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University of California Berkeley Library MLA Style Citations (Modern Language Association)

This guide provides examples and the basic guidelines for citing sources following the MLA Style Manual. MLA style requires that you provide, in the text, brief parenthetical references identifying the exact part of each work you quote or base your ideas on (page number or section). Examples of MLA parenthetical references are on pages 5-6 of this guide.

At the end of your paper, you must also provide an alphabetical list of "Works Cited" listing the complete citation for each work referred to parenthetically or in the text of your paper. in your parenthetical references.

Works Cited List - Examples for Print Resources BOOKS General Format Author#1LastName, FirstName(s), and Author#2FirstName(s) Lastname.

Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Date of publication.

Single author: Talevski, Nick. The Unofficial Encyclopedia of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1998.

Booth, Wayne C., Gregory G. Colomb, and Joseph M. Williams. The Craft of Research. 2nd ed. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2003.

Multiple authors:

For works by more than three authors or editors, you may list all as above or only the first followed by a comma and et al.

Editor(s) as author(s): Antony, Louise M., and Charlotte E. Witt, eds. A Mind of One's Own: Feminist Essays on Reason and Objectivity. 2nd ed. Boulder: Westview, 2002.

Translated work: Racine, Jean. Jean Racine's Phaedra: A Tragedy: A New Verse Translation of Phèdre. Trans. Edwin Morgan. Manchester, Eng.: Carcanet, 2000.

Multi-volume work: Dostoyevsky, Fyodor. The Unpublished Dostoyevsky: Diaries and Notebooks (1860-81). Ed. Carl R. Proffer. Trans. T. S. Berczynski, et al. 3 vols. Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1973-1976.

Corporate author: US Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland. Trident Society. The Book of Navy Songs. Arr. and harmonized Joseph W. Crosley. Garden City: Doubleday, 1926.

No author named on title page:

The Bible with Sources Revealed: A New View into the Five Books of Moses. 1st ed. Trans. and commentary Richard Elliott Friedman. San Francisco: Harper, 2003.

The New York Public Library American History Desk. New York: Hyperion, 2003. The formats above for names of authors, editors, translators, etc. may be applied to all similar situations, below.

CHAPTER IN A BOOK or WORK IN AN ANTHOLOGY or COLLECTION General Format AuthorLastName, FirstName(s). "Title of Book Chapter or Work in Other

Collection." Title of Book, Anthology, or Collection. Place of Publication: Publisher, Date of publication. Page numbers.

Chapter in a book: Johnson, D. Barton. "Nabokov and the Sixties." Discourse and Ideology in Nabokov's Prose. Ed. David H. J. Larmour. London: Routledge, 2002. 139-49.

Work in an anthology: Allende, Isabel. "Toad's Mouth." Trans. Margaret Sayers Peden. A Hammock beneath the Mangoes: Stories from Latin America. Ed. Thomas Colchie. New York: Plume, 1992. 83-88.

JOURNAL ARTICLES General Format Author#1LastName, FirstName(s), and Author#2FirstName(s) Lastname. "Title of

Article." Title of Journal Volume.Issue-if-needed (Year or Date of Publication): Page numbers.

Continuous pagination through each volume:

Matar, Nabil. "English Accounts of Captivity in North Africa and the Middle East: 1577-1625." Renaissance Quarterly 54 (2001): 553-72.

Each numbered issue begins with page 1:

LaGuardia, David. "Masculinity and Metaphors of Reading in the Tiers Livre, 16-18." Esprit Createur 43.3 (2003): 5-15.

No issue numbers and each issue begins with page 1:

Franken, Lynn. "Carnival of Silence: Bakhtin and Hugo's Notre-Dame de Paris." The Comparatist: Journal of the Southern Comparative Literature Association 25 (May 2001): 110-32.

Created by Instructional Services, Moffitt Library, University of California, Berkeley. Copyright 2004 by the Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.

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MAGAZINE ARTICLES General Format AuthorLastName, FirstName(s). "Title of Article." Title of Magazine Day

Month Year of Publication: page-numbers or initial-page+ if non- consecutive.

