See my files

Themes & Learning Objectives • Students should develop a critical understanding of how ‘New England’ was

founded—and by whom…and the differences between New England & Virginia

• Students should develop a critical understanding of how the Religious Wars of Britain & Ireland played out in and affected the American Colonies

• Students should develop a critical understanding of both the ‘Great Awakening’ and the ‘European Enlightenment’

Themes & Learning Objectives ct. • Students should begin to develop a critical understanding of the cultural,

economic and political differences in the ‘North’ and the ‘South’ in North America

• Students should develop a critical understanding of the major European powers in North America during the 18th century…and how the political landscape of North America evolved through wars and treaties throughout the colonial period

• Students should develop a critical knowledge of the differences between the Spanish, the French, and the British in relation to colonialism—with regard to Native Americans, the institution of slavery, and religion

Key Questions to Consider • What are the differences between the Pilgrim founders of New England and

the founders of Virginia? How do those differences set the tone for the divide between ‘North’ and ‘South’?

• How did the civil and religious wars of Britain & Ireland affect the North American colonies?

• How did the ‘Great Awakening’ and the ‘Enlightenment’ affect the British colonies?

“New” England Puritan & Separatist Pilgrims Go Rogue

Review: Puritanism & Separatism • Largely, but not exclusively, Calvinists from England • Separatists & Anglicans—with conflicting visions • Previous refuge in the Netherlands for Separatist Puritans (1608-1620)—driven out

of England by James I

Plymouth Bay Colony

(1620) • After the 1630s, more and more Puritans begin arriving in light of

increased persecution • These Puritans, however, were not exclusively Separatists • Instead, these were Puritans who sought to ‘purify’ the Church of

England of its Catholic overtones • Chesapeake’s John Smith first coins “New England” • 1620: Separatist pilgrims arrive on the Mayflower at Cape Cod • Half die after the first year—including most of the married women • Early leader, William Bradford’s trouble with local Indians

Massachusetts Bay Colony • The Separatists of Plymouth quickly outnumbered by ‘Puritans’ • Separatist villages became enclaves around a growing power center of

Puritan reformers • 1629: John Winthrop elected Governor of Massachusetts—highly religious

(unlike Governor Berkeley in Virginia) • Plymouth Colony ultimately absorbed into Massachusetts in 1691

Virginia vs. Massachusetts Virginia Massachusetts • Abundance of seasoned civic/religious leaders • Abundance of women and children • Abundance of educational institutions (Harvard 1636) • Majority Middle-Class artisans, farmers, etc. • Nonconformist intellectual & moral ethics—though Puritan & Separatist

worldviews would inevitably clash • Profound lack of seasoned civic and/or religious leaders • Profound lack of family structure • Profound lack of educational institutions (College of William & Mary, 1693) • Majority uneducated indentured servants • Lack of a binding intellectual & moral ethic

England’s Nonconformists: Puritans vs. Separatists Puritans Separatists • Primary aim: be free of the Church of England • Never clear on a singular theology other than advocating less structures—absolutely no hierarchy • More stress upon the freedom of the congregation of a given church community • Puritans were too ‘coercive’, and Christianity should be based on free will

• Primary aim: reform the Church of England

• Calvinism (predominantly): prescribes an elaborate set of structures and conventions between politics, economics, and religion—separation of powers, but retaining some forms of hierarchy

The Separatist Thorn in Massachusetts’ Side • 1633: Roger Williams preached a Separatist message—agitating the

Puritan project of Anglican reform • Williams is threatened by John Winthrop and flees to present Rhode

Island—founding “Providence” • 1638: Anne Hutchinson is tried for her Separatist theology

(“Antinomianism”)—mystical, personal, and charismatic; Placed under house arrest; Ultimately imprisoned and eventually banished

• Followers flee to Rhode Island

Indian Affairs in Massachusetts • The initial idea of the original Puritan settlers was to proselytize to native

peoples • Governor Winthrop, however, adopts a defensive and militant stance • SMALLPOX • John Eliot’s mission work during the 1640s • Ultimately, even the most noble of missionaries held a condescending and

paternalistic perspective in relation to New England’s native peoples

King Philip’s War • 1670s: Wampanoag people—led by Metacomet (‘King Philip’)—organize

other native peoples into an insurgency movement against the settlers • Frustrated with constant trickery, double-dealing, mistreatment, and

paternalism of the English—as well as attempts to force native peoples to submit to English laws

