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Introduction
Noise is one of the physical environmental factors af-
fecting our health in today’s world. Noise is generally de-
fined as the unpleasant sounds which disturb the human
being physically and physiologically and cause environ-
mental pollution by destroying environmental properties
[1].
The general effect of noise on the hearing of work-
ers has been a topic of debate among scientists for
a number of years [2, 3, 4]. Regulations limiting noise
exposure of industrial workers have been instituted in
many places. For example, in the U.S., the Occupation-
al Noise Exposure Regulation states that industrial em-
ployers must limit noise exposure of their employees
to 90 dBA for one 8-h period [5, 6]. This permitted
maximum noise exposure dose is similar to the Turkey
Standard, which is less than 75 dBA for one 7.5 h peri-
od [7].
Exposure to continuous and extensive noise at a level
higher than 85 dBA may lead to hearing loss. Continuous
hearing loss differs from person to person with the level,
frequency and duration of the noise exposed [8]. Negative
effects of noise on human beings are generally of a physi-
ological and psychological nature. Hearing losses are the
most common effects among the physiological ones. It is
possible to classify the effects of noise on ears in three
groups: acoustic trauma, temporary hearing losses and
permanent hearing loss [9]. Blood pressure increases,
heart beat accelerations, appearance of muscle reflexes,
sleeping disorders may be considered among the other
physiological effects. The psychological effects of noise
are more common compared to the psychological ones
and they can be seen in the forms of annoyance, stress,
anger and concentration disorders as well as difficulties
in resting and perception [10, 11,12].
Polish Journal of Environmental Studies Vol. 14, No 6 (2005), 721-726
Industrial Noise and Its Effects on Humans
E. Atmaca 1 *
, I. Peker
1 , A. Altin
2
1 Cumhuriyet University, Department of Environmental Engineering, 58140 Sivas-Turkey
2 Zonguldak Karaelmas University, Department of Environmental Engineering, 67100 Zonguldak-Turkey
Received: January 25, 2005
Accepted: April 21, 2005
Abstract
The problem of noise in the industries around Sivas has been examined in this study; and noise mea-
surement and survey studies have been carried out at concrete traverse, cement, iron and steel and textile
factories located in this region. A questionnaire was completed by 256 workers during this study in order
to determine the physical, physiological, and psycho-social impacts of the noise on humans and to speci-
fy what kind of measurements have been taken both by the employers and workers for protection from
the effects of noise.
It has been specified, during the surveys, that the noise levels detected in all the industries are much
above the 80 dBA that is specified in the regulations: 73.83% of the workers in these industries are dis-
turbed from the noise in their workplaces, 60.96% of them have complaints about their nervous situa-
tions, 30.96% of these workers are suffering hearing problems although they had not had any periodical
hearing tests and they are not using ear protection equipment.
Keywords: noise, industrial noise, Sivas, exposure to noise
*Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected]
A great majority of people working in industry
are exposed to noise. Therefore, in this study, the ef-
fects of noise on human beings have been investigat-
ed with respect to the level of noise they are exposed
to. In this context, measurement and questionnaire
studies have been conducted at concrete traverse, ce-
ment, iron and steel and textile industries around
Sivas.
Material and Methods
Industrial Noise Measurement Technique
This study has been carried out at concrete traverse,
iron and steel, cement and textile factories around
Sivas. Actual noise levels in these industries have been
measured and their maximum and minimum values
have been placed in the associated Tables. A sound
level measuring instrument (TES 1350 Sound Level
Meter) was used in these measurements. Measure-
ments results have been recorded by holding the in-
strument at a height of 1.5m from ground in living and
working environments of the workers in order to de-
termine the noise levels to which the workers are ex-
posed.
Iron and steel industry was not operating during
this study, but a survey has to be conducted also in this
industry due to the high level of noise incorporated
and large number of workers involved in the iron and
steel industries. For this purpose, noise levels corre-
sponding to the iron and steel industry have been
taken from a similar study made in the past. A survey
also has been carried out at the iron and steel factory
at Sivas to determine the effects of noise on human be-
ings.
A 29-question questionnaire has been applied in the
context of the study.
Purpose of the Questionnaire
1. To learn whether hearing losses in workers originate
from any factors other than noise (a hereditary illness,
effect of medication, exposure to sudden non-profes-
sional sources of noise, etc.)
2. To determine effects and complaints other than per-
manent hearing loss that may occur due to the
noise.
3. To determine rates of using ear protection equip-
ment used to decrease the level of noise influenc-
ing workers at workplaces, and expressing the
complaints and positive comments on using
them.
4. To determine the factors that are effective on workers
exposed to noise.