Consecutive pages; no author named:

"The Decade of the Spy." Newsweek 7 Mar. 1994: 26-27.

Non-consecutive pages; author named:

Heiling, Jean M. "E-Global Library: The Academic Campus Library Meets the Internet." Searcher June 2001:34+

NEWSPAPER ARTICLES General Format Author#1LastName, FirstName(s). "Title of Article." Title of Newspaper [City

of Publication If Not in Title] Day Month Year of Publication, edition: page-numbers or initial-page+ if non-consecutive.

Consecutive pages: Fabricant, Florence. "From Italy, a New Culinary Movement Offers a Wry Answer to Fast Food." New York Times 15 Nov. 1989, national ed.: B6-7.

Non-consecutive pages; city not in title:

Dubay, Ann. "Revenge of the Pink Collars?" Press Democrat [Santa Rosa, CA] 21 Mar. 2004, city ed.: G1+.

MEDIA (Sound recordings, videos, films, radio/TV programs) Films and videos Title. Dir. Name of Director. Perf. Performer(s)FirstName(s) Last Name(s).

Distributor or Publisher, year of release.

Film: Curse of Frankenstein. Dir. Terence Fisher. Perf. Christopher Lee, Peter Cushing, Hazel Court, and Robert Urquhart. Clarion/Warner Bros., 1989.

Video recording: London International Advertising Awards: U.S. Golden Oldies. Videorecording. New York: London Intl. Advertising Awards, n.d.

Sound recordings Group-or-Artist-or-ComposerLastName, FirstName. "Title of Song If Relevant." Title of Recording. Type of recording if not CD. Manufacturer. Year of Issue.

Specific song on a CD: Anonymous 4. "Wayfaring Stranger." American Angels: Songs of Hope, Redemption and Glory. Harmonia Mundi USA, 2004.

Performance on a DVD: Begitchev, W. P., and V. Geltzer. Swan Lake: Ballet in Four Acts. Chor. Rudolf Nureyev. Music by Piotr I. Tchaikovsky. Perf. Margot Fonteyn, Nureyev, and Vienna State Opera Ballet. Vienna Symphony Orch. Cond. John Lanchbery. 1966. DVD. PolyGram Video, 1998.

For additional formats and examples see MLA Handbook, 5.8.1-5.

REVIEWS General Format ReviewAuthorLastName, FirstName(s). "Title of Review If Given." Rev. of

Title of Item Reviewed by Author#1FirstName(s) Lastname, and Author#2FirstName(s) Lastname. Title of Journal, Magazine, or Newspaper [remaining publication information as in examples above]: Page numbers.

Book review in journal; each issue begins with page 1:

Clough, Patricia T. "The Making of the Alcoholic Hero: Social Problems and Subject Identities." Rev. of Hollywood Shot by Shot by Norman K. Denzin. Semiotica 93.1-2 (1993): 187-94.

For additional examples see MLA Handbook, 5.7.7 and 5.9.4d.

INTERVIEWS General Format IntervieweeLastName, FirstName(s). Interview, Type of interview, or "Title

of Interview If Given." By InterviewerFirstName LastName if important. Publication information following the appropriate format above: Page numbers if appropriate.

Interviewee named; untitled interview:

Hersch, Fred. Interview. By Aaron Cohen. Down Beat April 2004: 20.

Titled newspaper article; routine staff interviewer:

Peccerelli, Fredy. "'The Bones Tell the Story': Revealing History's Darker Days." New York Times 30 Mar. 2004, late ed.: F2.

Interview you conducted including date of interview:

Litwack, Leon. Personal interview. 12 Apr. 2004.

For additional examples see MLA Handbook, 5.8.7 and 5.9.9e.

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GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS General Format Name of Government. Name of Agency #1. Name of Agency #2. Title. Number of

Congress, Session of Congress. Number of publication. Place of Publication: Publisher, Date of publication.

Agency as author: United States. Cong. House. Committee on Un-American Activities. Subversive Involvement in Disruption of 1968 Democratic Party National Convention. Hearing before the Committee on Un-American Activities. 90th Cong., 1st sess. Washington: GPO, 1968.

