Apple vs. FBI
S.SHARON
brife_-_apple_vs._fbi.pdf
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S y e d F a r o o k .
T u e s d a y c o u rt o r d e r to h e lp F
B I a g e n ts h a c k in to a c e llp
h o n e u s e d b y S a n B e r n a r d i n o s h o o
te ro c to b e r , m o n t h s b e f o r e c E o T im c o
o k c ite d p r iv a c y c o n c e r n s
a s h e p u s h e d b a c k a g a in s
t aA p p le re fu s e d to u n lo c
k a n ip h o n e th a t b e lo n g e
d to a n a c c u s e d N e w Y o rk m e th
d e a le r in b e tw e e n 2 0 0 8 a n d
2 0 1 5 , a p r o s e c u t o r a r g
u e d la s t y e a r . T h e c a lif D m ia
- b a s e d te c h g ia n t u n l o c k e d d o z e n s o
f ip h o n e s a t fe d e ra l in v e s tig a
to rs '
r e q u e s ts s m a r tp h o
n e s
- b u t it a p p e a rs t h e c o m p
a n y h a d n o p
r o b le m b re a k in g in to a t le a s t 7 0
o th e r p ro te c te dA p p le is f
ig h tin g
th e F B I o v e r a c o u r t o rd e r re q
u ir in g th e te c h g ia
n t to u n lo c k a te r ro r is t
'
s ip h o n e
3 A p p le U n lo c l, e d a t L T o ip h o n
e s B d o r e R e fu s in =
to H a c k in to T e r m r is ť ��
a n d o n e th e F B I s h o u ld n
'
t b e a llo w e d to w in . w e lc o m e to th e
"
m o s t im p o rta n t te c h c a s e in a
d e c a d e . "
Iť s o n e th a t A p p le c a n '
t a Ħo rd to lo s e , tr e a te d a s a m a tte r o f
c o n s titu tio n .
c o u ld s e e a n e c o n o m ic a lly c a t
a s tro p h ic e x o d u s fr
o m th e U S to s a fe h a v e n s
w h e r e s e c u r ity isw h a t lo n g
- te rm e ffe c t th is w ill h a v e o n u s te
c h tita n s re m a in s to b e s e e
n , b u t u n d e rm in in g
tF u s t p r is o n e r in i
ts o w n c o u n try , fo rc e d to c o m p ly
w ith a n o rd e r th a t w o u ld u n
d e rm in e its c o re v a lu e s .fe d s , is in u n c h a r te r e d , h o
stile w a te rs . w h a t w a s th e d a r lin g
c h ild o f S ilic o n V a lle y
is n o w au s te c h c o m p a n ie s w ill b e e a g
e r ly w a tc h in g
th e c a s e u n f o ld . A p p le , b a
c k e d in to a c o m e r b y
th e h a n d s o f th e S u p r e m e C o u rt .
A p p le is e x p e c te d to a p p e a l in th e c o m in g
d a y s . T h e c a s e h a s a
w a y t o g
o , a n d m a y e n d
u p in th e
s a id A p p le sh o u ld b e a "
g o o d c o rp o ra te c itiz e n ,
"
a s t a t e m e n t n u d g in g A p p
le to w a rd s c o m p
lia n c e .D o n a ld T r u m p s a id u n lo c k in g th e p h o n e is
"
c o m m o n s e n s e ,
"
r e p o r ts R e u te r s . S e n . M a r c
o R u b io R e p u b lic a n n o m in e e s u n a n im o u s ly s c o ld e d
th e c o m p a n y
. T h e p a rty '
s p
r e s id e n tia l fr o n t -
r u n n e r
tr a s h e d . N o n e o f th e c o n te n d e rs in e ith e r p a rty h a v e s o fa r le n
t th e ir s u p p o r t to e m b a
ttle d A p p le .
C o n g r e s s m o v e s s lo w ly . A b ill c o u ld la n d o n
th e d e s k o f th e in c o m in g p
re s id e n t , o n ly to b e
H o p k in s p ro fe s s o r , in a tw e e t .
y o u '
ll fe e l w h e n c h in a d e m a n d s th e s a m e , "
s a id M a tth e w G re e n , a c r y p to g r
a p h e r a n d J o h n s
1f y o u '
r e c o n t e n t w ith th e u s g o v e - e n t d ic ta tin g th e ip h o n e
'
s e n c r y p tio n , "
a s k y o u rs e l f h o w
c re a te a b a c k d o o r? "
g iv e r e p r e s s iv e r e g im e s in R u s s ia a n d C h in a a b lu e p r in t İ b r fo rc in g
A m e r ic a n c o m p
a n ie s to
m e m b e r o f th e S e n a te In te lli g e n c e c o m m itte e .
"
w h y in th e w o r ld w o u ld o u
r government w a n t to
"
T h is m o v e b y th e F B I c o u ld s n o w b a ll a r o u n d th e w o r ld , "
s a id S e n . R o n W y d e n (D
- O R ), a
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Scanned by CamScanner
U . S . M a g is tra te J u d g e S h e ri P y m is s u e d a n A ll W rits A c t fo r th e F a r o o k c a s e o n T u e s d a yw ith o u t g iv in g A p p le a c h a n c e to re s p o n d .
P ro m p tin g th e b a c k - a n d - fo rth c o u r t b a ttle a n d a llo w in g A p p le
'
s v o ic e to b e h e a rd .
ju d g e in o c to b e r re fu s e d to g ra n t th e g o v e r n m e n t
'
s r e q u e s t b e fo re h e h e a rd A p p le
'
s �� t a k
W h e Fe m o s t ju d g e s g ra n t A ll W rits A c t o rd e rs s im p ly b e c a u s e p ro s e c u to rs re q u e s t th e m , t he
id e n tic a lly fo llo w p re v io u s c o u rt o rd e rs .
