conservation of plant genetic resources.

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19.4.2016

S. Mohan Jain Department of Agric. Sciences, University of Helsinki, PL-27, Helsinki Finland

Conservation and utilization of genetic resources: policy, treaties, international organizations and activities-2

Ipomoea aquatica

Amaranthus

Bambara groundnut

Oca tubers (Oxalis tuberosa)

Cherimoya

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Cardamom, Elettaria cardamomum

detoxifies the body of caffeine - Cleanses kidneys and bladder - Stimulates digestive system and reduces gas - Expectorant action - Improves circulation to the lungs and thus considered good for asthma and bronchitis - Antispasmodic - Can counteract excess acidity in the stomach - Stimulates appetite - Remedy for tendency to infection - Cures halitosis (bad breath) In vitro propagation: - Explant type: vegetative buds rhizome

bits, - -Medium: MS + 1mg/ BA +0.5 mg/l IBA

In vitro plantlets can be stored for a year without change of medium

Cinnamon Cinnamomum verum,

Major Medicinal uses

1. Lower Cholesterol 2. Blood Sugar Regulation - Type 2 diabetes. 3. . Cancer Prevention 4. Anti-Clotting 5.Arthritis Relief 6. Anti-Bacterial 10. High in Nutrients-Mg, fiber, Fe, and Ca. 11. Coumarin has clinical medical value , as edema modifier. In Vitro propagation -explant: shoot tip, nodal segments, cotyledonary tissue for somatic embryos -Medium: WPM+ 3mg/l BA+ 1mg/l Kn -multiple shoots Rooting: 2g/l charcoal , devoid of PGR

Coumarin

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turmeric

Medicinal uses of turmeric

- used traditionally as a remedy for stomach and liver ailments, as well as topically to heal sores, basically for its supposed antimicrobial property.

- A fresh juice is commonly used in many skin conditions, including eczema, chicken pox, shingles, allergy, and scabies.

- Turmeric paste is often used in India as an antiseptic in open wounds, while chun-holud (turmeric with slaked lime) is used to stop bleeding as home remedies.

- The active compound curcumin is believed to have a wide range of biological effects including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumour, antibacterial, and antiviral activities, which indicate potential in veterinary and clinical medicine. In Chinese medicine, it is used for treatment of various infections and as an antiseptic.

In vitro propagation:

- Explant type: vegetative buds rhizome bits, immature inflorescence -Medium: MS + 1mg/ BA +0.5 mg/l NAA In vitro plantlets can be stored for a year without change of medium

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Turmeric patents

The list of turmeric patents

http://tgs.freshpate nts.com/Turmeric- bx1.php

Ginger, Zingiber officinale The characteristic odor and flavor of ginger is caused by a mixture of zingerone, shogaols and gingerols, volatile oils that compose one to three percent of the weight of fresh ginger. Uses of ginger in medicine - Applied as a paste to the temples to relieve

headache, and consumed as tea as well to cure common cold. Ginger with lemon and black salt is also used for nausea

- treatment of cough, and inflamation - to reduce fatigue, prevent and cure

rheumatism and control poor dietary habits

- purported to aid blood circulation, however needs further investigation

In vitro propagation: Explant: vegetative buds, immature inflorescence, rhizome bits Medium: MS medium + 1mg/ l NAA multiple shoots and in vitro rooting MS + 2mg/l , 2,4-D- callus production MS+ 10mg/l BA + 0.2mg/ l : floral buds for plantlet s and somatic embryos

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Clove, Syzygium aromaticum,

Uses of cloves - Used in Indian Ayurvedic medicine,

Chinese medicine, and western herbalism

- Clove oil, applied to a cavity in a decayed tooth, also relieves toothache.

- Natural anthelmintic , used to expel parasitic worms (helminths) from the body,

Eugenol comprises 72- 90% of the essential oil extracted from cloves, -is responsible for the cloves' aroma - Can be toxic in low quantity - methyl salicylate

(painkiller)

Red clover, Trifolium pratense

Uses of red clover

It is promoted as a treatment for a variety of human maladies, including coughs, disorders of the lymphatic system and a variety of cancers.

According to the American Cancer Society, "available clinical evidence does not show its effectiveness in cancer treatment or prevention , menopausal symptoms, or any other medical conditions.

Contains coumarin derivatives, use cautiously in individuals with coagulation disorders or currently undergoing anticoagulation therapy.]

Coumarin is a somewhat bitter- tasting appetite suppressant, - Produced by plants as a defense chemical to prevent predation.

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Black pepper (Piper nigrum)

Saussurea medusa Cell Suspension Cultures for Flavonoid Production- (PK Saxena group)

Saussurea medusa Maxium.is a valuable traditional Chinese herb. -The flavonoids are the main active pharmaceutical compounds in this medicinal plant species and have effective anti-tumor and anti-inflammation properties. - This species is now almost extinct in China due to over-exploitation. - The establishment of plant cell cultures would be a promising alternative to overcome

facing cultivation of this species and the production of bioactive flavonoids.