There are many forms and irregularities in citing government publications. For more examples, see MLA Handbook,  5.6.21.

DISSERTATIONS and THESES General Format (Unpublished works)

AuthorLastName, FirstName(s). "Title of Dissertation." Diss. Degree-Granting Institution, Year.

For theses, replace Diss. with MA Thesis. or MS Thesis. Unpublished dissertations: Fernandez, Nadine Therese. "Race, Romance, and Revolution: The Cultural

Politics of Interracial Encounters in Cuba." Diss. U of California, Berkeley, 1996.

Treat published dissertations like published books, but insert the type of degree, granting institution, and date between the title and the publication information. MLA style does not consider inclusion in Dissertation Abstracts to be "published"; treat as unpublished.

Electronic Publications (Web and Internet)

ONLINE JOURNAL ARTICLES From a Library Subscription Service with Full Text (e.g., Gale Group/InfoTrac, ProQuest)

Provide in this order, omitting what is not available or relevant: Author#1LastName, FirstName(s), and Author#2FirstName(s) Lastname. "Title

of Article." Title of Journal Volume.Issue-if-needed (Year or Date of Publication): Page numbers or beginning page-. Title of Database. Name of Service. Subscribing Library or Consortium, Location of Library if Needed to Identify It. Day Month Year of access <URL of database search page>.

Pagination provided in PDF version:

Salter, David. "'Born to Thraldom and Penance': Wives and Mothers in Middle English Romance." Essays and Studies Annual (2002): 41-59. Expanded Academic ASAP. Gale Group/InfoTrac. UC Berkeley Libraries. 12 Dec. 2003 <http://infotrac.galegroup.com/itweb/>.

Only starting page number provided:

Hattersley, Michael. "Rock's Role in Gay Liberation." Harvard Gay and Lesbian Review 30.2: 16-. Gender Watch. ProQuest. UC Berkeley Libraries. 12 Dec. 2003 <http://gw.proquest.com/>.

From a Journal Publisher Site or Database Distributing Journals (usually reproducing print version in PDF format)

Provide in this order, omitting what is not appropriate or relevant: Author#1LastName, FirstName(s), and Author#2FirstName(s) Lastname. "Title

of Article." Title of Journal Volume.Issue-if-needed (Year or Date of Publication): Page numbers. Title of Site or Database if Different from Title of Journal. Day Month Year of access <URL>.

JSTOR article: Santi, Enrico Mario. "Fresa y Chocolate: The Rhetoric of Cuban Reconciliation." MLN 113 (Mar. 1998): 407-425. JSTOR. UC Berkeley Libraries. 12 Dec. 2003 <http://www.jstor.org>.

From journal publisher: Goetz, Peggy J. "The Effects of Bilingualism on Theory of Mind Development." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 6 (2003): 1-15. Cambridge Journals Online. UC Berkeley Libraries. 12 Dec. 2003 <http://journals.cambridge.org>.

From journal distributor: Berman, Ruth, Hrafnhildur Ragnarsdóttir, and Sven Strömqvist. "Discourse Stance: Written and Spoken Language." Written Language & Literacy 5 (2002): 253-87. Ingenta Select. UC Berkeley Libraries. 12 Dec. 2003 <http://ceres.ingentaselect.com/vl=1325936/cl=79/nw=1/rpsv/~3632/v5n2/ s5/p253>.

Journal available only in Web edition (no print equivalent available)

Provide in this order, omitting what is not appropriate or relevant: Author#1LastName, FirstName(s), and Author#2FirstName(s) Lastname. "Title

of Article." Title of Journal Volume if given (Year or Date of Publication): Page numbers if available. Day Month Year of access <URL>.

No pagination: Paik, Peter Yoonsuk. "Smart Bombs, Serial Killing, and the Rapture: The Vanishing Bodies of Imperial Apocalypticism." Postmodern Culture 14.1 (Sep. 2003). 12 Dec. 2003 <http://www.iath.virginia.edu/pmc/>.

