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Chapter 10—Social Class

Jon Witt

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What’s to Come?

Understanding Stratification
Sociological Perspectives on Stratification
Social Class in the United States
Life Chances

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As You
Read

What is social class?

How does social
class operate?

What are the consequences
of social class?

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Understanding Stratification

Marx, Weber, and Durkheim highlighted significance of class differences and sought to understand both their causes and consequences

In U.S., social class is a
touchy subject

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Understanding Stratification

Systems of Stratification

Social inequality—condition in which members of society have different amounts of wealth, prestige, or power

Stratification Structured ranking
of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic
rewards and power in a society

Slavery

Caste

Estate

Class

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Understanding Stratification

Systems of Stratification

Ascribed Status Social position assigned to a person without
regard for that his or her
unique talents or characteristics

Achieved Status Social position attained by person largely
through his or her own efforts

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Understanding Stratification

Systems of Stratification

Slavery A system of enforced servitude in which some people are owned by others as property

Caste Hereditary rank, usually religiously dictated, that tends
to be fixed and immobile

Estate System Peasants required
to work land for nobles in exchange for military protection and other services, also called feudalism

Class System Social ranking based primarily on economic position

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Understanding Stratification

Social Classes

Five-class model
used to describe
U.S. class system:

Upper class

Upper-middle class

Middle class

Working class

Lower class

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Understanding Stratification

Social Mobility Movement of individuals or groups from
one position in a society’s stratification system to another

Open versus Closed stratification systems

Open System Social system in which the position of each individual influenced by his or her achieved status

Closed System Social system in which there is little or no possibility of individual social mobility

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Understanding Stratification

Types of Social Mobility

Horizontal Mobility Movement
from one social position to
another of the same rank

Vertical Mobility Movement
from one social position to
another of a different rank

Intergenerational Mobility
Changes in social position
of children relative to their parents

Intragenerational Mobility
Changes in social position
within a person’s adult life

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Sociological Perspectives on Stratification

Sociological Perspectives
on Stratification

Marx on Class

Social relations depend on who controls the primary mode of production

Two main classes in a capitalist society

Bourgeoisie Capitalist class;
comprising owners of the means of production

Proletariat Working class; those who lack
ownership of the means of production

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Sociological Perspectives on Stratification

Marx on Class

Class Consciousness Awareness by members of a class of their common interests and the need for collective political action to bring about change

Marx believed consciousness among the proletariat would lead it to reject capitalism

Dominant Ideology Set of cultural beliefs and practices that helps maintain status quo

False Consciousness Attitude
held by members of a class
that does not accurately
reflect their objective position

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Sociological Perspectives on Stratification

Weber on Power

Ownership of means of production does not totally define a person’s position within the stratification system

Class Group of people who have
similar level of wealth and income

Status Group People who
have the same prestige or lifestyle

Party Capacity to organize
to accomplish some particular goal

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Sociological Perspectives on Stratification

Bourdieu on Culture

Cultural Capital Our tastes, knowledge, language, and
ways of thinking that we
exchange in interaction with others

Because culture is hierarchically
valued, it is a form of power

People in different classes possess different types of cultural capital

Can be used as a form of exclusion

Passed down the same
way as material capital

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Sociological Perspectives on Stratification

Material, Social, and
Cultural Resources

Material resources are economic resources we own or control

Social resources are prestige
based on position we occupy
and social network connections

Cultural resources are our
tastes, language, and way
of looking at the world

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Social Class
in the United States

Cultural Capital

We see class even if we don’t
usually identify it as such

Clothes

Housing

Vacations

We seldom take seriously the source of such preferences or their effect on the choices we make and the doors that these choices may open or close to us

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Social Class
in the United States

Status and Prestige

Occupational prestige

Prestige Respect
and admiration
that an occupation
holds in society

Esteem Reputation
that a specific
person has
earned within
an occupation

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Social Class
in the United States

Status and Prestige

Socioeconomic Status (SES) Measure of social class based
on income, education, occupation,
and related variables

Society often undervalues work
(such as women’s unpaid work)
that is essential for our individual
and collective survival

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Source: J. Davis, Smith, and Marsden 2007.

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Social Class
in the United States

Income and Wealth

Income Wages and salaries
measured over some period,
such as per hour or per year

Wealth Total of a person’s material assets, including savings, land, stocks, and other types of property, minus his or her debts at a single point in time

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Social Class
in the United States

Income

Income inequality a basic
characteristic of a class system

In U.S. top 5% earns a significantly greater percent of total income than the bottom 40% combined

Income inequality in the U.S. has increased steadily since 1970

Americans do not seem to be
seriously concerned about
income and wealth inequality

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Source: U.S. Census Bureau 2012r:Table H-3.

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Source: U.S. Census Bureau 2012r:Table H-2.

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Social Class
in the United States

Wealth

Distributed more unevenly than income

Top 1% owns over 35% of all wealth

This is more than the bottom 90 percent combined

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Source: Allegretto 2011.

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Social Class
in the United States

Middle-class Struggles

Middle-class incomes have remained steady or even fallen over the past 40 years

Disappearing opportunities
for those with little education

Global competition and
rapid advances in technology

Growing dependence
on the temporary workforce

The rise of new-growth
industries and nonunion workplaces

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Social Class
in the United States

Poverty

In 2011, over 46 million people in the United States—15 percent of the population—were living in poverty

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Source: U.S. Census Bureau 2012c:Table 19.

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Social Class
in the United States

Defining Poverty

Absolute Poverty Minimum level
of subsistence that no family
should be expected to live below

Common measure is federal
government’s poverty line

Relative Poverty Floating standard
of deprivation by which people
at the bottom of a society are
judged as being disadvantaged in comparison with the nation as a whole

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Source: OECD 2011:Table EQ2.2.

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Social Class
in the United States

Who Are the Poor?

Stereotypes about poverty are flawed

Likelihood of being in poverty
shaped by factors such as age,
race, ethnicity, and family type

Increasing proportion of
poor in U.S. are women

In 2011, 43 percent of poor people in the United States lived in big cities within metropolitan areas.

Underclass Long-term poor
who lack training and skills

Overall composition of
poor changes continually

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Note: Age and race/ethnicity percentages are based on total persons. Families percentages are based on total families.

Source: DeNavas-Walt et al. 2012: Table 3, 4..

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Social Class
in the United States

Social Mobility

Occupational Mobility

Common among males

Most mobility is minor

Income and Wealth

Mobility occurs, but
most do not move very far

Likelihood of ending up in
same position as one’s parents
has been rising since 1980

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Source: Haskins 2008.

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Social Class
in the United States

Social Mobility

Education

Impact of formal
schooling is
greater than
family background

Important means of
intergenerational mobility

Critical factor in
development
of cultural capital

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Social Class
in the United States

Social Mobility

Race and Ethnicity

Class system more rigid for African Americans than for other racial groups

Median wealth of White, non-Hispanic households 15 times greater than median wealth of Hispanic households

Gender

Mobility studies have
traditionally ignored gender

Women especially likely
to be trapped in poverty

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Life Chances

Max Weber saw class
as being closely related
to people’s life chances

Life Chances Opportunities
people have to provide
themselves with material
goods, positive living conditions,
and favorable life experiences

In times of danger, affluent and powerful have a better chance of surviving

Digital Divide Relative lack of access to latest technologies among low-income groups, minorities, rural residents, and citizens of developing countries

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