• Metacomet’s generation of native peoples were out to prove that they weren’t as naïve as their fathers had been

King Philip’s War ct. • 1675: Three Wampanoag people were executed by Massachusetts • More native peoples rally around Metacomet and the Wampanoag cause • Laid waste to much of the region: 52 of 90 New England villages attacked—

13 completely destroyed • Destruction of properties, livestock, and infrastructures

The Demise of ‘King Philip’ • Metacomet’s guerrillas suffered severe food shortages and many fell to

disease • Mohawks refuse to assist the Wampanoag cause and join the insurgency • Metacomet killed in battle, his head was brought to Plymouth and displayed

for 25 years • Metacomet’s wife and children sold into slavery in the West Indies • Native peoples of New England lose an entire generation of young men

Structures & Society in New England • Common lands; common forestry • Puritan duty of keeping oneself and one’s neighbors in check—

morally • Community meeting houses (twice per week) • Ministers at the top of societal hierarchy—involved in land

aggregation • Good housing; strong families; profound role of women;

SCHOOLS • “Covenant”-based society

Slavery in New England • While African laborers had seemingly more freedoms than their

counterparts in the South, they were still treated as “property” in the sense that a child born to a slave mother was automatically considered a slave

• That being said, there were more opportunities for African laborers to appeal for their freedom or emancipation

• Because New England’s economy was structured differently, the vast majority of African labor was used in cities/towns (artisans and/or domestic servants)

The Religious Wars of Britain & Ireland …and how they played out in North America

The English Civil War • Review (see Lecture 2 slides): Religious schisms within and between

Scotland (Calvinist; Catholic), Ireland (Catholic/Calvinist/Anglican), England (Puritans/Arminian-Anglican/Calvinist/Catholic)

• Charles I attempts to control all religious factions, ‘Catholicize’ the Anglican Church, and obstructs Puritan-dominated Parliament—violating the Magna Charta

Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) and the New Model Army • Tyrant to many; Puritan hero to many—conquered the whole of Britain &

Ireland • Put down Catholics, Scots Presbyterians, Separatists(Levelers/Quakers) • Beheaded Charles I (regicide) and establishes Commonwealth (military

dictatorship)

Religious Wars of Britain & Ireland in America • Settlers in the northeast establish the Confederation of New England

(1643)—always the Puritan enemies of Charles I • Separatist Rhode Island abstains (Cromwell’s massacre of Separatists

during the wars) • The wars and ultimate ascendancy of Puritan factions in England essentially

curtails further Puritan refugee-immigration to New England • 2nd generation decline in piety in New England • Virginia—Royal leaders stood in solidarity with Charles I…and the

commoners weren’t as religious as the English middle-classes of New England

The Restoration • Backlash against Puritanism in the Commonwealth • Cromwell alienated the vast majority of peoples—particularly the Scots, the

Irish, and English Separatists • Restoration of the House of Stuart as British/Irish monarchs—ascension of

Charles II (1660) • Cromwell’s body exhumed; head sent to a church in Drogheda, Ireland as a

show of faith to Catholics in the realm

Carolina & the Restoration—Locke & Cooper

The Carolinas: A Proprietary Experiment

• 1663: Charles II rewards loyalists w/New York, the Jerseys, Pennsylvania, and the Carolinas

• Carolinas: semi-feudal land rights—Anthony Ashley Cooper • Promises of free land and freedom of religion • A strange hybrid of feudalism & modernity—reflected in the Fundamental

Constitutions of the Carolinas (1667) • Rejected in 1670

Society and Everyday Life in 17th century Carolina • Massive influx of diverse immigrants: Swiss; Huguenots; Scots

(Highlanders-coastal; Lowlanders-Appalachian frontiers); Irish; Barbadians

• Utopian visions of the Carolinas short-lived: • -Cultural clashes • -Intense labor needed (swamps, fields, brush-clearing) • -Southern coastal Carolina disease: malaria/yellow fever • -Labor needs led to an influx of African slaves • -By 1720, Africans outnumbered whites in South Carolina (2:1)

