Asian Thought and Culture
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qing-and-western-imperialism1.pptxQing China and Western Imperialism
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Chinese restrictions on British trade
Since 1759, European commercial presence limited to port of Guangzhou
Foreign merchants forced to deal solely with licensed Chinese firms called cohongs, currency of trade: silver bullion
British East India Company heavily involved in opium trade
Opium grown in India, sold in China for silver, silver used to buy other Chinese products
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The Opium Trade
Illegal, but poor enforcement
Increasing trade and social ills evident by late 1830s
Chinese move to enforce ban
British agents engage in military retaliation: the Opium War (1839-1842)
British naval forces easily defeats Chinese
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Opium Factory
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Opium
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Unequal Treaties
China forced into a series of disadvantageous treaties
Hong Kong ceded to British in Treaty of Nanjing (1842), ports opened to British traders
Extraterritorial status to British subject
Later, other countries conclude similar treaties
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East Asia in the nineteenth century
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The Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864)
Large-scale rebellions in later nineteenth century reflect poverty, discontent of Chinese peasantry
Population rises 50% between 1800-1900, but land under cultivation remains static
Nian Rebellion (1851-1868), Muslim Rebellion (1855-1873), Tungan Rebellion (1862-1878)
Taiping Rebellion led by Hong Xiuquan, schoolteacher, called for destruction of Qing dynasty
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Taiping Platform
Abolition of private property
Creation of communal wealth
Prohibition of footbinding, concubinage
Free public education, simplification of written Chinese, mass literacy
Prohibition of sexual relations among followers (including married couples)
Yet leaders maintained harems
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Taiping Defeat
Nanjing captured in 1858, made into capital
Attack on Beijing with force of 1 million, but turned back
Imperial army unable to contain Taipings, so regional armies created with Manchu soldiers and outfitted with European weaponry
Hong commits suicide in 1864, Nanjing recaptured
100,000 Taipings massacred
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The Self-Strengthening Movement (1860-1895)
High point in 1860s-1870s
Slogan “Chinese learning at the base, Western learning for use”
Blend of Chinese cultural traditions with European industrial technology
Shipyards, railroads, academies
Change to Chinese economy and society superficial
Empress Dowager Cixi (1835-1908) diverted funds for her own aesthetic purposes
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Spheres of Influence
Qing dynasty loses influence in south-east Asia, losing tributary states to Europeans and Japanese
Vietnam: France, 1886
Burma: Great Britain, 1885
Korea, Taiwan, Liaodong Peninsula: Japan, 1895
China itself divided into spheres of influence, 1895
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Hundred Days Reforms (1898)
Kang Youwei (1858-1927) and Liang Qichao (1873-1929)
Interpreted Confucianism to allow for radical changes to system
Pro-industrialization
Emperor Guangxu attempts to implement reforms
Empress Dowager Cixi nullifies reforms, imprisons emperor
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The Boxer Rebellion
Cixi supports Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists (“Boxers”), anti-foreign militia units
1899 fight to rid China of “foreign devils”
Misled to believe European weapons would not harm them, 140,000 Boxers besiege European embassies in 1900
Crushed by coalition of European forces
China forced to accept stationing of foreign troops
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Boxers
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Death of the Dowager Empress
Emperor dies a mysterious, sudden death
Cixi dies one day later, November 1908
2-year old Puyi placed on the throne
Revolution in 1911
Puyi abdicates, 1912
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The Republic of China
Revolution in 1911 forces Emperor Puyi to abdicate
Sun Yatsen (1866-1925) proclaims Republic of China in 1912
Political anarchy follows
Independent warlord exercise local control
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Chinese Nationalism
May Fourth Movement
Students, urban intellectuals protest foreign interference
Especially Japanese interference
Marxism increases in popularity
Chinese Communist Party founded in Shanghai (1921)
Leader: Mao Zedong (1893-1976)
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Sun Yatsen (1866-1925)
Created Nationalist People’s Party (Guomindang)
Accepts support from Soviet Union
Members of the Chinese Communist Party also join Guomindang
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Civil War
Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-Shek, 1887-1975) takes over after death of Sun Yatsen
Launches military expedition to unify China, turns against communist allies
Communists flee 6,215 miles to north-west China, 1934: The Long March
Mao Zedong leads, elucidates Chinese communism (Maoism)
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