R u n n in g th e le s s
-
s e c u r e io s 7 - did n o t
8 . T h e O c to b e r c a s e - w hic h c e n te re d o n a n ip h o n e 5 s
- iO S 7 a n d u n d e r - a n d h o w m a n y u s e d th e p a s s c o d e
- r e qu ire d o n e s , w h ic h sta rte d w ith iO s
It '
s n o t c le a r h o w m a n y o f th e e s tim a te d 7 0 ip h o n e s ra n th e o ld e r , le ss s e c u re o
p e ra tin g s y ste m s
its p riv a c y w e b s ite .
e n c ry p tio n k e y th a t is tie d to th e u s e r '
s p a s s c o d e , w h ic h A p p le d o e s n o t p o s s e s s , "
A p p le s a id o n
re s p o n s e to g o v e r n m e n t s e a rc h w a rra n ts b e c a u s e th e n ie s to b e e x tra c te d a r e p ro te c te d b y a n
"
F o r a ll d e v ic e s r u n n in g iO S 8 a n d la te r v e r s io n s , A p p le w ill n o t p e rfo rm io S d a ta e x tra c tio n s in
P lu g in to th e p h o n e a n d a llo w it to re s p o n d to s e a rc h w a r r a n t r e
q u e s ts fr o m th e g o v e r n m e n t .
th a t , t h e c o m p a n y u s e d a le s s - s e c u r e iO S
, a n d c o u ld u s e a n e x tra c tio n to o l th a t w o u ld p h y s ic a lly
to b e a c c e s s e d o n ly b y th e u s e r w h o k n o w s th e p h o n e
'
s p a s s c o d e , t h e D a ity B e a s t s a id . B e fo Fe
A P P le h a s p ro v id e d d e f a u lt e n c ry p tio n o n its ip h o n e s s in c e 2 0 1 4 , a llo w in g a n y d e v ic e
'
s c o n t e n t s
c o m p a n y e x tr a c te d fr o m a d r u
g s u s p e c t '
s p h o n e .
P o m o g ra p h e r in W a s h in g to n ; a n d in 2 0 1 5
p ro v id e d fe d e r a l a g e n ts in F lo rid a w ith d a ta th e
ip h o n e in 2 0 0 8 ; r u s h e d a d a ta e x tra c tio n in 2 0 1 3 fro m th e p h o n e o f a n a lle g e d c h ild
T h e c o m p a n y h e lp e d N e w Y o rk in v e s tig a to rs e x tra c t d a ta fro m a s u sp e c te d c h ild s e x a b u s e r
'
s
B e fo re th e O c to b e r r e fu s a l, A p p le h a d a lo n g h is to ry o f c o m p lia n c e w ith A ll w r its A c t o rd e rs .
s a id it w a s n o t .
govcrnment w h e th e r th e A ll W r its A c t d is p u te w a s m o o t . B o th A p p le a n d th e J u stic e D e p a r tm e n t
T h e su s p e c t e v e n tu a lly p le a d e d g u ilty . H is p le a p ro m p te d a ju d g e to a s k A p p le a n d th e
is d is c lo s e d . "
A n A p p le la w y e r s a id .
w a n t to d o th is . It d o e s n o t w a n t to b e in th e b u s in e s s o f b e in g a m e th o d b y w h ic h c u s to m e r d a ta
u n lo c k in g a s e c u re p h o n e w o u ld u n d e rm in e its c u s to m e r s
'
t r u s t .
"
A pp le is s a y in g it d o e s n o t
e s tim a te a n d n o t a n u m b e r v e tte d b y th e te c h c o m p a n y . In d e fe n d in g its re f u s a l, A p p le s a
id
w h ile A p p le b w y e rs d id n o t o b je c t lo th e c la im , t he y in s is te d th e 7 o fig u re w a s a government
U . S . A tto rn e y S a r ith a K o m a tire d d y s a id in c o u r t ,
P ro c e d u re to ro u tin e ly la k e im y o f th e s e r e q u e s ts , c o m p l! w ith th e m , p r o c e s s in g
th e m , "
A s s is ta n t
c o u r ts b r o a d p u w e r to is s u e -
n e c e s s a r ! o r a p p ro p ria te "
\ \ T its , ·
(A p p le ) ha d a n e s ta b lis h e d
th c t i m lĺ a c h re q u e s t w a s m u d e u n d e r lh \ A ll w r its A c t , a 1 7 89 s ta tu te
th a t g ra n ts l d e ra l
"
UmpliĽd "
w ith a t le a s t 7 o ü th e r re q u e s ts to u n lu Ľ k s u s p e ( ts ·
pho n e s , r\ìo th e r b u a rd r
e p o rte d a [
IhĽ o c to b e r rc l '
u s i ı l b e w ild e re d N c w Y ? r k p rn s e Ľ u tu r s , w hu Ľ lzlim c d lh e ip h
a n e m a k e r
6
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s o m e o n e '
s p h y s ic a l p o s s e s s io n ,
"
C o o k w r o te la s t w e e k , "
T h is w o u ld m a k e it e a s ie r to u n lo c k a n
s o ftw a r e - -
w h ic h d o e s n o t e x ist to d a y - -
w o u ld h a v e th e p o te n tia l to u n lo c k a n y ip
h o n e in e le c tro n ic a lly
- - a s p e r th e F B
ľ s re q u e s t - - a ll ip h o n e s c o u ld b e a t r is k .