Indian Relations in the Carolinas • Original plan of the Londoners: highly-regulated trade with native peoples • Regulations ignored (Constitution never adopted)—in terms of both land

and Indian affairs • Development of illegal Indian slave trade—native peoples sold to the slave

markets of New England and the West Indies • Arming of specific native peoples to procure slaves—then turning on the

same tribes they had armed • By the 1700s, nearly all of the native peoples of coastal Carolina were

erased

St. Lawrence-Hudson Region • FRENCH AMERICA (New France) • DUTCH AMERICA (New Netherland) • ENGLISH ENCROACHMENT

Quakerism: The Society of Friends • The larger context of the English Civil War—Separatists persecuted by the

Crown and Cromwell alike (Quakers and the Levelers) • Civil Disobedience; equality of the sexes; rejection of Calvinism; “inward”

faith; anti-class; anti-tax (tax in the context of the Church of England’s ‘tithe’; PACIFISM (anti-war)

• Quakers as subjects of widespread persecution—on both sides of the Atlantic

Quakers in North America • 1666: William Penn joins the Society of Friends • 1674: West Jersey the site of Penn’s great human project of freedom and tolerance • Penn’s constitution for W. Jersey: emphasis on the power of “the people” • 1681: Charles II grants Penn lands across the Delaware River (encouraging Quakers to leave England) • “Pennsylvania”

Quaker-Indian Relations • Pennsylvania intended to be a refuge for all persecuted peoples—including

Indians • Penn regards Indian groups as the natural custodians of Pennsylvania—

bans alcohol sales and strictly regulates Indian trade…to protect them • A contrast to all other colonies—especially South Carolina

Pennsylvania • Refuge for German Separatist Christians (Amish; Baptists; Mennonites)

and Covenanticle (Calvinist) Scots and Irish • Develops into the bread basket of the North American colonies—grain • By 1720, a population of 30,000—eventually leading to squabbles amongst

different groups • 1684: Penn leaves Pennsylvania in frustration—leadership void • Conflicting attitudes towards authority and structures • Still, however, a template for American pluralism

English Mercantilism in Action • 1621: tobacco exports to England only • 1651: Parliament begins a series of ‘Navigation Acts’ and seeks to

streamline a system of colonial governance • 1660: more navigation acts targeted at protectionism—largely aimed at the

Dutch, with laws not being enforceable on the ground in North America • 1675: War and increased competition w/Dutch = more imperial regulation • The Lords of Trade—customs agents, etc.

The “Glorious Revolution”

• 1685: Charles II dies; succeeded by his Catholic brother, James II • James II issues ‘Declaration of Indulgence’—Catholic appointees • 1687: James dismisses Parliament—sparks fears of absolutism • 1688: Protestant parliamentarians and leaders invite James’ Protestant

daughter (Mary Stuart) and husband, William of Orange to launch coup d'états

“Glorious Revolution” in North America • 1684: Charles II annuls Massachusetts Charter • James II soon after appoints Edmund Andros as ruler over the “Dominion

of New England”—annexing all of the New England colonies under one system under the Crown

• April 1689: News of William’s landing in England sparks revolt against Gov. Andros

• In NY: revolt led to the interim government of Jacob Leisler—later executed for treason once authority of the Crown was re-established

• In Maryland: Protestants seize governmental structures—oust Catholics from participation—held power until 1692

• Glorious Revolution perceived as a victory for Protestant English, Scots, and Irish—many happy to become “Crown” colonies

The Development of the “North” in North America The Hub of Religious Revivalism and the European Enlightenment in the Americas

The North • New Immigrant Arrivals • Agricultural Developments • Northern Slavery & Indentured Servitude • Values in Motion • Women & Families in the North

New Arrivals • New England • -Decline in Immigration & Growth • -Few Opportunities • Mid-Atlantic • -Experienced steady growth through immigration • -More development & opportunities for immigrants

