Asian Thought and Culture

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A History of Asia
Seventh Edition
Rhoads Murphey with Kristin Stapleton

Chapter 20

South Asia: Independence, Political Division, and Development

India’s Quest for Home Rule

Indian National Congress founded 1885, to promote self-rule

Initial support from both Hindus and Muslims

Original position in favor or collaboration with British, after World War I moved to opposition

British encouraged development of Muslim League (1906) to blunt Congress

Woodrow Wilson, Lenin inspirations to movement

Mohandas K. Gandhi (1869-1948)

Hindu, studied law in London, practiced in South Africa

Opposed apartheid

Returned to India 1915, made Indian National Congress into a mass movement

Titled Mahatma: “great soul”

Opposed caste system

Ghandi

Ghandi’s Passive Resistance

Ahimsa: non-violence

Satyagraha: passive resistance (“truth and firmness”)

Non-cooperation Movement (1920-1922)

Civil Disobedience Movement (1930)

Boycott of British Institutions

Armritsar Massacre (1919)

The Government of India Act (1937)

Creation of autonomous legislature

600 nominally sovereign princes refuse to cooperate

Muslim fears of Hindu dominance

Traditional economic divide
Especially severe with Great Depression

Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948) proposes partition, creation of the State of Pakistan

Partition and Independence

Partition 1947

Pakistan: the brain drain of educated Hindus and floods of Muslim refugees
Severed cultural, business, and transportation links

The Kashmir Conflict

Problem of Kashmir
Hindu ruler over a Muslim majority
War and the division of Kashmir between India and Pakistan

Gandhi’s failure and assassination

Bangladesh and Pakistan

East Pakistan’s isolation and neglect (Bangladesh)

Military government control
Elections and success of the East Pakistan Party
West Pakistan’s failed attempt to quash the party
Emergence of an independent East Pakistan—now Bangladesh 1971
Bangladesh problems: murder, assassination, instability, high population-growth rates, poor economy, flooding, deforestation

Bangladesh and Pakistan

West Pakistan: ineffective leadership and martial law

General Ayub and competent administration: economic and national planning, agriculture
Rise of Generals Yahya Khan, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, and Zia-ul-Huq
Spread of corruption, cronyism, and favoritism
Pakistan and the Afghan rebels
Pakistan—the U.S. Cold War client
U.S. military supplies in Pakistan
Failure of identifying a national purpose
Benazir Bhutto (Chair of PPP party) and her opposition
Government weakness and U.S. withdrawal of support
War with India and the paramilitary government
Bhutto’s return 1993-1996
Corruption charges and exile
Amnesty (president Musharraf 2001-2008)and return in 2007
Assassination 2007

Afghanistan

Buffer between British India and Russian Central Asia

Fierce Islamic tribes
Soviet-sponsored Afghan government and civil war
Soviet withdrawal and the government’s survival
National fragmentation, poverty, and lost resources

Sri Lanka

Independence despite a weak nationalistic movement

“Second wave” nationalism

“Ceylon Tamils,” “Indian Tamils,” and the Sinhalese

Bandaranaike
Indian troops in Sri Lanka
Agriculture, industry, and modern service

civil war and terrorism

Nepal

British protectorate 81% Hindu

The Gurkhas and the monarchy
Slow modernization and poverty
Problem of erosion
The Himalayas and tourism
Ties with India and China
King Bihendra; after 2004 violence and demonstrations continued to characterize self-styled Maoist group

India After Independence

India Under Nehru

Industrial economic development and handicrafts
Traditional rural councils
Expanding cities and their problems
India’s growing population
Social stratification and uneven distribution of wealth
Border disputes with China
Pan-Asianism and nonalignment
Nehru’s death and the advent Indira Gandhi

India Under Indira Gandhi

Voting public and its interest in politics
India’s commitment to democracy
The Green Revolution
Industrial growth and further stratification
The national emergency of June 1975
Indira Gandhi’s defeat at the polls and her subsequent success
India’s high-tech performance and modernization

The Sikhs

Sikhs and their relative prosperity under the green revolution
Rising expectations and dissatisfaction with the government
Indira Gandhi’s inflexibility and assassination

India After Independence

Indira Gandhi’s Successors

Rajiv Gandhi’s flexible leadership
oter dissatisfaction and V.P. Singh
Hindu-Muslim violence in Kashmir
The Untouchables
Student violence
Hindu-Muslim tension
Singh’s defeat
Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi
Economic growth
The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and nuclear testing
BJP defeated in 2004 elections
Congress Party victory under Rajiv Gandhi’s widow Sonya Gandhi, who deferred to Man Mohan Singh

India Today

Poverty, population pressures, and communal division
Nationalism and the problem of creating an “Indian identity”
Positive economic growth in India (relative to China)
Unequal distribution of wealth
India’s poverty and the stages of economic development (vis-à-vis the Western experience)
Relative deprivation and positive economic trends

Indian and South Asian Achievements and Shortcomings

Economic development: effects on caste and ethnicity

Iron and the Parsees
Indian entrepreneurs and Hinduism
The caste system and economic growth
Caste and political power
Decline of caste
Education

Rural Development

Rural poverty despite strides in development
Other rural problems
Water and irrigation
Cattle veneration and the “white revolution”
Diet
Discrimination

Some Threats to Development

Deforestation, soil erosion, and soil exhaustion
Urban pollution
The Union Carbide disaster
Population growth and control
The demand for more children
Education
Women
Migration of peasants to urban areas