"
In th e w r o n g h a n d s , t h is w h ile a d d in g n e
w c a p a b ilitie s to th e o p e
r a tin g s y s te m , a llo w in g a p a s s c o d e
to b e in p u t B u t C o o k p re v io u s
ly s t a te d th a t if A p p
le w e r e to fo llo w th e o r d e r a n d r e m o v e s e c u
r ity fe a tu r e s
w a n t to b re a k a n y o n e
'
s e n c r y p tio n o r s e t a m a s te r k e y
lo o s e o n th e la n d , "
C o m e y w ro te . e s s e n tia lly s
e lF d e s tr u c tin g a n d w ith o u t it ta k in g a
d e c a d e to g u e s s c o r r e c tly . T h a ť s it
. W e d o n '
t c h a n c e , w ith a s e a rc h
w a r ra n t , t o t r y to g u e s s th e te rro r is ť s p a s s c o
d e w ith o u t th e p h o n e
"
b a c k d o o r , "
w h ic h c o o k s a id th r e a te n e d th e s e c u r ity o
f A p p le c u s to m e r s .
"
W e s im p ly w a n t th e C o m e y in d ir e c t
ly re je c te d C o o k ' s s t a t e m e n t t
h a t t h e F B ľ s o rd e r w o u ld fo r c e th e c re a tio n o f a
pe o p le s h o u ld e x p e c
t n o th in g le s s fr o m th e F B 1 ,
"
C o m e y w r ite s in th e p o s
t th e m a th o ro u g h a n d p
r o fe s s io n a l in v e s tig a tio n u n d e r la w .
T h a t '
s w h a t th is is . T h e A m e ric a n
"
F o u rte e n p e o p le w e r e s la u g h t
e re d a n d m a n y m o r e h a d th e ir li
v e s a n d b o d ie s r u in e d . W e o w e
"
a b o u t try in g to s e t a p
re c e d e n t o r s e n d a n y k
in d o f m e s s a g e .
" In a b lo g p o st S u n d
a y , C o m e y s a id th
e F B I '
s r e q u e s t is "
a b o u t v ic tim s a n d ju s tic e "
a n d n o t to c re a te a
"
b a c k d o o r "
in to th e c e llp h o n e d a ta , a s itu a tio n h
e c a lle d "
c h illin g "
a n d "
d a n g e ro u s . "
ip h o n e th r o u g h its io s 9 o p e
r a tin g s y s te m . C o o k s a id th e F B I
'
s r e q
u e s t w o u ld fo rc e h is c o m p a n y
c o m p a n y w a s g o in g to
fig h t a g a
in s t a c o u rt o rd e r th a t w o u ld f D rc
e th e te c h g ia n t to h a c k in
to a nT h e F B I a n d A p p le h a v e b e e n a t o d d s s in c e la
s t w e e k w h e n A p p le C E O T im C o
o k s a id th e
v ic tim s a n d ju s tic e . "
c e llp h o n e d a ta o f o n e o f th e s a n B e r n a r d i n o ,
c a lif . , a tta c k e rs , s t a t in g th e m o
v e is "
a b o u t th e F B I D ire c to r J a m e s C o m e y d e fe n d e d h
is a g e n c y
'
s le g a l d e m a n d o r d e r in g
A p p le to b r e a k in to
th e
B y A n d r e w V . P e s ta n o
4 . F B ı D ir e c to r D e fe n d s A p p le O r d e r , D o e s n ' t W a n t
" M a s te r K e y L o o s e "
A m e ric a n c o m p a n y b e in g fo rc e d to e x p o s e its c u s to m e rs t
o a g r e a te r r is k o f a t
ta c k
c o m p a n ie s lik e A p p le to p ro te c t th e ir d a ta ,
"
c o o k w r o te . "
w e c a n fin d n o p re c e d e n t fo r a n
e n c ry p tio n . D o in g s o w o u ld h u rt o n ly th e w e ll -
m e a n in g a n d la
w _ a b id in g c itiz e n s w h o re ly
o n
"
F o r y e a r s , c r ypto lo g is ts a n d n a tio n a l s e c u r ity e x p e rts h a v e b e e n w a r
n in g a g a
in s t w e a k e n i n g
m e n tio n a n y o f th e p re v io u s 7 0 c o u rt - o rd e re d u n lo c k in g s .
T h e C E O c ite d p r iv a c y c o n c e rn s a s h is c h ie f c o m p la in
t a g a in s t th e d e m
a n d -
a n d h e d id n o t
S h o r tl y a lie r th e d e m a n d
, c o o k b ro a d c a s t its o b je c tio n s to th e o r d e r in a fie ry
le tte r to c u s to m e r s .
a n d h is c o - s h o o te r , h is w ife , w e r e kille d in a g u n b a ttle w ith c o p
s a ñ e r th e a tta c k .
\ \ h ic h m a y c o n ta in in fo r m a tio n a b o u t h is D e c . 2 s h o o tin g s p re e th
a t le ft 1 4 p e o p
le d e a tJ I ·
·
a r u u k
S h Ľ u rd c rc d A p p le to c re a te a su ftw a re th a t w o u ld a llo w in v e s tig a
to rs in to F a rn u k
'
s p h o n e ,
ノ 7
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8
a m i g o v e r n m e n t o f fic ia ls h a s b e e n o v e r w h e lm in g ly n e g a tiv e (o c c a sio n a lly b o r d e r in g o n a b s u r d ly
c o m p a n y . W h ile S ilic o n V a lle y h a s lin e d u p in s u p p o r t o f A p p le , t h e re a c tio n fr o m p o litic ia n s
a p p e a r s to b e a p u re ly (a n d a d m ir a b ly ) p ń n c ip le d sta n d b y th e p la n e ť s ıa r g e s t p u b lic ly tr a d e d
government bre a k in to th e ip h o n e o f o n e o f th e S a n B e r n a r d in o s h o o te r s . O n its fa c e , t h is fig h t
C o o k h a s ta k e n a s ta rtlin g ly b o ld s ta n c e fo r p riv a c y in d e fi a n c e o f a ju d g e '
s o r d e r to h e lp th e
A n d th a t le a d s u s to A p p le C E O T im C o o k '
s r e c e n t d u s t - u p w ith th e F B 1 .