• Western Frontiers of the North (NY/PA) • -90,000 Germans from various religious

traditions • - “Scots-Irish” Agricultural/Economic Developments • Strong tradition of family farming—community agriculture • Increase in “freehold tenures”—along with independence & rights • Much more opportunity for agricultural freedom in North America • Subdivision of lands = Shrinking farms • Diminishing soil quality • Shorter growing seasons

Northern Economies • New England • -Timber (many uses) • -Fisheries (for export) • Middle Colonies (PA, DE, NJ, NY) • -Corn, Wheat, Beef, Pork • *Trade facilitated between the two regions—and each region feeds raw

materials to the Caribbean and Europe

Northern Slavery & Indentured Servitude • African Labor: • -Ship conditions worsen • -15% mortality rate • -Less than 10% of Northern population • -Artisans, farmhands, personal servants • -40% of NYC homes • -Pinkster Day (Pentecost)—Dutch/African • Indentured Servants: • -Many die before fulfilling service • -Many freed only to become tenants/day laborers • -General decline of indentured servitude • *TENSIONS between Indentured Servants & Slaves

Venture Smith (1729-

1805) • “Broteer”—Guinea—taken in 1736 • Sold by captors to ship steward for rum and calico • New England—Connecticut farm (Smith) • Flees to NY; labors for years to purchase his wife and children back from

bondage • A Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Venture, a Native of Africa: But Resident above

Sixty Years in the United States of America, Related by Himself

The Evolution of Northern Values • Protestantism—from Philosophy to Practice—or, Calvinism distilled through

the Enlightenment • “Ambitiousness, individualism, materialism” (Weber’s concept of the

Protestant Ethic) • Seeds of the industrialization of the northeast

Ports of Trade & Philosophy: Urban Development • Post-1690: Growth of Boston, NY, Philly, and Charleston • Each developed interdependently with the development of agriculture of

the interior • New ports: Salem, Newport, Providence, Annapolis, Norfolk, and Savannah • Mercantilist networks: • -Colonies-Caribbean-UK-Europe-Africa-Newfoundland • -Raw Materials for Finished Products • -Systems of Credit

Urban Social Structures • MERCHANTS • -Grew in wealth during the 18th century • -Rise of urban elites • ARTISANS • -2/3 of all urban white males • -Apprenticeship; Journeyman; Master • -Goal: “marry up” • ISSUES • -Wars (1690-1765) • -Widows • -Lack of firewood • -Urban Wealth = Urban Poor

• -Boston’s long depression from 1740s onward

Spirit of Entrepreneurship • Establishment: regulated markets, price-fixing, wage-fixing; quality

controls; residual Puritan sentiments about the “public good” • New Spirit: Competition; individualism; rejection of regulations; floating

prices—reflective of growing tide of “Classical Liberalism”

The Enlightenment Dialectic in British North America • Reason + Rationality + Empiricism = Perfect Society • Freewill over Predestination • John Locke’s Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1689)—humans’

capacity to acquire new knowledge and develop • Rising tide of anti-slavery sentiments • Franklin founds the American Philosophical Society (Philadelphia-based)

Benjamin Franklin (1705- 90) • Humble beginnings • Establishes Philadelphia as an American cultural center of the

Enlightenment • Poor Richard’s Almanack; Pennsylvania Gazette • Inventions: lightning rod; bifocals; efficient heating stoves; musical

instruments; etc.

Early 18th century Religious Landscape • *New England • -Congregationalism (Puritan

descent) • -Halfway Covenant • *New York & the Southeast • -Church of England’s tight grip on

state, society, and culture

• -Bishop of London • *Mid-Atlantic & Southern/Western

Frontiers • -Germans (Dunkards; Mennonites;

Amish; Moravian Brethren; Lutherans)

• -Scots-Irish (Calvinists; Covenanticle Revivalists)

• *Catholics, Jews, and Atheists—no office-holding or voting

• *50% of all colonists had no church The First “Great Awakening” • Not a singular event, but a multi-nodal centrifugal movement—a series of

events and movements between 1720-60 • REVIVALISM • METHODISM

Revivalism and North America • *Many outbreaks of charismatic revivalism in Europe • -Covenanters in Scotland • -Northern/Central European “radical reform” movements • *Faith and Religion in the colonies was perceived as stagnant by leading

religious intellectuals

‘Fire & Brimstone’— Early Calvinist

Revivalists • Message based on salvation through fear and faith--PREDESTINATION • Largely emanated in North America from Dutch-Reformed and Scottish-