Suspension callus cultures of Saussurea medusa Maxim.

Induced red calluses from leaf explants of Saussurea medusa Maxim.

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http://www.bioversityinternational.org/

It is one of 15 agricultural research centres supported by CGIAR.

Working with partners worldwide

Dedicated to the conservation & use of forest & agricultural biodiversity for improved livelihoods, nutrition, sustainability and productive and resilient ecosystems.

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http://www.crop diversity.org/banana/

Bioversity International has established the Musa Germplasm Information System (MGIS) as a system for the exchange of germplasm data.

MGIS is a database containing detailed and standardized information on the accessions stored in different Musa genebanks around the world ...

Banana

http://banana-networks.org/bapnet/2012/12/07/conservation-and- regeneration-of-banana-diversity-in-png/

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http://www.ecpgr.cgiar.org/

European Cooperative Programme for Plant Genetic Resources (ECPGR)

The ECPGR (formerly "European Cooperative Programme for Crop Genetic Resources Networks - ECP/GR) was founded in 1980 on the basis of the recommendations of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Genebank Committee of the European Association for Research on Plant Breeding (EUCARPIA).

ECPGR is a collaborative Programme among most European countries, aiming at ensuring the long-term conservation and facilitating the utilization of plant genetic resources in Europe.

The Programme, which is financed by the participating countries and is coordinated by a Secretariat, operates through Working Groups dealing with groups of crops or with general themes related to plant genetic resources.

ECPGR is guided by a Steering Committee (SC), consisting of the National Coordinators of the member countries. The SC nominates an Executive Committee (ExCo) composed of five persons, to plan and execute the ECPGR activities, as decided upon by the SC.

ECPGR is a collaborative Programme among most European countries, aiming at ensuring the long-term conservation and facilitating the utilization of plant genetic resources in Europe.

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European Cooperative Program for Plant Genetic Resources (ECPGR)

Long-term Goal

National, Sub-regional and Regional Programs in Europe collaboratively, rationally and and effectively conserve ex situ and in situ PGRFA, provide access and increase utilization.

Objectives

A European Gene bank Integrated System (AEGIS) is operational and accessions in AEGIS are characterized and evaluated.

The functionality of EURISCO meets users' expectations and quantity and quality of data in EURISCO have been increased, including in situ and on-farm data.

EURISCO is a web-based catalogue that provides information about ex situ plant collections maintained in Europe.

EURISCO is based on a European network of ex situ National Inventories (NIs) that makes the European plant genetic resources data available everywhere in the world.

European Cooperative Program for Plant Genetic Resources (ECPGR)

In situ and on-farm conservation and management concepts are agreed.

Commitment and regular resources of national governments are sustained or increased and commitments and resources of the European Commission, as well as of other potential donors towards ECPGR are increased.

Relations with users of germplasm are strengthened.

Organizational structure and secretarial support are adequate to effectively sustain the operations of ECPGR.

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BASMATI RICE

THE BASMATI RICE PATENT BATTLE

Patent battle

In September 1997 Texas, USA company RiceTec was granted U.S. Patent No. 5,663,484 on "basmati rice lines and grains."

The patent secures lines of basmati and basmati-like rice and ways of analyzing that rice. RiceTec, owned by Prince Hans-Adam of Liechtenstein, faced international outrage over allegations of biopiracy.

It had also caused a brief diplomatic crisis between India and United States with India threatening to take the matter to WTO as a violation of TRIPS which could have resulted in a major embarrassment for the United States.[1

Both voluntarily and due to review decisions by the United States Patent and Trademark Office, RiceTec lost or withdrew most of the claims of the patent, including, most importantly, the right to call their rice lines "basmati.“

A more limited varietal patent was granted to RiceTec in 2001 on claims dealing with three strains of the rice developed by the company.

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Coffee, Costa Rica

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- The range of molecular markers are available - Identification of species and varieties, and detection of hybrids, genetic diversity - Marker-assisted sex diagnosis

Marker-assisted selection (MAS) - may greatly increase the efficiency and effectiveness for breeding compared to conventional breeding. - Simpler compared to phenotypic screening - Selection may be carried out at seedling stage - Single plants may be selected with high reliability. - greater efficiency and accelerate line development in breeding programs.

Molecular markers as tools

Datepalm genetic diversity

Mutation breeding is hugely successful. The wide use of mutation induction for crop improvement is documented in the FAO/IAEA Mutant Variety Database,

It includes more than 3200 officially released mutant varieties from 214 different plant species in more than 60 countries throughout the world-.