u tiliz e d b y h a c k e r s a n d o th e r b a d g u y s .
th a t e v e n h a s its o w n s h o r th a n d : N O B U S ) , h is to r y h a s s h o w n th a t th e y w ill b e d is c o v e r e d a n d
W n ile th e s e b a c k d o o rs a r e o s te n s ib ly c o n s tr u c te d f o r "
n o b o d y b u t u s ' '
to g e t th r o u g h (a c o n c e p t
g o v e - e n t m a n d a te s b a c k d o o r v u ln e r a b ilitie s b e h a rd w ir e d in to a te c h n o lo g ic a l e c o s y s te m .
(a m o n g U . S . c itiz e n s , a t le a s t) , s e c u ń ty is s u e s th e y d o c a r e a b o u t in e v ita b ly a r is e w h e n th e
W h ile th e p o lls ro u tin e ly r e f le c t th e p u b lic '
s o v e r a l l m e h - n e s s r e ga r d in g g o v e - e n t s n o o p in g
p e o p le h a v e r e p e a te d ly s h o w n th a t th e y v a lu e c o n v e n ie n c e f a r m o r e th a n p r iv a c y .
In tr u th , m o s t p
e o p le ju s t d o n '
t fe e l lik e th e y h a v e a n y r e a l n e e d to f e a r s u r v e illa n c e . ìn fa c t ,
B y E v a n D a s h e v s k y
6 . A P P le ' s F B I B a t t l e I s A b o u t t h e G a d
g e t s W e H a v e n
' t E v e n T h o u
g h t o f Y e t
B e r n a r d in o s h o o te r '
s p h o n e re s e t e a r lie r in th e in v e s tig a tio n ,
T h e F B I o n S a tu rd a y s a id e s s e n tia l in fo r m a tio n c o u ld h a v e b e e n lo s t w h e n a p a s s w o r d o f th e S a n
im p lic a tio n s fo r la w e n f o r c e m e n t , n a t i o n a l s e c u r i t
y , p r iv a c y a n d p e rs o n a l fr e e d o m s
'
c o m m is s io n o r o th e r p a n e l o f e x p e r ts o n in te llig e n c e , t e c h n o lo g y a n d c iv il lib e r tie s t o d is c u s s th e
th e g o v e r n m e n t to w ith d r a w its d e m a n d s . . . A n d , a s s o m e in C o n g re s s h a v e p ro p o s e d ,
fo rm a
e v e r y o n e '
s c i v i l l i b e r t i e s ,
"
C o o k w r o te in th e e m a il . "
W e f e e l th e b e s t w a y f o r w a rd w o u ld b e f o r
h u n d re d s o f m illio n s o f la w - a b id in g p e o p le , a n d s e t t i n g
a d a n g e r o u s p
r e c e d e n t th a t th r e a te n s
r e c e iv e d th e g o v e r n m e n t '
s o r d e r w e k n e w w e h a d to s p e a k o u t . A t s ta k e is th e d a ta s e c u rity o f
"
T h is c a s e is a b o u t m u c h m o r e th a n a s in g le p h o n e o r a s in g le in v e s ti g a t io n , s o w h e n w e
th e F B Ľ s r e q u e s t a s a n a r g u m e n t b a s e d o n c iv il lib e r tie s .
C o o k o n M o n d a y s e n t a n e m a il to e m p lo y e e s in w h ic h h e d e ta ile d A p p le '
s r e fu s a l to c o m p ly w ith
w h y t h e F B 1 s im p ly m u s t d o a ll w e c a n u n d e r th e la w to in v e s t ig a t e th a t .
"
re m e m b e r w h a t t e r r o r is ts d id to in n o c e n t A m e r ic a n s a t a s a n B e r n a r d in o o f fic e g a
th e r in g a n d
e y e , o r o u r s e l v e s i n t h e m i r r o r , i f w e d o n
'
t f o llo w th is le a d , "
c o m e y a d d e d . "
s o l h o p e fo l k s w ill
h o ld s th e c lu e to fın d in g ın o r e te r r o r is t s . M a y b e it d o e s n
'
t . B u t w e c a n '
t l o o k t h e s u r
v iv o r s in th e a b o u t th e c a s e .
"
I h o p e th o u g h t fu l p e o p le w il l t a k e th e t im e t o u n d e r s t a n d t
h a t . M a y b e th e p
h o n e
C o m c y u r g e d p e o p le to "
s t o p s a y in g th e w o r ld is e n d in g -
a n d in s te a d e n g irg e in a d is
c u s s io n
c o m p u te r "
ip h o n e b y '
b r u t e ï i, r c e ,
'
t r y in g th n u s a n d s u r m i l li ū n s u t
·
c o m b in a tio n s w it
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u p w ith th e ir h a n d
s is o n ly a n e n g
in e e rin g b a r rie r th a t h a s y
e t to b e o v e rc o m e .a b o u t e
v e r y b o d y
h a s th e ir fa c e s b u r ie d in th e
ir p h o n e s
- th e f a c t th a t th e y h a v e to a c tu a lly h
o ld ittim e s , w o u ldn '
t y
o u w a n t it? s o u n d c ra z y ? L o
o k a ro u n d y o u r lo c a l S ta rb u c
k s a n d s e e h o w ju s ts tre a m o f v is u a l a n d a
u d io (a n d p o s s ib ly
h a p tic ) s t
im u la tio n th a t w a s a c c e s s ib le
h a n d s - fr e e a t a llT h e tra n s itio n is n
'
t t o o h a rd to im a g in e . If th e re w a s a w a y
fo r a tin y d e v ic e to p
ro v id e a s te a d y o u t to m e , I
'
ll o w e y o u a c o k e .
