that creates the reproductive or sex cells (sperm or egg), each with only 23 chromosomes
©2010, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishing
Types of Genetic Disorders
Chromosome disorders
Down syndrome
Fragile X syndrome
Klinefelter’s syndrome
Turner’s syndrome
Single-gene disorders
Dominant (e.g., Huntington’s chorea, Sickle cell)
Recessive (e.g. Cystic fibrosis, Tay-Sachs )
©2010, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishing
Types of Genetic Disorders
X Chromosome-linked disorders
Hemophilia
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
Multifactorial disorders
Cancer
Neural-tube defects (e.g., anencephaly, encephalocele, spina bifida)
Depression
Implications for practice
©2010, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishing
Biochemical Systems, the Brain, and Behavior
Anatomy of the Brain
Cerebral cortex (2 hemispheres, 4 lobes)
Frontal lobe
Body movements, thinking, feeling, imagining, decision-making
Parietal lobe
Integrating sensory information
Occipital lobe
Receiving and sending visual information
Temporal lobe
Emotions and motivation
©2010, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishing
Nervous System
Central nervous system
Brain, spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system
Somatic nervous system
Controls skeletal muscles
Autonomic nervous system
Control glands, internal organs, smooth muscles, stomach, and intestines
Plays significant role in human stress response
Contributes to many symptoms and signs observed in people with anxiety disorders
©2010, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishing
Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic nervous system
Prepares the body for fight-or-flight response
Speeds up heart rate, increases blood supply to organs and skeletal muscles
Parasympathetic nervous system
Counteracts the stimulatory effects of the sympathetic system
Plays important role of conserving energy
©2010, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishing
Types of Cells in Nervous System
Neurons
Convey information from one cell to the other
Consist of a cell body, axon and dendrites
Glia cells
Smaller and more numerous
Make up the bulk of brain cells
Play various different functions in running the nervous system (see p.60, a-h)
©2010, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishing
Neurotransmitters: Key concepts
Chemical substance synthesized inside neurons, transmit information to other cells
Central role in treatments of mental disorders
Types of neurotransmitters
Amino acids, peptides, acetylcholine, mono-amines, purines, gases)
How it works: neuron releases chemical from presynaptic terminal that binds onto the post-synaptic membrane of receiving cell to either encourage or discourage cell to fire a nerve impulse
©2010, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishing
Four stages in the development of neurons
Proliferation stage
Migration stage
Differentiation stage
Myelination stage
How can knowledge of these stages influence our developmental assessments?
©2010, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishing
Biophysical strengths
Physical resilience: a person’s resistance to physical injury or harm
Allostasis: the capacity for achieving stability through change
Biological markers for identifying the biological system’s capacity for responding effectively to adverse and normal changes
Allostasis markers include: the autonomic nervous system, HPA axis, cardiovascular, metabolic and immune system indicators.
©2010, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishing
Allostatic Loads
Understanding how people can maintain allostatic balance
Changes in the social environment and other psychological styles of coping can influence allostatic balance
Allostatic load communicates the price paid by the body to maintain its systems
©2010, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishing
Biophysical Hazards
Cancer
Cardiovascular system problems
Respiratory system problems
Endocrine system problems
©2010, Cengage Learning, Brooks/ Cole Publishing
Case: Raul Salazar
Group discussion:
Discuss Raul Salazar’s case
Generate biological hypotheses for his behavioral problems