Over 1,000 mutant varieties of major staple crops, cultivated on tens of millions of hectares enhance rural income, improve human nutrition and contribute to environmentally sustainable food security in the world.

FAO/IAEA Joint Division, Vienna, Austria, www.iaea.org

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The FAO/IAEA Mutant Variety Database (MVD)

It collects information on plant mutant varieties (cultivars) released officially or commercially worldwide.

A mutant variety is a new plant variety that is bred through:

1. Direct use of a mutant line that is developed through physical and chemical mutagenesis, or somaclonal variation;

2. Indirect use of a mutant line/lines, which is/are used as a parental variety/varieties in cross breeding (cross between mutant lines or with a commercial variety/varieties);

3. Use of mutant gene allele (trait), e.g. the Calrose 76 sd1 allele (semi-dwarf 1 trait) in rice

4. Use of wild species’ genes translocated into plant genomes through irradiation facilitated translocations, e.g. genes of wheat wild relative species.

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Mutations in fruit trees C ro p S ta tu s C h a ra c te ris tic s

C itru s + + +++ S e e d le s s n e s s C o lou r F la vo u r

G u a v a + + + S e e d le s s n e s s

C h e rim o ya + D w a rfin g

J a b o tic a b a + S e e d le s s n e s s C irc u m ve n t Ju ve n ility

P ita n g a + + S e e d le s s n e s s

C a ra m b o la + F la vo u r

L itchi + D e g e n e ra te d s e e d C o lou r H a rv e s t p e rio d D w a rfin g

Different mutated traits among officially released mutant varieties of ornamental and decorative plants (adopted from Jain and Spencer, 2006).

Number Mutated traits Number of mutants

1. Flower colour 417

2. Flower morphology 31

3. Plant architecture 25

4. Leaf colour 13

5. Variegated leaves 9

6. Ornamental type 9

7. Leaf morphology 7

8. Earliness 6

9. Compact growth 5

10. Dwarf 4

11. Flower type 3

12. Others 27

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Cost Effectiveness of Nuclear technology (Japan)

Total input: 68.9 million USD (1959-2001)- construction, research budget and manpower Output: More than 61,568.2 million USD for

crops developed mutation breeding

Transgenic varieties released in the USA Herbicide tolerant: cotton, soybean and corn

Insect resistant (Bt): Cotton, corn Papaya mosaic virus resistant- Papaya

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Drought tolerant tomato high yielding mutants (Figs 6-8). AMALIA-control parent (Fig.9)

R17 500

R2 300

R15 500

AMALIA

6 7

8 9

BKOS

KDML105

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Early maturing local wheat mutant lines

Wheat mutation breeding in Yemen

R ad iatio n D o s e (G y ) M o rp h o lo g ica l C h a ra cte ris tic 0 30 P la n t: H e igh t (cm ) n o rm a l

( 1 5- 18 ) s t u n t e d (1 0 -13 )

L ea v es: C o lo r g re e n

( + + + + ) g re en (+ + + )

T e xtu re s m o o t h s m o o t h S hap e p a ra lle l p a ra lle l T h ick n e s s + + + + + L en g th (m m ) 3 5 0- 40 0 25 0 -30 0 W id th (m m ) 25 -3 0 1 5 -2 0

0 Gy 30 Gy

DATABASE PINEAPPLE Ananas comosus (M1V8 Stage)

DNA Fingerprint E-AG / M-CAG

0 30

100

200

300

Department of Science and Technology Philippine Nuclear Research Institute

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Ms Staples' property in Kingston, southern Tasmania

Spontaneous apple mutation

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Litchi

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Yuantian No.1

New Sweet Sorghum Mutant Variety Yuantian No.1

http://www-naweb.iaea.org/nafa/index.html

http://www.fao.org/ag/portal/index_en.html

http://www.planttreaty.org/

The Importance of the International Treaty

Important websites to be referred

Preserving genetic resources in agriculture, EU projects, 2006.2011, see pdf file provided

http://www.bioversityinternational.org/

http://biodiversity.ca.gov/Biodiversity/biodiv_def2.ht ml

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Conclusion

1. Genetic diversity of crop plants needs to be conserved, exchanged and utilized for crop improvement

2. International and national patent laws must protect Intellectual property right

3. Monetary benefits should be shared both by the inventor and genetic resource provide

4. Induced genetic variation with gamma radiation must be exploited for crop improvement and development of mutation-based functional genomics

5. Farmer’s right and plant breeder right must be protected 6. International agencies including FAO, IAEA, CGIAR institutes,

Biodiversity international should facilitate in exchange of germplam internationally without hiccups

7. Under the bilateral exchange treaties, participating countries should set the terms and conditions under the international laws, especially ownership of the germplam which has been used to produce useful compounds, e.g. neem tree or basmati rice

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