h a p p e n . I f w e d o n
'
t s e e a c o m m e r c ia lly a v a ila
b le im p la n ta b le e le c tro n
ic d e v ic e b y 2 0 2 6 , r e a c
hT h a t m a y s e e m lik e a s c i
- fi ste p to o fa r fo r m a n y ,
b u t m a r k m y w o rd s , t h is is a th in g th a t w il
lth a t th e s c o rc h in g h o t w e a r a b le s
s p a c e w ill
- in th e n o t c r a z y fu tu r e - g iv e w a y
to im p la n ta b le s .T h e lin e b e tw e e n s
o ftw a re a n d m e a tw a r e w ill o n
ly c o n tin u e to b lu r
. I h a v e little re a s o n to d o u b t
re a l la n g u a g e . T h e y a r e ta k
in g o v e r th e w a y s
w e in te r a c t o u r v e h ic le s , a n d s o o n e
n o u g h w ill ta k eh a n d lin g o u r fi
n a n c ia l tr a n s a c tio n s , m o
n ito rin g o u r b o d ie s , a n d e v e n c
o n v e rs in g w ith u s u s in gA n d th e y
'
r e t a k in g o n m o re ta s k s a ll th
e tim e ; in c re a s in g ly p
e r s o n a l ta s k s a t th a t . T he y a r e
th in g w e w r a p a r
o u n d o u r w T is ts .
a ll d a y . In a r e la tiv e b lin k o f
h is to ry , c o m pu te r s
w e n t fr o m ta k in g
u p e n tir e ro o m s
to b e in g aM a c h in e s a r e b e c o m in g f
a r m o re p e rs o n a !. T h e y
'
r e g e t t in g s m a lle
r a n d lig h te r ; th e y
a r e w ith u s a c tu a lly h a s
to d o w ith th e p r o d u c ts th a t A p p
le is p re p
a r in g fo r th e d e c a
d e (s ) to c o m e .o u ts id e th e u . s . fo r th a t m a tte r) . A n
d th a t m a y b e p a r t
o f it, t ho u g h A p p le d e n ie s it . B u t I
th in k itm o re ip h o n e s in th e in c r e a s in g ly
im p o r ta n t, if q u a s i
- to ta lita ria n , C hin e s e m a rk e t (
o r a n y w h e r ea u th o r itie s . c y n ic is m m ig
h t d ic ta te th a t t h is n o n
- c o m p lia n
c e is a ll a b o u t A p p
le w a n tin g to s e lle c o s y s te m a n d i
ts m a n y , m a n y s e c u r ity
is s u e s), n o t t o m e n t io n w illfu l n o n
- c o m p lia n c e
w ithsy n o n y m o u s w ith p riv a c y a n
d s e c u r ity ( w h ic h m ig
h t s ta n d in c o n tr a st to
th e riv a l A n d ro idh o w e v e r
. w h e n c o o k d e c id e d to fig h t th e o rd
e r in a v e ry p u b lic w a y ,
it h e lp e d a p p le b e c o m e
u n a w a r e th a t it e v e r h a p p e n e d .
s o m e c o n d e m n a tio n fro m p r i v a c y
a d v o c a te s , b u t m o s t p e
o p l e w o u ld h a v e
re m a in e d b lis s fu lly
u n q u e s tio n a b ly b ru ta l a n d th re a te
n in g f a n a tic a l o r g a
n iz a tio n . T h a t d e c is io n m ig
h t h a v e d r a w ngovernment bre a k in to th e p h o n e ľ s o r ry , o u r h a n d s
w e re t¡e d ! "
), a n d th e r e fo re h e lp
in f iltra te a n It w o u ld h a v e b e e n e x c e e d in g e a s y fo r A p p le t
o c a p itu la te to th e ju d g e
'
s o r d e r s a n d h e lp
th e
th e o n e s w h o d o th e c o n n e c tin g .
c o u n tr ie s to th e ln te rn et , t h e re a ls o j u s l h a p p e n s to b e
a n o p p o rtu n ity
to m a k e a b u c k iF th e y
a r e
f a c e b o o k a n d G o o g le a re u n q u e stio n a b ly e a r n e s
t in th e ir d e s ire t o c o n n e c t b i
llio n s in d e v e lo p i
n g
th a t th e re '
s a bu sin e s s - m in d e d a g e n d a in th e m ix a s w e ll. s im il a r to th e w a y
th a t e x e c u tiv e s a t
W h ile th e re is n o d o u b t s o m e c o re p rin c ip le s in flu e n c in g c o o k
'
s de fia n c e , I c a n '
t h e lp b u t th in k
h a s b e e n p a in fu lly te p id .
d ra m a tic ). M e a n w h ile , s u pp o rt fro m th e p u b lic
- w h o th is d e fia n c e is p re s u m a b ly in s e rv ic e 0
ノ 9
Scanned by CamScanner
a s s is te d th e g o v e r n m e n t n th e firs t p la c e .