Presbyterian Calvinists congregations from NJ to PA • Jonathan Edwards (Massachusetts) • George Whitefield (Oxford to America)—three tours; open-air revivals

Methodism and Freewill • John Wesley (Oxford) began an Anglican ministry that would grow into a

separate denomination: “Methodism” • Wesleyan message of Freewill, hope, and evangelism • “NEW LIGHT” • Influenced fellow Oxford student, George Whitefield, who nevertheless

retained a fiery Calvinistic brand of revivalism • Methodists wish to reach all—even on the frontiers

Impacts of the First Great Awakening • “New Light” vs. “Old Light”; Predestination vs. Freewill schisms—split many

congregations and denominations • Development of the Methodist “Circuit Riders” to reach the isolated settlers

on the Appalachian frontiers—despised by Virginia’s royal leaders

Northern Impacts • 1745: By Whitefield’s third American tour, revivalism had waned as a trend

in the North • Tolerance became the Northern trend (separation of Church & State—

Roger Williams) • Growth of new secular colleges (1746-1769)

Southern Impacts • Transformation of Southern religious landscape (Baptists; Presbyterians) • Ends the cultural monopoly of the Church of England—creates deep

religious class divisions • Breaks the Church-State bond of Anglicanism and the ruling class • A new intellectual and moral ethic for the poor populations of the South

Political Developments of the 18th

century • COLONIAL STRUCTURES • PEOPLE POWER • WHIG POLITICS

Colonial Structures & Evolution • Breakdown of the “Divine Right” concept • Drive towards blending monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy • Governors = Monarchical representatives • Monarchs = God’s Representatives on Earth • Bicameral Legislatures (Upper/Lower Houses)—still subject to veto • Property = Participation

Development of “People Power” • Long-held European tradition of public protest • Weak law enforcement apparatus in most colonies • Ex: Impressment Riot (1747) in Boston—Press Gangs • Legislatures gradually achieve “power of the purse” • Role of Southern counties as power centers

Whig Philosophy • Early development of UK political party system: “Whigs & Tories” • Grew from the Reformation, the rise of rationalism, and was reflective of

the Enlightenment era • Advocated Republicanism • By 1763, most of the colonies’ 23 papers were reflective of Whig ideology • POWER of the PRESS • Seeds of Dissent

Women & Family: Structures in the North • Christian culture of subordination (in comparison to other Christian

cultures) • Earlier marriages/more children than women in Europe • Rights for single women/widows (contracts, property, legal personhood,

business affairs) • Many responsibilities • Gradually modernizing families during the 18th century; expressiveness

moves beyond Puritan past

The Development of the American

South in the 18th Century Culture, Politics, and Economics

The South in the 18th century • Immigration: New Arrivals • Economics of the Upper and Lower South • Society in the Upper and Lower South • Plantation Life & Culture • The Western Frontier in the South • Southern Slavery

Profile: Blackbeard (d.1718) • Edward Teach (Bristol, England) • Continuously raided British & French ships—strain on mercantilism • West Indies, Bermuda, Virginia, the Carolinas • Multicultural Crew & Fleet • Killed off NC coast (took 5 bullets and 20 blades)

Peoples & New Arrivals in the South • Coastal South • -Influx of new immigrants • -Increase in population of African labor • Frontier South • -Germans (multi-denominational) • -“Scots-Irish” • *Largest colony in North America: Virginia (340,000—including

African/African-American labor)

Southern Political Economy (18th century) • Tobacco depression until 1715 because of King William’s War and Queen

Anne’s war • Upper South • Lower South

Political Economy of the Upper South

• African labor gradually supplants indentured servitude (40% of Upper South population)

• Indentured Servants gradually earned freedom and became native “freeholders”

• By 1750, most people in the Upper South owned no slaves—slaves held by the wealthy minority (ex: The “Virginia Gentry”)