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ONLINE MAGAZINE ARTICLES General Format Author#1LastName, FirstName(s). "Title of Article." Title of Magazine Day

Month Year of Article or Publication: page-numbers if provided. Day Month Year of access <URL>.

Date of publication from article, not issue; no pages:

Harvey, Miles. "Welcome to Armageddon: The White House Hasn't Found Any Weapons of Mass Destruction Because It's Looking in the Wrong Place." Rolling Stone 23 Mar. 2004. 31 Mar. 2004 <http://www.rollingstone.com/features/nationalaffairs/ featuregen.asp?pid=2834>.

ONLINE NEWSPAPER or NEWSWIRE ARTICLES From a Library Subscription Service with Full Text (e.g., Lexis-Nexis, NewsBank)

AuthorLastName, FirstName(s). "Title of Article." Title of Newspaper [City of Publication If Not in Title] Day Month Year of Publication, edition: page-numbers or initial-page+ if non-consecutive. Day Month Year of access <URL>.

Lexis-Nexis: Schevitz, Tanya. "Regent Ties Dropout Rate to Admissions Policy: He Says Those with Low Entry Scores More Likely To Quit." San Francisco Chronicle 8 Nov. 2003, final ed.: A19. Lexis-Nexis Academic. UC Berkeley Libraries. 31 Mar. 2004 <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/ form/academic/s_guidednews.html>.

New York Times in Historical Newspapers Index:

"Emma Goldman Hailed As Equal of Willa Cather As 'Best Cook.'" New York Times 19 Mar. 1933: E2. ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times, 1857-Current file. UC Berkeley Libraries. 31 Mar. 2004 <http://uclibs.org/PID/11381>.

From a Website or Web News Service

AuthorLastName, FirstName(s). "Title of Article." Title of Newspaper or Newswire [City of Publication If Not in Title] Day Month Year of Publication. Day Month Year of access <URL>.

Newswire: Wardell, Jane. "Europe Shocked at Images of Killing of Americans in Iraq." Associated Press 1 Apr., 2004. 1 Apr. 2004 <http://www.boston.com/ dailynews/092/world/Europe_shocked_at_images_of_ki:.shtml>.

ONLINE BOOKS From a Database Provided by a Library

Author#1LastName, FirstName(s), and Author#2FirstName(s) Lastname. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Date of publication. Day Month Year of access <URL>.

NetLibrary: Allen, Carolyn. Following Djuna: Women Lovers and the Erotics of Loss. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1996. NetLibrary. UC Berkeley Libraries. 1 Apr. 2004 <http://www.netlibrary.berkeley.edu>.

Published on a Website of electronic texts

Author#1LastName, FirstName(s), and Author#2FirstName(s) Lastname. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Date of publication. Day Month Year of access <URL>.

An e-text supplier: Melville, Herman. Moby Dick, or The Whale. Charlottesville: U of Virginia Library, Electronic Text Center. 1 Apr. 2004 <http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/Mel2Mob.html>.

A WEBSITE or WEB PAGE WITHIN A WEBSITE General Format Author Following Applicable Rules Above. "Title: Subtitle of Part of Web

Page, if appropriate." Title: Subtitle: Section of Page if appropriate. Sponsoring/Publishing Agency, If Given. Additional significant descriptive information. Date of Electronic Publication or other Date, such as Last Updated. Day Month Year of access <URL>.

Published by an academic institution:

A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples. Div. of Classics, Dept. of Modern & Classical Languages, Literatures, & Cultures, U of Kentucky. 1 Apr. 2004 <http://www.uky.edu/ArtsSciences/Classics/rhetoric.html>.

Published by an individual: Carter, Raphael. "'Hermaphrodite Protagonist': The Misreading of Bone Dance." Androgyny RAQ (Rarely Asked Questions). 1 Apr. 2004. <http://www.chaparraltree.com/raq/bonedanc.shtml>

Website published by corporate author, with

sponsors:

Public Agenda. "Two-thirds of parents say having one parent stay home is an unrealistic option in today's world." Issue Guides: CHILD CARE: People's Chief Concerns. June 2000. Sponsored by The Danforth Foundation, The Ford Foundation, The David and Lucile Packard Foundation, and the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation. Television interview conducted June 1-15, 2000. 1 Apr. 2004 <http://www.publicagenda.org/issues/ pcc_detail.cfm?issue_type=childcare&list=3>.

