Personal Reflection paper
CULTURE SCAN FOR CROSSCULTURAL MANAGEMENT
© M.E. Phillips, Ph.D., Pepperdine University, N.A. Boyacigiller, Ph.D., San José State University, & G.L. Rossy, California State University Northridge, 2002
FREE WILL • Control Can environment be controlled? Is behavior controlled by self, social norms, rules, or by whims of others? Is harmony important? Can circumstances change? how?
• Uncertainty avoidance How much do people strive to limit uncertainty in their lives? How important are rules and procedures?
Control ● Technical domination ● Based on standards; state of art knowledge ● In harmony with other “life forms”
Change ● Does occur, but can be studied & understood ● Can learn
Low Uncertainty Avoidance ● Uncertainty is recognized ● Change scares individuals ● Trust and morality are key
Control ● Harmony with surrounding environment very
important High Uncertainty Avoidance
● Each person has a rightful and protected place in the social order, that the actions of authorities should not be challenged or questioned, that hierarchy and inequality are appropriate and beneficial.
SOURCES OF TRUTH • Origins of truth Where do people go for directions/answers? Who do they go to? • Universalism What can be questioned and what can’t? Are rules situationspecific or generally applied?
Is context important when judging right/wrong?
Origins of Truth ● Experts for truth ● Investigative culture ● Information is freely available
Universalism ● Everything can be questioned ● Common law puts emphasis into situationspecific
rules ● (Context in judging right/wrong?)
Universalism ● Willing to follow office regulation and work
guidelines made by the owner. ● Employees do not want to challenge their senior
workers or supervisors and just want to obey the decisions or orders their superiors make; order of rank is strongly anchored.
TIME • Is attention paid to past? present? future? Which is most important?
• Do people do many things at once? one thing at a time?
● Time is money ● Past is in the past, live in the present, must seize
the future ● Monochronic society (1 thing at a time) ● Hate wasting time ● Protecting freedom is a priority ● Individuals are prompt and frown upon tardiness
● Worried about the future. ● High levels of anxiety and are highly resistant to
change develop many rules to control social behaviors.
● Time is fluid. ● Punctuality is important, but allow 30 minutes of
leeway.
• How are priorities set? • What is considered “prompt”?
● Respect for others’ busy schedules. ● Monochronic society (1 thing at a time).
HUMAN NATURE • Are others viewed as individuals or as members of a homogeneous group?
• What are expectations about other people? are they positive? Can “good” people change? are they negative? Can “bad” people change?
• How are strangers treated?
● Individuals are seen as part of the whole group/melting pot
● High concentrated population rude individuals ● Low concentrated population friendly
individuals ● Religion is key (basis of country) ● Strangers tend to be treated well (due to diversity)
● Viewed as members of a homogenous group ● Human nature is good, but original nature
becomes evil when his wishes are not fulfilled (Mencius)
● Strangers met with reserve; observe extreme politeness
WORK RELATIONSHIPS • Do people work individually? in groups? • Does workspace (e.g., location, size, objects) reveal status?
• Are most interactions based on the formal hierarchy? informal relationships?
● How important are family ties as opposed to achievement in determining an individual’s status.
• Who do people admire/envy/fear?
● “Stand up and be counted” ● Individuals prefer to work in groups ● Workplace reveals status ● Family ties are very important ● Common for individuals to sacrifice family time to
achieve individual status ● Individuals fear rights being taken away; envy the
elite and admire the selfmade
● “The protruding nail gets hammered down” ● Teamwork most important; individuals
contribute to the face of the company ● Interactions based on formal hierarchy ● Working spaces often cramped; large office
indicates high status ● Managers are more controlling, less
approachable, less trusting, and less likely to delegate to subordinates than their low avoidance counterparts.
● Fostering close relationships very important in conducting business; obligation to do business with their friends first.
PURPOSE OF WORK • Do people value aggressiveness, competitiveness, and material rewards?
social interaction and attempts to improve quality of work life?
learning and growing on the job?
● Individuals are aggressive and competitive ● Prefer immediate feedback from management ● Prefer social recognition over tangible ● Focused on work/life balance ● Loyalty to companies diminishing ● Prefer fun work environment ● Innovative individuals who are not fond of change
● Hard work/long hours are accepted way of life ● Making money is key driver, not the means to a
better life ● Leisure viewed as lazy
COMMUNICATIONS • To what degree is information explicitly stated and details spelled out?
• Are communications fast and concisely stated? (e.g., headlines, bullet points, voicemail) slow? (i.e., requiring interpretation, attentive to relationship building)
• What nonverbal behavior (e.g., body language, eye contact, tone of voice) helps you understand what someone tells you is contrary to information you are being told?
● Individuals are very direct ● Details are very important ● Generations make distinction between
prefered communication methods (?) ● Communication tends to be concise (due to time
constraints) ● Nonverbal communication is very important; can
tell you more than verbal communication
● Context very important; often implicit and nonverbal
● Nonverbal communication is very important; can tell you more than verbal communication
Posture, volume of voice, distance ● Often say what people want to hear, even if not
true ● Slow communication style ● Attentive to relationshipbuilding