Political Economy of the Upper South ct. • *Diversification of Crops & Livestock • -Hemp; Flax; Grains • -Cattle; PORK (ex: Virginia Ham) • *Opening of Trade • -Tobacco-France • *Local Industries • -Iron; Leather; Textiles (Hemp—homespun)

Political Economy of the Lower South • Vast majority of African labor in North America…by 1740: 90% of the

population • RICE • -1710: 1.5 million pounds per year • -1750: 80 million pounds per year • INDIGO • -Eliza Lucas Pinckney (South Carolina)

Southern Society of the 18th century • ANGLICAN ELITE ruled Church & colony (“Gentry”) • Decadence (Georgian mansions) • Male-Female ratios improve • Planter responsibilities (credit, leases, slave management, scheduling) • Plantation wives: (cloth production; food processing/preparation)

Southern Society ct. • Plantation—an isolated, semi-feudal, and sovereign realm • Role of the Courthouse as a social center for planter elites (debts;

disputes) • Church of England—very little Southern “piety” before 1750 • Taverns; Horse Racing; Cockfights; Wrestling; Music

Appalachian Frontier

• Hunters/Trappers/Fur Traders • Red Clay & Limestone Soil • Draws 40,000 immigrants over 4 decades • Scots-Irish; Germans • A life of SUBSISTENCE • Folkways and cultures still connected to the Old World

Appalachian Frontier ct. • Lack of Churches, town centers, and schools • Few material possessions • Log Cabins • Women/Men shared labor • Adaptations of the institution of marriage (“taking up”) • Etymology of the term “Hill-Billy”

In Focus: Slavery in the South • 1690: 15,000 • 1730: 80,000 • 1700-1775: 350,000 new arrivals

Southern Slavery ct. • Early Cultural Differences between slaves • Profound cultural differences between 2nd/3rd generation “African-

Americans” and “Saltwater Africans” • Institutionalization: Slave Codes • African Labor in the Upper South gradually assimilated to the culture of the

Chesapeake • African Labor in the Lower South maintain cultural/linguistic traditions of

Africa (harder labor)—Gullah People of South Carolina & Georgia

African Resistance to Slavery • Most resistance to slavery came from “Saltwater Africans” • Many flee to sympathetic Native groups, Florida, or islands off South

Carolina • 1712: New York City Riots • 1739: Stono Rebellion (SC) • Both led by “Saltwater Africans”

Stono Rebellion (1739) • South Carolina—20 new arrivals (Angola/Kongo) obtain weapons • Kill several—head for Spanish Florida • More follow—up to 100 in total • Sacked plantations en route to Florida • Militia intercepts w/Native support • 30 publicly executed

Everyday Life Under Slavery in the South • Christianity vs. Traditional African faiths • All English colonies discouraged marriage between slaves (3

males: 2 females) • Marriage was more encouraged by Upper South planters • Relations between Planters and female slaves (consensual

and/or coercive) leads to rise of mulatto population in South

• Profound role of women • Compare/Contrast with slavery in Brazil

Fort Mose • Spanish Florida long a refuge for fleeing African labor • Francisco Menendez (Mandingo)—freed man and becomes an officer • 2 miles above St. Augustine: “Pueblo de Gracia Real de Santa Terese de

Mose” • Catholic farmers and militiamen • English encroachment—flee to Cuba 1763

The Geo-Politics of North America New Spain’s Northern Frontier, France, Netherlands, and the British Empire

New Spain & The Northern Frontier

• Spain’s hegemony declines as England’s expands • Spain offered much fewer settlers (lack of internal conflicts in Spain to

drive people away) • Over-reliance on Indian labor • After decades of tentative tolerance, the Franciscan friars in New Mexico

crack down on Pueblo peoples • Spanish friars begin stamping out Pueblo rituals and ceremonies • Seizure of the ‘kivas’ in New Mexico

Popé’s Revolt • August 1680: Spiritual leader organizes an insurgency following the seizure

of the kivas • Pueblo peoples destroy ranches, Spanish government property, churches,

and farms • Execution of friars • Spanish forces fall back to El Paso—leaving the Northern Frontier behind