5. For specifying worker comments on protection from
noise.
Questionnaire Studies (Surveys) in the Industry
– A questionnaire has been applied on a one-to-one
basis at the cement factory.
– Not to cause any work loss in the textile industry, the
questionnaire forms were distributed during the day
shift and collected the next day while it has been done
on a one-to-one basis during the night shift.
– At the iron and steel industry, the survey has been con-
ducted on a one-to-one basis as the factory was not
running without any time and job losses.
– At the concrete traverse factory, forms have been dis-
tributed during the day and collected at the end of
working hours.
Questionnaire results were compiled using Minitab
statistical program software. The data were evaluated
using the χ 2
test. Additionally, some important results
have been also demonstrated in the associated Tables and
Figures.
Measurement and Questionnaire Results
Noise Measurement Results
As shown in Table 1, the highest noise among these
industries was detected at the cement (106 dBA) and
concrete traverse (107 dBA) factories. Comparison of
these results with the standards taking place in the Noise
Control Regulation shows that none of the industries
subject to this survey are meeting the associated stan-
dards.
Questionnaire Results and Evaluation
The questionnaire has been applied to 256 workers
selected from all the industries. Distribution of the par-
ticipants has been examined with respect to their ages,
servicing periods, educational situations and depart-
ments. Distribution of the workers according to their in-
dustries is: 30% concrete traverse, 15% cement, 37% iron
and steel, and 18% textile factories (Fig.1). It has been
determined that their distribution with respect to their ser-
vice periods is: 45% 5-10 years, 39% 11-15 years, 15%
15-20 years and 1% more than 20 years (Fig. 2). Distrib-
ution of the workers according to their educational level
722 Atmaca E., et al.
Table 1. Industrial noise measurement results.
is: 1% literate, 30% primary school, 13% secondary
school, 41% high school and 15% university education
(Fig. 3).
Age distribution of the workers is: 17% 20-30 years,
60% 31-40 years and 22% 41-50 years (Fig. 4).
When the ages, working periods and education levels
were compared, it has been specified that the majority of
the workers were from service period range of 5-10
years, age range of 31-40 years and are generally high
school graduates.
The following points have been determined during
the studies;
– In the concrete traverse factory, 28% of the workers in
the production department are exposed to a noise level
of 107 dBA while 74% of the workers in the whole fac-
tory also were exposed to a noise level much above the
standards specified in the Noise Control Regulations.
– In the textile factory, 60% of the workers were ex-
posed to a noise level of maximum 106 dBA and they
are working at the mill department.
– At textile and cement factories, the majority of the
workers are working in very noisy environments.
Looking at the level of disturbances from industrial
noise in these industries, 73.83% of the workers (189 par-
ticipants) have complaints about high level of noise in
general. As shown in Table 2, the concrete traverse fac-
tory among these industries is the one with the highest
level of disturbance from noise (maximum of 107 dBA).
The rate of disturbance was never below 60% in any one
of the factories, indicating that the problem of noise ex-
ists in all these industries.
By examination of the rates of disturbance in the
workers depending on their working periods, it has been
observed that there is no significant relation between the
working periods and the disturbances from noise. As
shown also in Table 3, the rate of disturbance from noise
among the workers working for 5-10 years is 73.68%
while this rate is 100% among workers working for more
than 21 years. These results are considered to be statisti-
cally important, but they are not yet convincing. The
workers have been asked about the type of their com-
plaints, and 60.96% of the 228 workers responding to this
question have complained about nervousness.
When all the industries are considered individually, it
has been specified that maximum level of nervousness
complaint was determined at the cement factory having
a noise level of 105 dBA (67.65%) (see Table 4). Care-
lessness is the disturbance type with the lowest rate of ap-
pearance (3.07%). Looking at Table 2, it is possible to
state that the most significant disturbance caused by
noise is nervousness.
Examinations made on the type of hearing problems
indicate that 30.86% of the workers are generally com-
plaining about illnesses like ringing and leakage in the
ears as well as hearing loss (Table 5). Distribution of
hearing problems according to industries is 30.86% con-
crete traverse, 33.33% cement, 23.96% iron and steel,
and 40% textile factories. As seen in these results, the
textile industry was the one where the highest level of
complaints (40%) determined with regard to the hearing
complaints among the industries at Sivas.
Looking at the relationship between hearing problems
and noise disturbance, it has been observed that com-
Industrial Noise ... 723
Fig. 1. Industrial distribution of workers.
Fig. 2. Working period of workers worked in industries.
Fig. 3. Education level of workers.
Fig. 4. Age distribution of workers.
plaints of 34.9% of the workers disturbed from noise are
related to hearing problems, indicating that noise is af-
fecting the hearing members.