m o re v u ln e ra b le - bo th to g o v e r n m e n t a c c e s s a n d to c r im in a l h a c k in g - th a n if A
p p le h a d
c u s to m e r s . A p p le h a s lo s t le v e r a g e in le g a l c a s e s a n d th e a v e r a g e ip h o n e u s e r is s ig n if ic a n tly
A p p le '
s d e c is io n n o t to h e lp in th e F a ro o k c a s e w a s u ltim a te ly b a d fo r th e c o m p a n y a n d its
a n d to v in d ic a te th e c o m p a n y '
s p
r in c ip le d re s is ta n c e , r ig h t? W ro n g .
ro u tin e . T h a t th e F . B . I. s o s o o n w a n ts a c c e s s to a n o th e r ip h o n e w o u ld s e e m to p ro v e A p p le r ig h t
A p p le h a d a r g u e d in p a r t th a t it d id n '
t w a n t ip h o n e h a c k in g b y th e g o v e r n m e n t to b e c o m e
d e c is io n in B r o o k ly n s u p p o r tin g A p p le .
b e lo n g in g to a c o n v ic te d d m g d e a le r - b y re q u e s t in g th a t a f e d e ra l ju d g e o v e r t u r n a n e a r lie r
O n F r id a y , t h e F . B . I. a g a in s o u g h t A p p le '
s a s s is ta n c e - th is tim e to h e lp c r a c k a n ip h o n e
o n e o f th e te r ro ń s ts w h o k ille d 1 4 p e o p le in S a n B e r n a r d i n o , C a lif . , in D e c e m b e r .
In v e s tig a tio n b a c k e d o f f its r e q u e s t fo r A p p le to h e lp g a in a c c e s s in to th e ip h o n e o f S y e d F a r o o k ,
T w o w e e k s a g o , p r iv a c y a d v o c a te s a c r o s s th e c o u n try c e le b r a te d a s th e F e d e r a l B u r e a u o f
B y Ja m il N . Ja ffe r a n d D a n ie l R o s e n th a l
b . W h y A p p le ' s S t a n d A
g a i n s t t h e F . B . I . H u r ts I t s o w n c u s to m e r s
ta k e th e s e c u r ity o f o u r m o s t in t im a te s e lv e s v e r y s e r io u s ly .
a n d b o d ie s fu r th e r in to T h e M a tr ix , c o n s u m e r s w ill o n ly w a n t to d o b u s in e s s w ith c o m
p a n ie s th a t
H a c k e r s a n d b a d p la y e r s h a v e a lw a y s b e e n w ith th e I n t e r n e t . A s te c h n o lo g y d r a g s b o th o u r m in d s
w ir e le s s p a y m e n t p la tfo rm o r y e s , t h e im p la n ta b le d e v ic e y o u c a n
'
t e a s i ly r e m o v e .
s o m e o n e b r e a k s in to th e fitn e s s tr a c k e r b e in g m o n ito r e d b y y o u r d o c to r ; th e s u p p o s e d ly s e c u r e
U k ra in e , p e o p le w ill s to p u s in g th a t b r a n d o f s e ıf d r iv in g c a r . T h e s a m e g o e s fo r th e f ir s t tim e
T h e fir s t tim e s o m e o n e is in ju r e d w h e n a s e lf - d r iv in g c a r is c o m m a n d e e r e d b y a b o re d h a c k e r in
s o m e th in g th a t te c h lu m in a r ie s s u c h a s M r . C o o k a r e s u r e l y c o g n iz a n t .
c o n s u m e r s w jjj o n ly a d o p t th e s e in c r e a s in g ly in tim a te d e v ic e s if th e y fe e l s e c u r e . T h is is
O n e th in g to k e e p in m in d w ith th e c o m in g s to rm o f te c h - a ll- u p - in - y o u r
- b u s in e s s b u s in e s s is th a t
a ll u p in y o u r b u s in e s s .
T e c h n o lo g y e v o lv e s , a n d p
e o p
l e e v o lv e w ith it . T h e fu tu r e p r o m is e s th a t te c h n o lo g y is g o n n a g e
t
r o u tin e l y c o n ta c te d ( b y c e ll p h o n e ) to h e lp th e s e s a m e p a r e n ts w ith th e ir s m a
r tp h o n e is s u e s .
a n d w o r k , d o y o u r e a î ly n e e d to h a v e a
p h o n e o n y o u t a tt [im s ? F a s t f o r w a r d to to d a y
a n d I a m
n e e d le s s a n d c x u b e r a n t p u rc h a s e o f m
y ĥ r s t "
c e llu la r p h o n e . "
Y u u a lr e a d y h a v e a p h o n e a t h o m e
c o n v e rs a t io n s I h a d w ith m y p a r e n ts in th e la te 1 9 9 0 s w h e n I w a s s c o ld e d (y e s s c o ld e d !) fo r a
tr a n s itio n c o u ld e v e r h a p p e n ( s o m e w ith in th e v e r y o ff ic e s h e
re a t p c M a g ), I a m re m in d e d o f
P ie rc e d , a g o u d p a r t o f th e p o p u la tio n w o u ld g la d ly s ig n u p . W h e n 1 h e a r d o u b ts th a t
th is
¡l '
g e tt in g a tin y d e v ic e a tt a c h e d to y o u r p e r s o n w a s a s r o u t
in ( a n d s a fe a s g e tt in g
o n e '
s e a r s
10
Scanned by CamScanner
w o u ld b e s a fe , o r
a t le a s t, s a f e r (h a c k e rs c o u ld e y e n tu a lly re - c r e a te th is m e th o d ) .