Re-engaging the Northern Frontier • 1694: Governor Diego de Vargas takes back Santa Fe • As a compromise, reinstates the previous deal with the Pueblo peoples (see

Lecture 2 slides) • Allows for some Pueblo cultural/religious expression, provided they

maintain a Catholic veneer • Pueblo peoples still rely on Spanish for protection from Ute, Apache, and

Navajo peoples • Much more solid foundation than in Florida

Decline of Spanish Florida • Too few settlers to maintain a colony—most settlers were priests • Disease—for Floridian peoples and Spanish priests alike • Constant scheming and raiding from South Carolinians during the 1680s • Destruction of missions • Queen Anne’s War (1701: England v. Spain)—Carolinians invade • Spanish left only with St. Augustine—opens door wide for English & French

traders to access native Floridians

Geo-Political Economy & 18th century North America • BRITAIN • FRANCE • SPAIN • NATIVE PEOPLES • *RESOURCES; DEVELOPMENT; ENCROACHMENT

“Britain Incorporated” • Acts of Union (1707) • Unites the Kingdom of England & Wales with the Kingdom of Scotland • “The United Kingdom of Great Britain” • Queen Anne—reign 1702-07 • Party Politics: Whigs & Tories (Liberals & Conservatives)

The Landscape: A Collision Course

New France Expansion • 1661: Louis XIV seeks to expand projects in North America/Caribbean • North American timber to supply the development of French Navy • 1673: Louis Joliet & Jesuit Fr. Jacques Marquette explore deep into North

American interior and NW frontiers • Massive territorial expansion due to deep alliances with Native peoples

‘Raisons d'état’ for France in North America • MILITARY—posturing in relation to Britain • TRADE • MISSIONIZING

French Hegemony with Native Peoples • Far less taboos attached to intermarriage with native women • Merging cultures AND interests • By 1750: Population 70,000—all mixed race settlements

Les Coureurs des Bois • French Trappers • Fur Traders • “Runners of the Woods” • Mostly French…some Scots

New Orleans • 1718—many sacrificed • Directly ruled by French Crown– “l'état c’est moi”—absolute monarchy • Male African labor + Native women • Female African labor + French soldiers • 1765: white minority, but French reaction different than English • More opportunities for African freedom—buying their way out • Development of a free Black class…until the British arrive

France vs. the United Kingdom • Truly ‘global’ conflicts (Europe; Caribbean; Atlantic; North America) • Conflicts primarily centered on Caribbean hegemony, but… • Protestant New England vs. Catholic New France • King William’s War (1689-1697) • -England/Iroquois partnership • -France/numerous tribal allies

Queen Anne’s War (1702- 13) • Devastated New England—wiped out a generation, leaving poverty and

widows • Peace of Utrecht (1713) • -France concedes Newfoundland & Acadia (Nova Scotia) • -UK sovereignty over Hudson Bay territory • -France keeps Cape Breton, but concedes St. Kitts and Nevis • -Spain opens its markets to English slave merchants

Spanish North America • Weakened presence in Florida • Hispanics, mestizos, and “detribalized” natives develop culture in TX, NM,

CA—largely because UK and France were not encroaching • 1770s: land-sea routes established between San Diego & San Francisco to

keep the Russians from encroaching

Inland Native Peoples • 1700-50: Inland

groups able to retain sovereignty while adapting to the

presence of settlements

• Cultural/Societal changes from trading iron, textiles, guns, and alcohol

• Demand for fur and pelts = depletion of ecosystems of deer and beaver

• New roles for women & men in relation to procuring and processing pelts/furs

• Growing centralization of leadership—to deal with Europeans

• Continued to find European customs, family structures/practices, religion, and education to be crass

• Disease; War; Depletion of Resources

Conclusions • Students should have a critical understanding of the different

European forces in North America—in terms of cultural, economic, and political systems

• Students should have a critical understanding of the ‘Great Awakening’ and the ‘European Enlightenment’…and how they affected the British Colonies

• Students should have a critical understanding of the development of the ‘North’ and the ‘South’ in American history—and how they differed culturally, economically, and politically

• Students should have a critical understanding of both the development of American slavery and Indian relations in the 18th century