History of Modern Africa from 19th Century to Present
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northafricaegypt.pptxNorth Africa Egypt Introduction: contextualize within African contemporary history
Mamluks, 1249- 1517: control of Egypt; foreign origin from Turkey & South Russia
Erected buildings which are still among the wonders of Egypt today
Defeated in 1517 by forces of the Ottoman Sultan of Turkey
Ottoman empire took control from 1517, created a centralized system
1798- 1801: Napoleon invades; promoted westernization in Egypt; stated an institute for the study of Egyptian past, etc
1801: kicked out by the GB; explain importance of Egypt to GB
Muhammad Ali, Albanian, commander in the Ottoman Empire army, took over Egypt after the French left
Moved Egypt towards westernization; credited as founder of modern Egypt.
1805, Ali had effective control of Egypt; was recognized as the Pasha (viceroy) of Egypt
1807, destroyed the Mamluks
Built a large army of Egyptians; abolished land ownership which exploited the people
Cleaned old canals, dug new ones
Established industries
Trained Egyptians/developed new skills
Sent Egyptians to Europe to acquire industrial skills, etc
Too much taxation of peasants
Foreign policy: worked towards more independence from the Ottoman Empire
Invaded area known today as Sudan
Expansionist
Rejected idea of asking European nations to construct Suez Canal
1849-1853, Abbas I; failed to continue with Ali’s work; things failed under him; factories were abandoned, schools were shut down, etc
1853- 1863: Said & the Suez Canal; Said received French education, very westernized
Gave contract to build canal to Ferdinand de Lesseps, Frenchman; unfair terms of contract, explain; Said resorted to European banks for loans; by 1863 when he died, Egypt had borrowed 14 million pounds from foreign bank
1863, Ismail Pasha succeeded Said; moved quickly with everything; built canals, telegraph lines, bridges, schools
Canal was formally opened in 1869, and spent one million pounds on entertainment.
Canal encouraged imperialism
1879, Egypt had huge debts, 100 million pounds, and the country had received just about two-third, and the rest went to swindlers
1878, Egypt was forced to place its finances under a joint Anglo-French control on the grounds that Egypt could not be relied upon to pay its debts; nationalists in Egypt were furious
1882, GB stepped in and occupied Egypt