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In-Text Parenthetical Citations - MLA Style Wherever you incorporate another's words, facts, or ideas in your paper, you must indicate to your readers not only the works you used but also exactly where in the work you found the material. MLA style requires you do this using brief parenthetical references mentioning the author and page number(s) referred to. It is therefore wise to prepare the works-cited list first, so that your in-text references will match whatever is the initial element in the alphabetized list. General rules governing MLA in-text citations begin on page 7 of this guide. For readability, keep references brief. Do not repeat what is incorporated into nearby text. If your text gives the author's name (or title for works listed by title), provide only page numbers or section identifiers in parentheses.

IN-TEXT REFERENCE CORRESPONDING WORKS-CITED ENTRY Citing an entire work, a one-page work, or a work with no page numbers or other clear subdivisions Fabricant's article in the New York Times was one of the first allusions to slow food in the U.S.

Fabricant, Florence. "From Italy, a New Culinary Movement Offers a Wry Answer to Fast Food." New York Times 15 Nov. 1989, national ed.: B6-7.

Hersch made this point repeatedly when interviewed.

Hersch, Fred. Interview. By Aaron Cohen. Down Beat April 2004: 20.

Paik writes eloquently about this theme. Paik, Peter Yoonsuk. "Smart Bombs, Serial Killing, and the Rapture: The Vanishing Bodies of Imperial Apocalypticism." Postmodern Culture 14.1 (Sep. 2003). 12 Dec. 2003 <http://www.iath.virginia.edu/pmc/>.

Citing a passage within a work with page numbers - one author Your text or "quoted passage" here (LaGuardia 7-8).

OR LaGuardia observes, "Quoted passage" (7-8).

LaGuardia, David. "Masculinity and Metaphors of Reading in the Tiers Livre, 16-18." Esprit Createur 43.3 (2003): 5-15.

Citing a work by multiple authors Your text or "quoted passage" here (Berman, Ragnardóttir, and Strömqvist 256).

OR As reported by Berman, Ragnardóttir, and Strömqvist (256), your text continues.

If more than three authors, cite consistently with your work-cited list: list all last names or the first, et al.

Berman, Ruth, Hrafnhildur Ragnarsdóttir, and Sven Strömqvist. "Discourse Stance: Written and Spoken Language." Written Language & Literacy 5 (2002): 253-287. Ingenta Select. UC Berkeley Libraries. 12 Dec. 2003 <http://ceres.ingentaselect.com/ vl=1325936/cl=79/nw=1/rpsv/~3632/v5n2/ s5/p253>.

Citing a work by a corporate author "Quoted passage" (US Naval 33).

OR A song published by the US Naval Academy in 1926 makes this clear (33).

US Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland. Trident Society. The Book of Navy Songs. Arr. and harmonized by Joseph W. Crosley. Garden City: Doubleday, 1926.

Citing a work listed by title This occurred frequently at that time (NYPL American History Desk 302).

OR This is documented even in the New York Public Library American History Desk (302).

The New York Public Library American History Desk. New York: Hyperion, 2003.

Citing within a multi-volume work "Quoted passage here" (Dostoyevsky 2: 38- 39).

OR Dostoyevsky's echoes this in his diaries sometimes (2: 38-39).

Dostoyevsky, Fyodor. The Unpublished Dostoevsky: Diaries and Notebooks (1860-81). Ed. Carl R. Proffer. Trans. T. S. Berczynski, et al. 3 vols. Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1973-1976.

Citing more than one passage in the same reference ...as noticed in Nabokov often (140, 146- 47).

OR Johnson saw this in Nabokov often (140, 146-47).

Johnson, D. Barton. "Nabokov and the Sixties." Discourse and Ideology in Nabokov's Prose. Ed. David H. J. Larmour. London: Routledge, 2002. 139-49.

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IN-TEXT REFERENCE CORRESPONDING WORKS-CITED ENTRY

Citing more than one work in the same reference Two writers noted this (Fernandez 55-56, 130; Santi 410).