ha v e u s e d a m e th o d to o b ta in a c c e s s th a t w a s k n o w n o n ly to th e c o m p a n y . T h e v u ln e r a b ility
th e c o m p a n y a n d its c u s to m e r s . If A p p le h a d c o m p lie d w ith th e C a lifo rn ia c o u r t '
s o r d e r , it c o u ld
S o p r iv a c y a d v o c a te s s h o u ld c a r e fu lly w e ig h th e c o s ts a n d b e n e f its o f A p p le '
s d e c is io n f D r b o th
lo n g e r ip h o n e u s e r d a ta is a t ris k - bo th fr o m th e g o v e r n m e n t a n d fr o m c r im in a ls .
be c a u s e th e g o v e r n m e n t d is c lo s e s it to A p p le o r b e c a u s e A p p le f ıg u r e s it o u t o n its o w n ) , t h e
W n y d o e s a ll th is m a tte r ? S im p le : T h e lo n g e r it ta k e s A p p le to p a tc h th is v u ln e r a b ility (e ith e r
o p e n s o it c o u ld c o n tin u e to a c c e s s ip h o n e s .
G iv e n th a t, it w o u ld n '
t b e s u rp r is in g if th e g o v e r n m e n t d e c id e d in fa v o r o f le a v in g th is b a c k d o o r
a s m a n y te c h n ic a l m e a s u re s a s n e c e s s a ry to lim
it s u c h a c c e s s .
th a t it w i ll fig h t to o th a n d n a il th e g o v e r n m e n t s e fio r t to g
e t la w f u l a c c e s s , a n d w ill im p le m e n t c e r ta in to m a k e th e g o v e r n m e n t
m o r e lik e ly to w ith h o ld th e in fo rm a tio n . A p p le h a s m a d e it c le a r
In te llig e n c e c o m m i tte e , h a s s u g g e s t e d th a t it s h o u ld n o t) , A p p le
'
s p
r e v io u s p o s itio n is a lm o s t (a n d S e n a to r D ia n n e F e in s te in , D e m o c r a t o f C a l
if D m ia a n d v ic e c h a irw o m a n o f th e S e n a te
w w l e th e F . B . I. h a s r e f u s e d to s a y w h e th e r it w ill u ltim a te ly
s h a r e th e v u ln e r a b ility w ith A p p
le
le ttin g A p p le fix it d o e s n '
t s e e m lik e a g r e a t b u s in e s s p la n .
v u ln e r a b ility is c o n c e iv a b ly a
v a ila b le in th e m a rk e tp la c e to th e M g h e
s t b id d e r ) , a n d v o lu n ta ri ly
w in e ra b ilitie s is p re s u m a b ly a
m o n e y m a k in g e
n d e a v o r fo r th e c o m p a n y (
a n d th u s , t h is n o n d is c lo s u re a c o n d itio n o f g iv in g
th e g o v e r n m e n t th is in f o rm a tio n a Ĥ e r a l
l ,
f in d in g
M o r e o v e r , it
'
s c e r t a i n ly p o s s ib le , in d e e d l ik e ly ,
t h a t th e c o m p a n y th a t c r a c k e d th e ip h o n e m a
d e
th is to o l a s a w a y to c o n d u c t in te llig e n c e c o lle c tio n .
"
d is c lo s in g "
v u l n e r a b i l i t i e s , it a ls o w e n t o u t o f th e w a y to n o te
th a t it w o u ld n o t "
c o m p le te ly fo r g o
v u ln e r a b ility . w h ile th e w w t e H o u s e m a d e c le a r th a t its p
ro c e s s w a s "
b ia s e d to w a r d r e s p o n s ib ly B ro o k in g s In s titu tio n h a s p o in te d o u t, t h e F . B
. I. h a s n o le g a l o b lig a tio n to d is c lo s e
th e
R e ly in g o n th is w h ite H o u s e p ro c e s s m a y n o t h e lp m u c h , t h o u g h . F irs t,
a s B e n W i t t e s o f th e
c o n tin u in g a c c e s s ,
e lim in a tin g a v u ln e r a b ility in a p ie c e o f c o n s u m e r s o ftw a re a n d
th e in te llig e n c e b e n e f its
o f
e x p lic itly r e q u ire s th e g o v e r n m e n t to w e ig h th e t
r a d e -
o ff b e tw e e n th e s e c u r ity
b e n e f its o f
ra p id ly p a tc h it . A p p le '
s r e q u e s t is p r e d ic a te d o n a w h ite H o u s e p
r o c e s s , c r e a t e d in 2 0 1 4 , t h a t
A P P le is n o w a s k in g th e F . B . 1. To
"
r e s p o n s ib ly "
d is c lo s e th e v u ln e r a b ility s o th a t A p p
le c a n
a s s is ta n c e in a c c e s s in g th e d a ta th a t it is a u th o r iz e d to s e a r c h b y w a r ra n t .
"
)
D e p a rtm e n t a r g u e d in its le tte r to th e c o u r t th a t "
t h e g o v e r n m e n t c o n tin u e s to
r e q u ire A p p
le '
s
ip h o n e s . (E v e n th o u g h it m a y h a v e th e te c h n ic a l m e a n s to a c c e s s th e B r o o k ly n p
h o n e , t h e J u s ti c e
o r n o t y e t p a tc h e d . T h a t m e a n s th a t th e F . B . I. s h o u ld b e a b le to a c c e s s in f o rm a
t io n o n s im ila r
a s s is ta n c e , p re s u m a b ly ta k in g a d v a n ta g e o r a v u ln e ra b ility th a t A p p le h a s e ith e r n o
t y e t jd e n tifie
d
e F . B . I. h a s a lre a d y fo u n d a c o m p a n y a b le to a c c e s s M r . F a ro u k '
s ph o n ( w ith o u t A p p
le '
s
1 1
Scanned by CamScanner
u s in g th a t c o n n e c te d d e v ic e , s e r v i c e o r s y s t e m .
