FOR A-PLUS WRITER ONLY !!!
English 102 Rhetorical Analysis Writing Project 2
Relevant course readings:
Laura Bolin Carroll: “Backpacks vs. Briefcases: Steps toward Rhetorical Analysis” Kerry Dirk: “Navigating Genres” Keith GrantDavie: “Rhetorical Situations and Their Constituents”
Due dates:
Response draft (at least 1300 words for full credit) due: (one copy uploaded to Moodle; two hard copies brought to class for exchange): Feedback letters/response groups meet: (letters uploaded and brought to class): Polished draft (at least 1600 words for full credit): (in hard copy, delivered in class):
For the second major writing project of the semester, you’ll produce a comparative rhetorical analysis by choosing between two different options—scientific or political discourse—and finding and comparing two instances of rhetorical discourse. Whatever option you select, you’ll need to address the same questions as you develop your understanding of rhetorical discourse and the way different discourses address differences in rhetorical situation:
1. The question of exigence: What is the discourse about? What need or purpose does the discourse address? What fundamental values are at stake? What is the discourse trying to accomplish—and how successful is it?
2. The question of the rhetor: Who is—or are—the rhetor or rhetors? Who is responsible for the discourse? Who created it? Does the rhetor successfully establish ethos? Why or why not? How does the discourse itself invoke a particular rhetor? Who sponsored the discourse, and how?
3. The question of audience: For whom is the discourse intended? To whom would this discourse appeal? Who is the actual audience, and who is the audience invoked or imagined by the discourse itself? Does the discourse invite the audience to adopt a new role, a new identity?
4. The question of constraints: What constraints did the rhetor have to take into account—what factors outside of the discourse and beyond the rhetor’s control might influence the audience’s response to the discourse? Are they negative or positive constraints? How did the rhetor accommodate those constraints? Was the rhetor successful?
5. The question of genre: What is the genre of the text, and what purpose does this genre typically serve? How do audience expectations of the genre contribute to our understanding of the exigence, the intended audience, and the rhetor? What constraints does the genre introduce?
These constituents of rhetorical situations aren’t an outline for your project; you won’t march through each of them in succession in the body of your project. Rather, they’re your initial research questions that will help you to analyze thoroughly the rhetorical dimensions of the texts you select.
The form and structure of your project will depend, finally, on a refined research question that will develop out of your research and your understanding of how your chosen texts work.
Project Options:
I believe that the complexities of rhetorical situations and rhetorical strategies generally become clearer when two different texts are compared. This project, therefore, will ask you to choose two pieces of rhetorical discourse that address the same topic and compare them to see how differences in exigence, rhetor, audience, and constraints are at the heart of differences in the treatment of the topic. You’ll be responsible for finding two texts (“text” being understood in its broadest sense) and analyzing both thoroughly, the results of your analysis being a specific research question about their differences that your paper will attempt to answer.
Option 1: Analysis of Scientific Accommodation.
Your task in this option will be to compare how scientific findings are “translated” for nonscientific audiences by comparing a mass media report about a scientific finding to the scholarly reporting of that research in the original report or journal article.
You’ll begin your project by finding articles in the mass media—newspapers, magazines, blogs, etc.—that cover scientific research and that include references to the original published report of the findings. You’ll then track that report down and compare the original—presumably written for a specialized, scientific audienceto the article that appeared in a venue aimed at a general readership.
You’ll then analyze both discourses from the five perspectives listed above to understand better how each operates rhetorically, generating pages of notes that will help you to frame a more specific research question.
Some possible refined research questions might include • How is the writing done by scientists for scientists different from writing in the popular media, and what do those
differences tell us about the values of the discourse(s) of science versus the view some other audience has of the
values of science? • What doesn’t get included in popular accounts of scientific research, or how does scientific research get
misrepresented in popular accounts, and what bearing might these differences have on the general public’s understanding of science and the scientific method?
More effective projects will pay attention to and discuss
● The periodicals (or venues) in which the articles appear. What magazine, website, newspaper, or journal published these articles? When were they published? Who is the audience for this publication? What is the general purpose of this venue? How do you know? (Hint: you may need to look at copies of the journal from the library or through its website—not just the article you’re analyzying.)
● The authors. What can you learn about them? Are their credentials/institutions included?
Can you find anything about them through Google? (If you’re unclear on the nature of academic authorship, Wikipedia actually has a pretty good article on the subject.)
● Specific differences between the texts. Consider choosing to focus on one specific
aspect of the research and then look closely at how it's covered in each article: compare the terms that are used, the way the information is delivered (text alone? charts and graphs? illustrations?), the sentence structure (active or passive voice?), etc. Even a close comparison of the titles can suggest a lot about the differences in rhetorical situations.
●
● Visuals included. How would you compare the information conveyed by any images, charts, tables, videos, or other graphics used in the two articles? How do such visuals contribute to the rhetorical strategy of the article? (Consider including screenshots or copies of images and graphics in your actual paper.)
● ●
● The specific exigencies of each article. It's true that the purpose of popular coverage of
research is to make specialized information accessible to the public; it's also true that scientific writing shares new research with other scientists. But what knowledge, specifically, is at stake in your articles? What new insight does the scientific article present? What gap in our existing knowledge does it address? Why is this research considered newsworthy? Why, according to the popular coverage, should a nonscientific audience care about this new knowledge? (Consider using the CARS Model to unpack more specifically the exigence of the research article.)
● ●
● The underlying values that inform each article. Why is this research important to the
scientific community? What values are suggested by the popular coverage? ●