OR This is noted by both Fernandez (55-56, 130) and Santi (410).

Fernandez, Nadine Therese. "Race, Romance, and Revolution: The Cultural Politics of Interracial Encounters in Cuba." Diss. U of California, Berkeley, 1996.

Santi, Enrico Mario. "Fresa y Chocolate: The Rhetoric of Cuban Reconciliation." MLN 113 (Mar. 1998): 407-425. JSTOR. UC Berkeley Libraries. 12 Dec. 2003 <http://www.jstor.org>.

MLA Style Rules Governing Reference Lists • General. List the elements that identify the work's author, title, and publication information. For online publications, you add

elements stating where and when you retrieved the document and giving your reader the means to retrieve it again if it is still available. o Punctuation. Periods are generally used between elements in references. Commas are generally used to separate items within

an element, except for colon between location and publisher of books. o Capitalization. In English-language titles and sub-titles, capitalize the first letter of the first word, the last word, and all

principal words (nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and subordinating conjunctions). Do not capitalize articles, prepositions, coordinating conjunctions or the to in infinitives. For titles in other languages see the MLA Handbook, 3.8.

o Italics vs. underlining. MLA style recommends always underlining instead of using italics. This applies to titles of books and periodicals and to other elements in your paper where italics might seem appropriate. This is because italics may not be sufficiently distinctive and recognizable for material that is to be graded or edited. If you wish to use italics, ask your instructor.

o Heading. The works-cited list is sometimes referred to as a "bibliography," but MLA style recommends using a more descriptive heading such as "Works Cited," "Works Consulted," or "Annotated Works Cited."

• Authors. Provide the names of authors exactly as given on the work (do not abbreviate, and supply additional information in brackets only if it will help your reader). Invert the name only of the first author given for alphabetizing. For two or three authors, provide all names, separated by commas with and before the last (not &). For more than three authors, give only the first author, followed by a comma and et al. Or you may list all authors named in the work. o Corporate authors. Corporate authors are groups whose individual members are not identified on the title page. Insert the

corporate author as author (before the title) even is identical to the publisher. Corporate names as authors are written out. Omit initial articles in corporate authors' names (a, an, the).

o Editors. For an edited book without a named author, treat the editors as authors (name precedes the title, first named in inverted order).

o Translators. Following the individual work or volume translated, after a period, state Trans. translator (not inverted). o Anonymous works. If no author or editor is named, begin the entry with the title. Do not use Anon. or Anonymous. o Reviewers and review citations. Give the reviewer's name (if provided) as author, then the title of the review title (if there

is one) in quotes, followed by a period, as an article title. Then write: Rev. of (neither underlined nor in quotes) followed by the title of the work reviewed, a comma, the word by and the names of the author(s) of the work. If the author is an editor or translator, substitute ed. or trans. for by.

o Interviews. As author, use the person interviewed (name inverted). After the title of the interview (in quotes) and the title of the work in which published (underlined), each followed by a period. Provide the interviewer's name after: By . See MLA Handbook 5.8.7 and 5.9.9e.

• Titles. Titles follow authors (or editors if no named author). Titles of articles and chapters or other parts of larger works are in double quotation marks. Titles of books, periodicals, and other whole works are underlined. Separate titles with periods (inside final quotations and not underlined). Provide the full title of books and other works, including leading articles (a, an, the), except in titles of periodicals such as journals or newspapers (e.g., New York Times). Use a colon and space to separate a title from a sub-title unless the title ends with ?, !, or −.