w h e n a n a tta c k e r c o u ld d is c o v e r a v u ln e ra b ility , a n d o n c e a c c e s s e d , e x p lo it it to h a rm a n y o n e
th a t th is c o u ld n o t o n e d a y b e u s e d b y s o m e o n e o th e r th a n th e F B I . T h e r e is n o w a y to d e te rm in e
o p e r a tin g s y s te m w h ic h u n d e rm in e s th e ip h o n e s e c u r ity f e a tu re s , t h e re is n o w a y to g u a ra n te e
B e m a d in o c a s e s e ttin g a d a n g e ro u s p re c e d e n t . W h ile it is p o s s ib le to c re a te a n e n tire ly n e w
c o u ld ta k e a d v a n ta g e o f th a t s u b v e r s io n , b u t th is is w r o n g . T h is is w h y A p p le ta lk e d o f th e S a n
In th e A p p le c a s e , t he F B I s u g g e s te d th a t it c o u ld m a n ip u la te s e c u rity in s u c h a w a y th a t o n ly it
w ill a ls o w e a k e n th e p ro te c tio n .
m a th e m a tic a l m o d e ls u s e d to e n c ry p t d a ta w ill m a k e th e w h o le s y ste m le s s s e c u re , b e c a u se it
a c c e s s e d b y s o m e o n e e ls e , it w o u ld re m a in p riv a te . B u t a n y p ro c e s s th a t w e a k e n s th e
w a y to c o m m u n ic a te s e c u re ly o n lin e is to e n c ry p t e v e ry th in g , s o t h a t e v e n if y o u r d a ta w e re to b e
fr e e d o m o f e x p re s s io n a n d o p in io n , a n d w ith o u t it, l i v e s m a y b e e n d a n g e re d . C u rre n tly , t h e o n ly
A s th e U N h ig h c o m m is s io n e r fo r h u m a n r ig h ts e x p la in e d r e c e n t ly , e n c r y p tio n is v ita l to
p ro te c t u s a ll .
s e c u r ity , a n d a ls o h o w little m o s t p e o p le s e e m to u n d e rs ta n d th e e n c ry p t io n te c h n o lo g ie s w h ic h
b e c a u s e it s h o w s h o w e a s ily o u r c o lle c tiv e p riv a c y c o u ld b e e r o d e d in th e n a m e o f n a tio n a l
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fe n c e .
c a m p a ig n e rs e x p la in in g th e p o te n tia l ra m ific a tio n s o f th e c a s e ,
m a n y p
e o p le re m a in e d o n th e
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lo b e .
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T h e F B I '
s w ith d ra w a l fr o m th e c o u rt c h a lle n g e o ffe rs a re s p ite th a t s h o u ld n o t b e w a s te d .
s u g g e s tio n s to u p d a te f e d e ra l la w s governing c o m m u n ic a tio n s th a t d a te fr o m th e a n a lo g a g e .
c ry in g w o lf w h e n it c o m p la in s a b o u t "
g o in g d a rk . "
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c o m m u n ity th a t la w e n fo rc e m e n t h a s m a n y o th e r w a y s to o b ta in in fo rm a tio n th e s e d a y s a n d is
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w a s n o t a p ro m is in g e n v iro n m e n t in w h ic h to m a k e p o lic y .
fro m th e s e p o s itio n s . t h e c o n f lic t e s c a la te d r a p id ly w ith o u t re v e a lin g a n y s e r io u s w ig g le ro o m . it
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th e y d o n o t b o w to U . S . government d e m a n d s .
a b le to p r o te c t f re e s p e e c h fo r b illio n s o f p e o p le in u n fr e e s o c ie t ie s s u c h a s C h in a a n d R u s s ia if
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ll b e b e tte r
c y b e r s e c u r ity th r e a ts . M a n y c o n s u m e rs a r e d e m a n d in g p ro te c tio n , e s p e c ia lly a ñ e r th e E d w a rd
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O n th e o th e r s id e , A p p le C h ie f E x e c u tiv e T im C o o k in s is ts th a t a n y c o n c e s s io n to g o v e r n m e n t
h a v e n to c r im in a ls a n d te r r o r is ts .
e n fo rc e m e n t e v e n w ith a c o u r t- a p p ro v e d w a r ra n t . T h e y fe a r th a t th is c o u ld p r o v id e a d ig ita l s a f e
a n e tw o rk o r o n th e d e v ic e , in w a y s th a t a r e a c c e s s ib le o n ly to a u s e r , a n d th u s o f f- lim its to la w
p ro s p e c t o f "
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O n o n e s id e , la w e n fo rc e m e n t a u th o ritie s in th e U n ite d S ta te s e x p re s s a v a lid w o rr y a b o u t th e
s e c u rity is n o t y e t s o r te d o u t a n d m u s t n o t b e n e g le c te d .
A p p le '
s a s s ista n c e . B u t th e la r g e r c o n flic t o v e r e n c ry p tio n o f d a ta a n d its im p a c t o n p r iv a c y a n d
u n lo c k in g th e p h o n e , t h e F B I h a s p u lle d b a c k , s a y in g it fo u n d a w a y to o b ta in th e d a ta w ith o u t
th e F B I o v e r th e c o n te n ts o l a te rro r is ľ s ip h o n e . A Ĥ e r s e e k in g in c o u rt to c o m p e l A p p le '
s h e lp in
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13y T h e E d ito r ia l B o a r d
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