Asian Thought and Culture
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ming-and-qing-china1.pptCopyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.
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The Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)
- Ming (“Brilliant”) dynasty comes to power after Mongol Yuan dynasty driven out
- Founded by Emperor Hongwu (r. 1368-1398)
- Han Chinese Dynasty – last ethnic Chinese Dynasty for a while
- Used traveling officials called Mandarins and large number of eunuchs to maintain control
- Large number of eunuchs
- Tributary relations with Korea, Japan
- http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/china/later_imperial_china/ming.html
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Emperor Yongle (r. 1403-1424)
- experiments with sea expeditions (1405-1433)
- India Ocean, East Africa
- Zheng He
- abandons large-scale maritime trade plans in 1433
- In part to appease southern populations & Confucians
- http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sultan/explorers.html
- Moves capital north to Beijing to deter Mongol attacks
- Chinese army unable to prevent Mongol attacks
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Zheng He
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Pet Giraffe from SOmalia
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Ming China, 1368-1644
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The Great Wall
- Origins before 4th century BCE, ruins from Qin dynasty in 3rd century BCE
- Rebuilt under Ming rule, 15th-16th centuries
- http://www.travelchinaguide.com/china_great_wall/
- 1,550 miles, 33-49 feet high
- Guard towers
- Room for housing soldiers
- Increased status of soldiers
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The Great Wall of China
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Eradicating the Mongol Past
- Ming emperors encourage abandonment of Mongol names, dress
- Support study of Confucian classics
- History, I Ching, Book of Songs
- http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/CHPHIL/CONF.HTM
- Civil service examinations renewed
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Ming Art
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Painting
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Europe and Ming
- expansion of European trade
- restricted to islands near Guangzhou like Macao –
- Columbian Exchange of crops, plants, and animals: chili peppers to Sichuan cuisine, corn, and potatoes, which diminished famines and spurred population growth.
- Growth of Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch trade for Chinese products and produced a massive influx of Japanese and American silver.
- traditional Confucians opposed such a prominent role for commerce and the newly rich it created
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Ming Decline
- 16th century maritime pirates harm coastal trade
- Navy, government unable to respond effectively
- Slowdown in agriculture due to Little Ice Age was met with Japanese and Spanish policies that quickly cut off the supply of silver now necessary for farmers to be able to pay their taxes.
- Crop failure, floods, and epidemic, the dynasty was considered to have lost the Mandate of Heaven
- collapsed before the rebel leader Li Zicheng and a Manchurian invasion.
- Emperors secluded in Forbidden City, palace compound in Beijing
- Hedonists
- Emperor Wanli (r. 1572-1620) abandons imperial activity to eunuchs
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Ming Collapse
- Famine, peasant rebellions in early 17th century
- Rebels take Beijing in 1644
- Manchu fighters enter from the north and retake city
- Establish Qing (“Pure”) Dynasty
- Mandate of Heaven
- http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/prehistory/china/later_imperial_china/qing.html
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The Qing empire, 1644-1911
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The Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)
- Manchus originally pastoral nomads, north of Great Wall
- Chieftan Nurhaci (r. 1616-1626) unifies tribes into state, develops laws, military
- Establishes control over Korea, Mongolia, China
- War with Ming loyalists to 1680
- Support from many Chinese, fed up with Ming corruption
- Manchus forbid intermarriage, study of Manchu language by Chinese, force Manchu hairstyles as sign of loyalty
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Emperor Kangxi (r. 1661-1722)
- Confucian scholar, poet
- Military conquests: island of Taiwan, Tibet, central Asia
- Grandson Emperor Qianlong (r. 1736-1795) expands territory
- Height of Qing dynasty
- Great prosperity, tax collection cancelled on several occasions
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The “Son of Heaven”
- Ming, Qing Emperors considered quasi-divine
- Hundreds of concubines, thousands of eunuch servants
- Clothing designs, name characters forbidden to rest of population
- The kowtow: three bows, nine head-knocks
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The Scholar-Bureaucrats
- Ran government on a day-to-day basis
- Graduates from intense civil service examinations
- Open only to men
- Curriculum: Confucian classics, calligraphy, poetry, essay writing
- Also: history, literature
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The Civil Service Examinations
- District, provincial, and metropolitan levels
- Only 300 allowed to pass at highest level
- Multiple attempts common
- Students expected to bring bedding, chamber pots for three-day uninterrupted examinations
- Students searched for printed materials before entering private cells
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Examination System and Society
- Ferocious competition
- Qing dynasty: 1 million degree holders compete for 20,000 government positions
- Remainder turn to teaching, tutoring positions
- Some corruption, cheating
- Advantage for wealthy classes: hiring private tutors, etc.