• Publication information: o Publishers' names. Omit the articles (a, an, the), business abbreviations (e.g., Co., Inc.), and descriptive words (Books,

House, Press, Publishers). Shorten "university" to U and "university press" to UP. Omit first names and initials in publishers (e.g., Norton, not W.W.Norton; Wiley not John Wiley). Use standard abbreviations as in MLA Handbook 7.4. Use commonly accepted abbreviations, like GPO, UMI.

o Place of publication. If several cities are list, provide only the first. For cities outside the United States, provide the abbreviation for the country if it might be ambiguous for your reader (Cambridge, Eng. to distinguish from Cambridge).

o Publication date not provided. If there is no date available, enter (n.d.). • Periodical elements:

o Volume, issue, and page numbers. For journals with continuous pagination throughout a volume, follow the journal title (underlined) by the volume number, the year of publication (in parentheses), a colon, and the inclusive page numbers. If each issue begins with page 1, add a period and the issue number directly after the volume number: 14.2 If there are no issue

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numbers and each issue begins with page 1, designate the issue by including the month or season in parentheses before the year of publication: (May 1992). For annual publications where the year is the volume number, state Annual in place of the volume number.

o Issue dates and page numbers in newspaper and magazine articles. Follow the title of the publication by the date of the issue in DD Month YYYY order, without parentheses. For newspapers, provide the edition, preceded by a comma, and then the section if relevant. Follow this publication information by a colon and a space. Provide the inclusive page numbers if the article appears on consecutive pages. If the article begins on one page and then skips to another page, provide only the initial page followed by +: 17+ or C6+. Do not include volume or issue numbers even if provided.

• Electronic publications. For online publications, follow the rules for print insofar as possible. For electronic sources not accessed through the Web, see the MLA Handbook, 5.9.5-9. For web-based publications, provide as applicable, in this sequence:

1. If a print version is referred to, provide a complete citation as you would for the print version. 2. Provide information about the electronic source used, such as the title of the site (underlined), the date of electronic

publication of latest update, the name of any sponsoring organization for the site, an editor's name, a version number, and similar information. If no print equivalent exists, provide only the information about the electronic resource.

3. Provide the date you accessed the document in day Month year format, followed by a period. 4. Give the URL immediately following the date of access. Enclose URLs in angle brackets < > and place a period after

the end bracket. If a URL must be broken, break it only after a slash /, and never introduce hyphens. Include the initial http:// or other protocol identifier.

5. The purpose for giving the URL is to allow your reader to retrieve the document again. One of the following may therefore be preferable to providing a long, complicated URL: • If the URL is very long, complicated, or unique to a specific access, provide the URL of the search page from which

your reader could retrieve the document (as in JSTOR articles). • If the best way to tell your reader how to find the document is to tell how to navigate from a URL, enter the word

Path: and follow it by the sequence of links to click on from a stable, reasonable URL. Separate the links with semi-colon.

MLA Style Rules Governing In-text Parenthetical References In parentheses, provide the last name of the author (do no include suffixes such as Jr.) followed by the year of publication. Do not

include months or days even if in the reference list. Do not include ed., trans., or comp. All references in the text must clearly point to specific sources in the list of works cited. Provide the page number(s) or parts after the author and date for quotations and references to a specific part of the work. Page

numbers are unnecessary when referring to a whole work. For web pages without page numbers, be as specific as possible in order to help your reader find what you are referring to. For un-authored works, use the first few words of whatever is the first element of the reference in your reference list, followed by

the date and other specifics needed. If you have more than one work by authors with the same last name, provide initials (before the last name, not inverted order) for

each author in the text and in parenthetical citations. If you have more than one work by the same author, provide a word of title in addition to the last name. MLA style does not recommend the use of footnotes or endnotes in research papers except to add a content note not appropriate

as part of the text of the paper.

Need More Specific Example or Help?? If you consult other, less official manuals or online style guides that purport to explain MLA style, please be aware that these sometimes contain errors which conflict with these official MLA guides:

• Gibaldi, Joseph. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 6th ed. New York: Modern Language Association of America, 2003.

Known as the "MLA Handbook," a synthesis of the rules most important for research papers, omitting some of the scholarly publishing details and options. Call number: LB2369 .G53 2003 (Doe & Moffitt Reference and other locations)

• Gibaldi, Joseph. The MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing. 2nd ed. New York: Modern Language Association of America, 1998.

A comprehensive guide for graduate students, scholars, and professional writers, providing details on copyright, legal issues, and writing theses, dissertations, and scholarly publishing. Call number: PN147 .G444 1998 (Doe Reference and other locations)

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