When workers were asked to answer the question “did
you have any hearing tests before?” it was determined that
44.92% of the workers had hearing tests; and, with regard
to the distribution to industries, it has also been determined
that most of the tests had been carried out at the concrete
traverse factory (Table 6). Factory manager’s expressions
about having such tests each year support this fact. The rate
of hearing tests made in the iron and steel industry is
19.79% and it indicates that these tests are not carried out
there on a yearly basis. These results have also been found
statically important (p <0.05).
724 Atmaca E., et al.
Table 2. Annoyance levels of industrial workers.
X 2 = 4.484, D. F = 3, P> 0.05
N*: Working number, D. F*: Degrees of freedom
Table 3. The relationship between working periods and level of annoyance of workers.
X 2 = 9.447, D. F = 3, P <0.05
Table 4. Annoyances observed by workers in different industries.
X 2 = 22.278, D. F = 12, P <0.05
Examination of the hearing test results indicated that 77
workers (30.70) have hearing loss and, according to these
results, distribution of these workers with hearing problems
to industries is: 37.66% in concrete traverse factory,
25.97% textile factory, 20.77% iron and steel factory, and
15.58% cement factory (Table 7). These results have not
been statistically important (p> 0.05).
As indicated by the results, the cement factory has the
lowest noise level value (15.58%) among the industries
with high noise levels. The cement factory has a 30.76%
rate of hearing loss in its process. As can be understood
from this result, the workers have refrained from giving
correct answers to the questions on their hearing problems
due to the factory being a private sector organization. It is
very normal to observe that 37.68% of the workers with
hearing losses are working at the concrete traverse facto-
ry having a maximum noise level of 107 dBA.
As shown in Table 7, 85.94% of the workers in the
above industries do not have annual hearing tests. The
rate of annual hearing tests in concrete traverse factory is
35.53%. This rate in the other industries is much under
10%. It shows us that hearing tests are made only at the
concrete traverse factory each year or at least once in
every two years.
It has been observed that there are noise problems in
all the industries at which these measuring and question-
naire studies have been conducted. For this reason, it has
been necessary to make a survey on the level of using the
ear protection accessories for protection against noise
and it has been determined that the rate of using them was
32.94%.
According to the survey results, the rates of using ear
protection accessories are: 7.69% in the cement factory
and 60% in the concrete traverse factory (p <0.05). This
subject has not been reviewed as there was no relation-
ship between usage of ear protection accessories and the
level of noise in the factories.
When workers were asked what kind of measure-
ments should be required to protect them from noise,
a great majority of them pointed out that measurements
should be taken at the sources of noise. The rate of
9.31% supporting the use of ear protection accessories
indicates that workers do not prefer the use of such pro-
tection devices.
Results
It has been determined during our measurements that
the noise levels in all the above industries are much
above the noise level of 80 dBA specified in Noise Con-
trol Regulation.
Industrial Noise ... 725
Table 5. Hearing complaints at different industries.
X 2 = 4.164, D. F = 3, P> 0.05
Table 6. The level of hearing test in industries.
X 2 = 52.372, D. F = 3, P <0.05
According to results of the questionnaire applied to
the above industries:
1. 73.83% of workers in the industries are disturbed
from the noise in their workplaces.
2. Noise causes the problem of nervousness on workers
at a rate of 60.96%.
3. 30.86% of the workers have ailments like ringing in
the ear, hearing losses, etc.
4. 85.94% of the workers do not have periodical hear-
ing tests.
5. Ear protection accessories are being used in the in-
dustries by a rate of 32.94%. The rate of using ear
protection accessories at the cement factory at which
the noise level is the highest is at 7.69%. As indicat-
ed, the industries at Sivas have the problem of noise.
Recommendations
1. The problem of noise should be taken into considera-
tion during their establishment phases (construction
of the building, allocation of the machinery, etc.).
2. Use of the latest technology should be provided in the
industries.
3. Authorized persons should arrange the working peri-
ods for workers according to the level of noise in
workplaces.
4. New workers who will work at noisy workplaces
should be subject to hearing tests and other tests re-
garding related illnesses.
5. Suitable protection accessories should be provided for the
workers who will work in noisy environments and they
should be trained on regular usage of such accessories.
6. Hearing tests should be performed periodically each
year at noisy workplaces.
7. Employers and workers should be trained on noise
and its effects on human health.
Acknowledgements
This study was financially supported by the
Cumhuriyet University Scientific Research Fund.
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Table 7. The condition of periodical hearing tests done by workers working different industries.
X 2 = 41.730, D. F = 3, P <0.05
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