- But open to all, tremendous opportunity for social mobility
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The Patriarchal Family
- Filial piety understood as duty of child to parent; individual to emperor
- Eldest son favored
- Clan-based authority groups augment government services
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Gender Relations
- Males receive preferential status
- Economic factor: girls join husband’s family
- Infanticide common
- Widows strongly encouraged not to remarry
- Chaste widows honored with ceremonial arches
- Men control divorce
- Grounds: from infidelity to talking too much
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Footbinding Continues
- Review: Origins in Song dynasty (960-1279 CE)
- Perceived aesthetic value
- Statement of social status and/or expectations
- Commoners might bind feet of especially pretty girls to enhance marriage prospects
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Palace foods
- 180 courses over up to 3 days!
- Appearance & flavor
- Manchu-Han blend
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Food Examples
- "Eight Mountain Delicacies”: camel's hump, bear's paws, monkey's brains, ape's lips, leopard fetuses, rhinoceros tails and deer tendons.
- Snowy Palm - bear claw with sturgeon
- Golden Eyes and Burning Brain - bean curd simmered in chicken, duck and cuckoo brains
- Monkey King and Shark - goat brain
- Live monkey brain
- Egg tart
- The "Eight Land Delicacies”: precious fowls and mushrooms
- "Eight Sea Delicacies” : dried sea cucumbers, shark's fin, bird's nest
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Population Growth and Economic Development
- Only 11% of China arable
- Intense, garden-style agriculture necessary
- American food crops introduced in 17th century
- Maize, sweet potatoes, peanuts
- Rebellion and war reduce population in 17th century
- Offset by increase due to American crops
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Chinese Population Growth
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Foreign Trade
- Silk, porcelain, tea, lacquerware
- Chinese in turn import relatively little
- Spices, animal skins, woolen textiles
- Paid for exports with silver bullion from Americas
- Chinese merchants continue to be active in southeast Asia, esp. Manila
- Extensive dealings with Dutch VOC
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Government and Technology
- During Tang and Song dynasties (7th-13th centuries), China a world leader in technology
- Stagnates during Ming and Qing dynasties
- European cannons purchased, based on early Chinese invention of gunpowder
- Government suppressed technological advancement, fearing social instability would result
- Mass labor over productivity
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Classes in Chinese Society
- Privileged Classes
- Scholar-bureaucrats, gentry
- Distinctive clothing with ranks
- Immunity from some legal proceedings, taxes, labor service
- Working classes
- Peasants, artisans/workers, merchants
- Confucian doctrine gives greatest status to peasants
- Merchant activity not actively supported
- Lower classes
- Military, beggars, slaves
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Neo-Confucianism
- Version of Confucian thought promoted by Zhu Xi (1130-1200 CE)
- Confucian morality with Buddhist logic
- Education at various levels promoted
- Hanlin Academy, Beijing
- Provincial schools
- Compilation of massive Yongle Encyclopedia
- Development of popular novels as well
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Christianity in China
- Nestorian, Roman Catholic Christians had presence in China
- Disappeared with plague and social chaos of 14thc
- Jesuits - Matteo Ricci (1552-1610), attempt to convert Ming Emperor Wanli
- Mastered Chinese before first visit in 1601
- Brought western mechanical technology
- Prisms, harpsichords, clocks
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Confucianism and Christianity
- Argued that Christianity was consistent with Confucianism
- Differences due to Neo-Confucian distortions
- Few converts in China
- Approx. 200,000 mid 18th century, about 0.08 percent of population
- Christian absolutism difficult for Chinese to accept
- Franciscans and Dominicans convince Pope that Jesuits compromising Christianity with Chinese traditions (e.g. ancestor worship)
- Emperor Kangxi bans Christian preaching in China
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